25 April 2013 Webcast Slides

8x8 MIMO and
Carrier
Aggregation
Test Challenges
for LTE
Presented by
Iyappan Ramachandran
Agilent Technologies
Wireless Communications
2013 Agilent Technologies
Agenda
Industry Background
Design Issues and Test Challenges for LTE and
LTE-A
LTE Transmission Modes
LTE Signal Processing
Test Solutions
2
New Broadband Applications Fuel the Drive

for Next Generation Wireless Technologies
Market trends
Mobile data traffic grows at high double-digit rates
each year
High-speed applications fuel the drive for 4G
Demand for smart phones and other mobile devices
Increasing wireless technology complexity
Fierce competition
More functionality at lower cost
-Advanced
LTE
a/g/n/ac
(r)
Last decade was for mobile communication

This decade is for mobile broadband
Agilent response
Participate, lead on wireless standards bodies and
industry forums
Work with industry-leading customers to bring new
technologies to market faster
Deliver multi-format solutions that simplify design and
test of complex devices
Deliver integrated design simulation and test to reduce
cost, time, and risk
Deliver cost-effective test solutions with scalable
performance
3
Cellular evolution 1990 - 2013
Technology evolution
Market evolution
Increasing efficiency, bandwidth and data rates
2G
2.5G
W-LAN
PDC
GSM
IS-136
IS-95A
(Japan)
(Europe)
(US TDMA)
(US CDMA)
iMODE
HSCSD
802.11b
802.11a/g
IS-95B
GPRS
(US CDMA)
802.11h
3G
3.5G
W-CDMA
TD-SCDMA
E-GPRS
cdma2000
(FDD & TDD)
(China)
(EDGE)
(1x RTT)
HSDPA
HSUPA
EDGE
Evolution
1x EV-DO
0AB
802.11n
802.16d
(Fixed WiMAX)
WiBRO
3.9G/
4G
4G / IMTAdvanced
HSPA+ /
E-HSPA
LTE
802.16e
(R8/9 FDD & TDD)
(Mobile WiMAX)
(Korea)
LTE-Advanced
802.16m / WiMAX2
(R10 & beyond)
WirelessMAN-Advanced
802.11ac
802.11ad
4
Its All About More Data, Faster!

Mobile penetration continues to grow:
>6.5 billion subscribers worldwide by end
of 2012; >92% of world population
Mobile data traffic is growing exponentially
Single Video Streaming = Around 500,000
Text Messages Traffic
> 2 Billion App Downloads per Month
In addition to subscriber growth, there is
parallel growth in cellular peak data rates
Source: LTE World Summit presentation 2011 and Portio research
LTE-Advanced
W-CDMA
384 kbps
HSPA
14 Mbps
HSPA+
21-168 Mbps
LTE
150-300 Mbps
1 Gbps
Growth in cellular peak data rates (theoretical) showing more than 2500 times higher data rate over a
period of 10 years
5
Agenda
Industry Background
Design Issues and Test Challenges for LTE and LTE-A
Test Solutions
6
3GPP Release 10 and Beyond

1. Carrier aggregation
2. Enhanced multiple antenna transmission
a) Downlink 8 antennas, 8 streams
b) Uplink 4 antennas, 4 streams
3. Enhanced uplink multiple access
Rel-10 LTE-A
proposed to ITU
a) Clustered SC-FDMA
b) Simultaneous Control (PUCCH) and Data (PUSCH)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP)

Relaying
Home eNB mobility enhancements
Heterogeneous network support
Self Optimizing networks (SON)
Other Rel-10
and beyond
LTE-Advanced Design & Test Challenges - Carrier Aggregation Webcast

7
Test Challenges for LTE-Advanced
Adds more complexity to the Physical Layer
Carrier Aggregation
Simultaneous transceivers creates interference problems within the UE or
Base Station
Clustered SC-FDMA
Adds to amplifier design challenges
Creates large opportunity for in-channel and adjacent channel spur
generation
MIMO
More antennas, more complexity
Hard to design a multi-band, MIMO antenna in small space of the handset
Needs to co-exist with legacy 2G and 3G cellular systems

worldwide
8
What is Carrier Aggregation?

Extends the maximum transmission bandwidth, up to 100 MHz, by aggregating
up to five LTE carriers also known as component carriers (CCs)
Lack of sufficient contiguous spectrum forces use of carrier aggregation to meet

peak data rate targets:
1 Gbps in the downlink and 500 Mbps in the uplink
Motivation:
Achieve wide bandwidth transmissions

Facilitate efficient use of fragmented spectrum
Efficient interference management for control channels in heterogeneous
networks
Component Carrier (CC)
up to 20 MHz BW
Resource block
9
Carrier Aggregation Modes

Component Carrier (CC)
up to 20 MHz BW
Resource block
Intra -band
contiguous
allocation
Intra-band
non-contiguous
allocation
Inter-band
non-contiguous
allocation
Band A
Resource block
Band A
Resource block
Band A
Band B
10
Carrier Aggregation Band Combinations

One of RAN WG4s most intense activities is in the area of creating RF
requirements for specific band combinations.
In theory there could be as many as 5 carriers but so far all the activity is
around dual carrier combinations
The original CA work in Rel-10 was limited to three combinations
Uplink (UL) band
Band
CA_40
CA_1-5
CA_3-7
E-UTRA
operatin
g Band
40
1
5
3
7
UE transmit / BS receive
FUL_low (MHz) FUL_high
(MHz)
2300 2400
Downlink (DL) band

Duple
UE receive / BS
Channel
Channel
x
transmit
BW
BW
mode
FDL_low (MHz) FDL_high
MHz
MHz
(MHz)
[TBD]
2300 2400
[TBD]
TDD
1920 1980
824 849
[TBD]
[TBD]
2110
869
2170
894
[TBD]
[TBD]
FDD
1710 1788
2500 2570
20
20
1805
2620
1880
2690
20
20
FDD
In Rel-11 there are now up to 18 CA combinations being specified

11
Rel-11 Carrier Aggregation Combinations

Band
Lead company
Uplink
Downlink
Uplink
Downlink
Mode
CA-B3_B7*
TeliaSonera
1710 - 1785
1805 - 1880
2500 - 2570
2620 - 2690
FDD
CA-B4_B17
AT&T
1710 1755
2110 - 2155
704 716
734 - 746
FDD
CA-B4_B13
Ericsson (Verizon)
1710 1755
2110 - 2155
777 - 787
746 - 756
FDD
CA-B4_B12
Cox Communications
1710 1755
2110 - 2155
698 716
728 - 746
FDD
CA-B20_B7
Huawei (Orange)
832 862
791 - 821
2500 - 2570
2620 - 2690
FDD
CA-B2_B17
AT&T
1850 1910
1930 - 1990
704 716
734 - 746
FDD
CA-B4_B5
AT&T
1710 1755
2110 - 2155
824 849
869 - 894
FDD
CA-B5_B12
US Cellular
824 849
869 - 894
698 716
728 - 746
FDD
CA-B5_B17
AT&T
824 849
869 - 894
704 716
734 - 746
FDD
CA-B20_B3
Vodafone
832 862
791 - 821
1710 - 1785
1805 - 1880
FDD
CA-B20_B8
Vodafone
832 862
791 - 821
880 915
925 - 960
FDD
CA-B3_B5
SK Telecom
1710 - 1785
1805 - 1880
824 849
869 - 894
FDD
CA-B7
China Unicom
2500 - 2570
2620 - 2690
2500 - 2570
2620 - 2690
FDD
CA-B1_B7
China Telecomm
1920 - 1980
2110 - 2170
2500 - 2570
2620 - 2690
FDD
CA-B4_B7
Rogers Wireless
1710 1755
2110 - 2155
2500 - 2570
2620 - 2690
FDD
CA-B25_25
Sprint
1850 - 1915
1930 - 1995
1850 - 1915
1930 - 1995
FDD
CA-B38
Huawei (CMCC)
2570 - 2620
2570 - 2620
2570 - 2620
2570 - 2620
TDD
CA-B41
Clearwire
2496 - 2690
2496 - 2690
2496 - 2690
2496 - 2690
TDD
* Carried forwards from Rel-10

12
Combinations of Carrier Aggregation

and Layers
There are multiple combinations of CA and layers that can meet the
data rates for the new and existing UE categories
The following tables define the most likely cases for which
performance requirements may be developed
Downlink
UE category
Category 6
capability
[#CCs/BW(MHz)]
1 / 20MHz
2 / 10+10MHz
2 / 20+20MHz
2 / 10+20MHz
Category 7
1 / 20MHz
2 / 10+10MHz
2 / 20+20MHz
2 / 10+20MHz
Category 8
[2 / 20+20MHz]
Uplink
DL layers
[max #layers]
4
4
2
4 (10MHz)
2(20MHz)
4
4
2
4 (10MHz)
2(20MHz)
[8]
UE category
Category 6
Category 7
Category 8
capability
[#CCs/BW(MHz)]
UL layers
[max #layers]
1 / 20MHz
2 / 10+10MHz
1 / 10MHz
2 / 20+20MHz
1 / 20MHz
2 / 10+20MHz
2 (10MHz)
1 ( 20MHz)
[2 / 20+20MHz]
[4]
13
Design Challenges Intra-Band Carrier

Aggregation
Not such an issue for the eNB
because already dealing with multicarriers
Major challenge for the UE
For Intra-band: Wider Carrier being
transmitted
2 uplink contiguous CCs
More stringent linearity requirements on the

power amplifier
UE will need to use less transmitter power
for the amplifier to remain in the linear
region
Single uplink CC
Example of CCDF plot using N7624B LTE/LTEAdvanced Signal Studio software
14
Design Challenges Inter-Band Carrier

Aggregation
For Inter-Band: Multiple simultaneous transmit and
receive chains
Challenging radio environment in
terms of intermodulation and crossmodulation within the UE device
Need to design front-end
components that help reduce
harmonics, and other
intermodulation products, which
meet 3GPP requirements
Multiplex IFFT D/A

1 BB
Multiplex
2 BB
IFFT
RF filter
RF filter
L1
RF PA
L2
RF PA
D/A
RF filter
15
Agenda
Industry Background

Test Solutions
16
Multi-Antenna Techniques
Tx Diversity
Transmit orthogonally modified redundant copies

across multiple antennas
Robustness to channel fading / noise
Spatial Multiplexing
Transmit different data streams simultaneously

Improved spectral efficiency / throughput
Beamforming
Transmit per antenna weighted signal copies

Coherent beamforming gain (dB) at receiver
Tx0
Tx1
Frequency domain
Tx0
Tx1
Tx0
Tx1
17
LTE Downlink MIMO Terminology

Codeword
- independent transport block of data to be transmitted

a maximum of 2 is supported in LTE
- codewords mapped to multiple layers by a serial to parallel
converter process
Layer
- a stream of data to be transmitted
Rank
- number of layers to be transmitted
Antenna Port
- no definition of antenna port to physical antenna mapping

- example: one antenna port could be mapped to four physical
antennas, but the RX perceives the transmission originated from a single
antenna.
Codebook
- a predefined set of precoding weights
Precoding
- complex weights used for each layer to match the

transmission to the propagation conditions of the channel.
- this process results in mapping each layer to one or more antenna ports
Physical
antennas
UE-specific pattern
UE1
Beamforming
weights
Broadcast pattern
UE-specific RS
CRS
Cell-specific RS
18
LTE DL Transmission Modes

3GPP Release 8
TM1:
SISO single antenna transmissions
TM2 :
Tx Diversity using 2 or 4 antennas
TM3:
Open-Loop SU-MIMO (Spatial Multiplexing) with CDD
TM4:
Closed-Loop SU-MIMO
TM5:
Closed-Loop MU-MIMO
TM6:
Closed-Loop, Rank 1 Spatial Multiplexing
TM7:
Rank 1 Spatial Multiplexing (Single-Layer Beamforming)
3GPP Release 9
TM8:
Rank 2 Spatial Multiplexing (Dual-Layer Beamforming)
Codebook
based precoding
Non-Codebook
based precoding
3GPP Release 10
TM9:
Up to 8 layer transmissions using Ports 7 to 14
19
Transmission Mode 3
Open-Loop SU-MIMO Spatial Multiplexing
Requires no PMI feedback from UE
Reduced overhead since Precoding Matrix Indicator is not signaled
Rank information still transmitted
Used in high mobility scenarios where it is not possible to get accurate feedback
Which precoding matrix should be used?
Uses predetermined precoding weights
Always uses the 1st codebook index when in open-loop mode (this index not used in
closed-loop mode)
Cyclic Delay Diversity why do we add this?
Applies an increasing delay to each antenna port, before the CP
Results in linear phase offset for each subcarrier
Adds additional diversity - each subcarrier experiences a different beamforming pattern

Tx1
Layer
mapping
UE
Precoding
Tx2
CRS Cell-specific RS
20
Transmission Mode 4
Closed-Loop SU-MIMO Spatial Multiplexing
Most used case for Release 8
Precoding based on codebook
UE reports rank and PMI to eNB, with rank and codebook index
most closely matching channel
eNB
Tx1
Layer
mapping
UE
Precoding
Tx2
CRS Cell-specific RS
Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI)

21
Transmission Mode 5
Closed-Loop MU-MIMO
Extension to TM4
Concept is to direct each layer to a different user, rather than all layers to one UE
Main difference is an additional power offset between PDSCH and CRS can be
signaled necessary since the TX power can now be split between multiple users
and since UE uses RS for both amplitude & phase references. UE knows the
number of layers used in TM3 & TM4, so this information is not necessary to be
transmitted to UEs in these cases.
Power offset signaled in DCI Format 1D
eNB
Layer
mapping
Tx1
UE 1
Tx2
UE 2
Precoding
CRS
Cell-specific RS
22
Transmission Mode 6
Rank 1 Spatial Multiplexing
Essentially beamforming using 1 layer, BUT with codebook-based precoding
UE signals which precoding matrix should be used
Why does this mode exist (seems to be a subset of TM4)?
Reduced signaling overhead
UEs with low SINR (that cant support multiple layers)

eNB
Tx1
Layer
mapping
UE
Precoding
Tx2
Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI)

23
Transmission Mode 7
Single Layer Beamforming
Available in R8 of standard
Control channels utilize TX diversity, no beamforming
Utilizes non-codebook based precoding
UE still reports PMI using codebook based indexes, but eNB may or may not actually use them
UE perceives the transmission originating from a single antenna port
How does eNB know how to choose precoding weights?
Measure the Sounding RS
Channel reciprocity in the case of TDD
Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimates using a calibrated RX array
UE informed to use UE-specific RS for as the phase reference in demod
Why important: Eliminates need of UE to know how precoding was performed
Where Transmitted: UE-specific RS only transmitted in RBs of the PDSCH for a given UE
24
MIMO in LTE Release 8

Based on cell-specific RS
Transmitted on antenna ports 0 through 3
Support for up to 4x4 MIMO
Transmit diversity or spatial multiplexing
Cell-specific RS
Codebook-based precoding
Limited set of precoding matrices
UE has to be informed of precoding used
25
Transmission Mode 8
Dual Layer Beamforming
Similar to Transmission Mode 7
but now uses 2 layers for increased throughput
UE can send quantized PMI feedback to eNB, not ideal, but better than none
CQI reports made using cell specific RS because UE-specific RS may not be allocated across
entire channel important for FDD where channel reciprocity does not work like in TDD
Utilizes non-codebook based precoding
UE perceives the transmission originating from a two antenna ports
UE informed to use UE-specific RS for as the phase reference in demod
UE-specific RS are orthogonal to enable separation of the 2 layers
Transmitted on the same resource elements & symbols for each port
Orthogonality provided via Walsh codes
Enables MU-MIMO in TM8 & TM9: 2 cover codes & 2 UE-Specific RS = up to 4 unique users
MU-MIMO operation transparent to UE through use of UE-specific RS. Power ratio between RS
and data scales the same way for each layer.
26
MIMO in Release 9
Based on UE-specific RS ports 5, 7 and 8
Up to 2-layers (called TM8)
Amenable to UE-specific beamforming
Non-codebook-based precoding
UE-RS undergoes the same precoding
Channel estimation/equalization based on UE-RS
No need to inform UE of precoding
Physical
antennas
Beamforming
weights
UE-specific
pattern
UE-specific RS
27
Transmission Mode 9
8-Layer Transmissions
Non-codebook based precoding used
Extension from 2-layers in TM8 (introduced in R9) for up to 8-layers in R10
Codewords still limited to 2. Additional codeword support adds little benefit and comes at cost of additional
signaling to support each transport block
New CSI-RS introduced
Used for channel estimation by the higher layers
Relatively sparse in density since they are used for feedback only
Can be muted to enable reception of CSI-RS from other cells, important for COMP & Hetnet interference
management
UE-specific RS updated to enable additional layers/antenna ports while remaining backward compatible with R9
transmissions
28
Antenna Ports in LTE/LTE-A

Ports are not the same as physical antennas
Cell-specific RS
Ports 0 3
UE-specific RS
Port 5 defined in Rel 8
Ports 7 and 8 defined in Rel 9
Ports 9-14 defined in Rel 10
MBSFN-RS (Multicast-Broadcast Single Frequency Network Reference Signal)

Port 4
Positioning RS
Port 6 defined in Rel 9
CSI-RS (Channel State Information Reference Signal)

Ports 15-22 defined in Rel 10
29
Agenda
Industry Background

Test Solutions
30
LTE Signal Processing (TM7 & TM8)

(Adapted from 3GPP 36.211 and 36.212)
PDSCH (Data)
a0 , a1 ,..., a A 1
Transport block
CRC attachment
Channel encoded as 1 or 2 codewords per Subframe (TTI)
Mapped to 1 layer for TM7 and 1 or 2 layers for TM8
b0 , b1 ,..., bB 1
BF precoding is non-codebook based
Code block segmentation

Code block CRC attachment
cr 0 , cr1 ,..., cr K r 1
BF precoding can vary per RB & per Subframe (TTI)
UERS (UE-specific Reference Signal)
Channel coding
Mapped to associated TM7/TM8 PDSCH RB allocations

Same BF precoding as each associated PDSCH RB
d r(i0) , d r(1i ) ,..., d r(i)D
r 1
CRS (Cell-specific Reference Signal)
Rate matching
Can be weighted to produce sector wide common control Broadcast pattern

Possible when Num Physical Ports > Num CRS Ports
er 0 , er1 ,..., er Er 1
Code block
concatenation
UE-specific pattern
layers
codewords
f 0 , f1 ,..., f G 1
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
Layer
mapper
Scrambling
antenna ports
Modulation
mapper
UERS
UE-specific RS
Resource element
mapper
OFDM signal
generation
Resource element
mapper
OFDM signal
generation
UE1
Precoding
CRS
Cell-specific RS
Broadcast pattern
31

R8 & R9 Reference Signals: Common CRS and UE-Specific RS
TM7
Single Layer
UERS
Port 5
TM8
Dual Layer
UERS
Port 7
Port 8
Port 0
Port 1
Common
CRS
Port 2
Port 3
32
MIMO in LTE-A Release 10

Extension of MIMO based on UE-specific RS
Up to 8 layers (8x8 MIMO) supported (called TM9)
Transmission on ports 7 through 14
The 8 UE-RS ports are orthogonal

Either on time/freq grid or in code domain
Port 7
Port 8
Port 9
Port 10
33

R10 Reference Signals: Common CRS and UE-Specific RS
TM7
Single Layer
UERS
Port 5
TM8
UERS
TM9
UERS
Port 7
Port 8
Port 9
Port 10
Port 0
Port 1
Port 2
Port 3
Common
CRS
34
CSI-RS in LTE-A Release 10

To be used by UE to measure Channel State Information
Fed back to eNB through CQI
8 ports defined : ports 15 through 22

Relatively sparse in the time-freq grid
Port 15
Port 16
Port 17
Port 18
35

What really happens
Layer Mapper
Precoding
Mapping to physical Antennas
Receiver
MIMO Channel
CW1
CW2
L1
Serial
to
Parallel
Converter
P1
A1
P2
A2
L2
P3
A3
L3
P4
A4
UERS
UE-specific RS
P5
P6
A5
CRS
Cell-specific RS
36
Agenda
Industry Background

Test Solutions
37
Design Issues for MIMO

TRANSMITTER
DSP
Cross Coupling through power
supplies, poor grounding etc Requires analyzer to pick out the
right signal and look at power
characteristics
It gets worse for picocells &
femtocells
Signal Coding Verification - Need
the analyzer to figure out what all
the signals are before making
measurements.
Distortion in Power Amplifiers Needs out of band spectrum
measurements.
RECEIVER
DSP
Receiver needs to differentiate/
recover simultaneous multiple
signals coming at it - Requires a
wide range of test conditions/
scenarios
Need to adequately stress
amplifiers, I/Q modulators, filters,
etc - Need to simulate real-world
signals including fading
Receivers must deal with
complex interference - Need to
provide the ability to add
impairments to the test signals.
38
Test Challenges in LTE systems (1 of 2)

Some specific challenges for LTE:
Six channel bandwidths from 1.4 to 20 MHz
Different transmission schemes for the downlink (OFDMA) and uplink (SCFDMA)
Flexible transmission schemes where the physical configuration impacts RF
performance
Specifications that include both FDD and TDD transmission modes
Challenging measurement configurations caused by spectral, power, and time
variations due to traffic
Multi-antenna techniques such as TX diversity, spatial multiplexing (MIMO), and
beamsteering
Complex tradeoffs between in-channel, out-of-channel, and out-of-band

performance
New multi-standard radio (MSR) base station transmitter requirements
LTE-Advanced requirements including carrier aggregation (CA) for both
downlink and uplink
39
Test Challenges in LTE systems (2 of 2)

Some specific challenges for LTE:
Receiver co-channel interference
Receiver testing under propagation impairment conditions:
Faded channel performance
MIMO performance testing
UE reports (CQI. HARQ, ...)
Throughput
40
SystemVue: Simulation-Based 8x8 MIMO PHY Modeling

A versatile design & verification tool that bridges early R&D gaps
Explore open TX/RX baseband reference

designs for UE & eNB, with MIMO fading
Versatile modeling environment: includes

many technologies, RF/BB models, effects
Simulate missing system pieces and

environments for earlier R&D validation
Working 8x8 MIMO Reference Design

with TX, RX, MIMO Channel, and RF
8x8 MIMO Channel modeling

Throughput vs. D patterns
Leverage simulation for scripting and easy

creation of arbitrary payloads, scenarios
Measure using 89600 VSA for consistency

Basestation beamforming
Pattern synthesis and signal gen
Agilent Solutions:
W1461 SystemVue
W1918 LTE-Advanced Library
W1715 MIMO Channel models
Download
to/from Agilent
Sources/Analyzers
41
Test Challenges for 8x8 MIMO: Analyze

Signals from Multiple Antennas Simultaneously
Test Challenge: The signals from the multiple antennas must be aligned to within 90ns.
This requires measuring time delay between the signals from the multiple transmit
antennas with enough margin.
Agilent Solutions:
89600 VSA software
Up to 8x8 MIMO support for FDD and
TDD with time alignment error
measurement result.
Hardware: N7109A multi-channel

signal analyzer
42
Test Challenges
MIMO plus Carrier Aggregation for UE Rx Tests
Test Challenge: Test UEs ability to decode signals with component carriers in two separate
RF bands. Additional challenges result if each component carrier is configured for MIMO
Agilent Solution Signal Studio for LTE-Advanced
Create FDD or TDD signals
Inter-band carrier aggregation in 2 RF bands
Up to 5 component carriers
Independent configuration for each CC
Up to 8x8 MIMO capability
Transport channel coding
Cross-carrier scheduling enables control information to be carried on

another carrier
Signal Studio synchronizes and automatically controls up to 16 signal

generators
Inter-band 1 (Up to 8x8) Inter-band 2 (Up to 8x8)
Select RF band for each

component carrier
43
Snapshot of 8x8 MIMO Demod in VSA
44
SISO and MIMO Solutions for R&D and Design Validation

Single Channel
MXG/EXG
Signal Generator
Signal Studio
89600 VSA
Software
SystemVue
2x2 MIMO
(2) MXG/EXG
Signal Generators
Wideband MIMO PXI VSA

(800 MHz BW)
3x3, 4x4 MIMO

(N) MXG/EXG
Signal Generators
Infiniium
Oscilloscopes
(13GHz BW)
X-Series
Signal Analyzer
M9381A PXIe RF Vector

Signal Generator
(2) MXA/EXA
Signal Analyzers
Wideband MIMO PXI VSA

(800 MHz BW)
Infiniium
Oscilloscopes
(13GHz BW)
8x8 MIMO
Up to 8x8 MIMO
(N) MXG/EXG
Signal Generators
N7109 Multi-channel Signal

Analyzer
45
Agenda
Industry Background

Test Solutions
46
For More Information

Agilent Resources
LTE-Advanced application and product information:
www.agilent.com/find/lteadvanced
8x8 LTE MIMO analysis YouTube video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8TDaVMsKPP8
Solutions for design and test of downlink 8x8 LTE MIMO, Application
Note: http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5991-1878EN.pdf
89600 VSA product information: www.agilent.com/find/vsa
N7109A multi-channel signal analyzer information:
www.agilent.com/find/N7109A
X-Series signal analyzer product information:
www.agilent.com/find/xseries
Signal Studio product information: www.agilent.com/find/signalstudio
47
Thanks for Listening!

Any Questions?
48
Back-Up
49
Whats New: LTE-Advanced at a Glance

Carrier aggregation
1
Support for up to 5 Aggregated Carriers

Up to 100 MHz Bandwidth
Enhanced uplink multiple access

2
Clustered SC-FDMA
Simultaneous Control and Data
Higher order MIMO

3
Downlink 8x8
Uplink 4x4
50
UE Carrier Aggregation Bandwidth Classes

There is a total of six different carrier aggregation bandwidth classes
being defined.
Carrier
aggregation
bandwidth class
Maximum
number of CC
Aggregated
3GPP
transmission bandwidth Release
configuration
NRB 100
R10
NRB 100
R10
100 < NRB 200
R10
D,E,F
For future study 200 < NRB [500]
Beyond R10
20 MHz BW = 100 RB (resource block)
51
Carrier Aggregation Solution

Generate and analyze:
Up to 5 component carriers
simultaneously
All aggregation types: Inter-band
and intra-band (both contiguous
and non-contiguous)
Uplink and downlink signals
FDD and TDD frame structure
Two CCs at 800 MHz
Three CCs at 2100 MHz
52
LTE/LTE-Advanced Specifications Documents

The LTE and LTE-Advanced specifications are defined in the 36-series
documents of 3GPP Standard
There are six major groups of documents
36.8XX & 36.9XX Technical reports (background information)

36.1XX Radio specifications (and eNB conformance testing)
36.2XX Layer 1 baseband
36.3XX Layer 2/3 air interface signalling
36.4XX Network signalling
36.5XX UE Conformance Testing
The latest versions of most of the documents can be found at

www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm
The LTE-Advanced specifications are now drafted in the
Release 10 specifications
ftp.3gpp.org/specs/latest/Rel-10/
53

What really happens
Layer Mapper
Precoding
Receiver
MIMO Channel
CW1
CW2
L1
Serial
to
Parallel
Converter
P1
A1
P1
A2
L2
P3
A3
L3
P4
A4
UERS
UE-specific RS
CRS
Cell-specific RS
54

What really happens
Layer Mapper
Precoding
Receiver
MIMO Channel
CW1
CW2
L1
Serial
to
Parallel
Converter
P1
A1
P1
A2
L2
P3
A3
L3
P4
A4
UERS
UE-specific RS
CRS
Cell-specific RS
55

What really happens
Layer Mapper
Precoding
Receiver
MIMO Channel
CW1
CW2
L1
Serial
to
Parallel
Converter
P1
A1
P2
A2
L2
P3
A3
L3
P4
A4
UERS
UE-specific RS
P5
P6
A5
CRS
Cell-specific RS
56

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8x8 MIMO and

New Broadband Applications Fuel the Drive

Last decade was for mobile communication

Cellular evolution 1990 - 2013

Increasing efficiency, bandwidth and data rates

(FDD & TDD)

(R8/9 FDD & TDD)

(R10 & beyond)

Its All About More Data, Faster!

3GPP Release 10 and Beyond

3. Enhanced uplink multiple access

Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP)

LTE-Advanced Design & Test Challenges - Carrier Aggregation Webcast

Test Challenges for LTE-Advanced

Adds more complexity to the Physical Layer

Needs to co-exist with legacy 2G and 3G cellular systems

What is Carrier Aggregation?

Lack of sufficient contiguous spectrum forces use of carrier aggregation to meet

Achieve wide bandwidth transmissions

Carrier Aggregation Modes

Carrier Aggregation Band Combinations

Downlink (DL) band

In Rel-11 there are now up to 18 CA combinations being specified

Rel-11 Carrier Aggregation Combinations

* Carried forwards from Rel-10

Combinations of Carrier Aggregation

Design Challenges Intra-Band Carrier

2 uplink contiguous CCs

More stringent linearity requirements on the

Example of CCDF plot using N7624B LTE/LTEAdvanced Signal Studio software

Design Challenges Inter-Band Carrier

Multiplex IFFT D/A

LTE Signal Processing

Transmit orthogonally modified redundant copies

Transmit different data streams simultaneously

Transmit per antenna weighted signal copies

LTE Downlink MIMO Terminology

- independent transport block of data to be transmitted

- a stream of data to be transmitted

- number of layers to be transmitted

- no definition of antenna port to physical antenna mapping

- a predefined set of precoding weights

- complex weights used for each layer to match the

LTE DL Transmission Modes

SISO single antenna transmissions

Tx Diversity using 2 or 4 antennas

Open-Loop SU-MIMO (Spatial Multiplexing) with CDD

Closed-Loop, Rank 1 Spatial Multiplexing

Rank 1 Spatial Multiplexing (Single-Layer Beamforming)

Rank 2 Spatial Multiplexing (Dual-Layer Beamforming)

Up to 8 layer transmissions using Ports 7 to 14

Requires no PMI feedback from UE

Reduced overhead since Precoding Matrix Indicator is not signaled

Rank information still transmitted

Which precoding matrix should be used?

Uses predetermined precoding weights

Cyclic Delay Diversity why do we add this?

Applies an increasing delay to each antenna port, before the CP

Results in linear phase offset for each subcarrier

Adds additional diversity - each subcarrier experiences a different beamforming pattern

Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI)

Power offset signaled in DCI Format 1D

Essentially beamforming using 1 layer, BUT with codebook-based precoding

UE signals which precoding matrix should be used