EE 6004 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

2 Marks And 16 Marks- Question Bank

TWO MARKS Q & A

UNIT-I -INTRODUCTION

1. What is flexibility of electric power transmission?

The ability to accommodate changes in the electric transmission system or operating
conditions while maintaining sufficient steady-state and transient margins.
2. Define FACTS (or) Define FACTS as per IEEE (May/June 2012)
FACTS is defined by the IEEE as A power electronic based system and other static
equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmission system parameters to enhance
controllability and increase power transfer capability.
3. Write the difference between TSSC and TCSC? (May/June 2012)
TSSC (Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor), which permits a discrete control of the
capacitive reactance.
TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor) which offers a continuous control of
capacitive or inductive reactance.
4. How is reactive power controlled in an electrical network?
(Nov/Dec 2012)(May/June2007)
The reactive power can be compensated using VAR generators, avoiding its circulation
between the load (L or C) and the source, and therefore improving voltage stability of the power
system.
Reactive power compensation can be implemented with VAR generators connected in
parallel or in series.
Series controllers inject voltage in series with the line and the shunt controllers inject
current into the system at the point of connection.
5. What are the objectives of FACTS? (May/June 2007), (May/June 2013) (April 2014)
FACTS technologies allow for improved transmission system operation with minimal
infrastructure investment, environmental impact, and implementation time compared to the
construction of new transmission lines.
Provide advanced solutions to cost-effective alternatives to new transmission line
construction.
6. What is IPFC? (May/June 2011)
Interline power flow controller is a combination of two or more independently
controllable SSSC which are solid-state voltage source converters which inject an almost
sinusoidal voltage at variable magnitude and couples via a common dc link.
7. What are the various categories of FACTS controllers? (Nov/Dec 2007)
i) Series FACTS Controllers
ii) Shunt FACTS Controllers
iii) Combined Series-Series FACTS Controllers
iv) Combined Series-Shunt FACTS Controllers
8. What are the applications of FACTS devices? (Nov/Dec 2007) (Nov/Dec 2014)
i) Power Transmission.
ii) Power quality
iii) Railway and Wind power grid connection
9. What are the different power electronic switching devices? (May/June 2010)
SCR, MOSFET, GTO, IGBT, BJT etc.
10. What is reactive power compensation?
Reactive power control for a line is often called reactive power compensation.
11. What is compensator?

External devices or subsystems that control reactive power on transmission lines are
known as compensators.
12. What are the types of passive compensation?
a) Shunt compensation
b) Series compensation
13. What is the factors need careful for series compensation?
1) The voltage magnitude across the capacitor banks.
2) The fault current at the terminals of a capacitor banks.
3) The placement of shunt reactors to the series capacitors.
14. What is Series compensation?
If the effective reactance of a line is controlled by inserting a series capacitor, and if the
line terminal voltages are held unchanged.
15. What is shunt compensation?
A shunt capacitor is connected at the midpoint of the line so this is called shunt
compensation.
16. What is SVC? (May/June 2008, Dec-2008)
A shunt-connected static var generator or absorber whose output is adjusted to exchange
capacitive or inductive current so as to maintain or control specific parameters of the electrical
power system.
17. What is TCSC? (April 2014)
A capacitive reactance compensator which consists of series capacitor bank shunted by a
thyristor controlled reactor in order to provide smoothly variable series capacitive reactance.
18. What is UPFC?
A combination of static synchronous compensator and a static synchronous series
compensator which are coupled via a common dc link, to allow bidirectional flow of real power
between the series output terminals of the S3C and the shunt output terminals of the STATCOM,
and are controlled to provide concurrent real and reactive series line compensation without an
external electric energy source. The UPFC, by means of angularly unconstrained series voltage
injection, is able to control, concurrently or s electively, the transmission line voltage,
impedance, and angle or, alternatively, the real and reactive power flow in the line. The UPFC
may also provide independently controllable shunt-reactive compensation.
19. What is FACTS controller?
A power electronics-based system and other static equipment that provide control of one
or more ac transmission system parameters.
20. What are the different types of compensation schemes? (May/June 2010)
a) Load compensation
b) System compensation
21. What is load compensation? (Nov/Dec2007)
It is possible to compensate for the reactive current Ix of the load by adding a parallel
capacitive load so that Ic = - Ix . Doing so causes the effective power factor of the combination to
become unity. This condition is called load compensation.
22. What is system compensation?
To regulate the receiving-end voltage at the rated value, a power utility may install a
reactive power compensator.
23. What is a symmetrical line?
The voltage magnitudes at the ends of a line are equal, that is V s = Vr =V, the line is said
to be symmetrical.
24. What is SIL?
Surge Impedance load is defined as P0 = V2nom / Z0
25. What is Active and Passive var control?

Fixed inductor and capacitor are employed to absorb or generate reactive power is called
passive control.
An active var control is produced when its reactive power is changed irrespective of the
terminal voltage to which the var controller is connected.
26. Define Reactive Power (Nov/Dec 2014)
In electric power transmission and distribution, volt-ampere reactive (var) is a unit in
which reactive power is expressed in an AC electric power system. Reactive power exists in an
AC circuit when the current and voltage are not in phase. Reactive power (measured in vars) is
present in a system containing reactive (inductive or capacitive) components and can be either
produced or consumed by different load/generation elements. Though "imaginary", the reactive
power has great physical significance and is essential to the operation of the electrical system as
a whole. While the real power P is used to supply the energy required to perform actual work
(such as running a motor), the reactive power regulates the voltage in the system. If the reactive
power is too low, inductive loads such as transformers will be unable to maintain voltages
necessary for the generation of electromagnetic fields, leading to a "voltage collapse" that
create blackouts .

UNIT 1
Sixteen Marks Q
1. Explain in detail about series and shunt compensation in transmission lines.
(April 2014) (Nov/Dec 2014) (May/June 2012) (Nov/Dec 2012) (May/June 2013)
2. Explain reactive power control in electrical power transmission lines.
3. Explain the objective of FACTS controllers in the power system netwotk. (May/June 2007)
4. Derive the expression for active as well as reactive power flow in a lossless transmission line
and draw its necessary phasor diagram.
5. Explain briefly in a) IPFC (April 2014)
6. Explain in detail about the classifications of different types of FACTS controllers.
(May/June 2007) (May/June 2013)
7. Discuss the principle of operation of thyristor controlled series capacitor.
(Nov/Dec 2012)
8. Consider a two machine power system model. Explain the basic concepts of shunt and series
compensation in detail. Also comment about the effect of degree of compensation on the system
with a neat sketch.
(Nov/Dec 2012)
9. Explain the basic construction, working and characteristics of any one type of SVC.
(May/June 2008) (May/June 2012)
10. Explain Uncompensated Transmission Line. (Nov/Dec 2014)
11. List the advantages of SVC. (April 2014)
12. Give the complete analysis of lossless distributed parameter transmission lines and derived
power equations for symmetrical case. (April 2014)

UNIT-II
SVC AND APPLICATIONS
TWO MARKS Q & A

1. Define the term Static Var Compensators SVC (May/June 2008, Nov/Dec.2008)
What is the Objective of SVC? (Nov/Dec 2014)
A shunt-connected static var generator or absorber whose output is adjusted to exchange
capacitive or inductive current so as to maintain or control specific parameters of the electrical
power system.
2. What is linear range of SVC control?
This is the control range over which svc terminal voltage varies linearly with SVC
current or reactive power, as the latter is varied over its entire capacitive to inductive range.
3. What is Slope or Current Droop?
It is the ratio of voltage magnitude change to current magnitude change over the linear
controlled range of the compensator.
4. State the advantages of slope in the SVC dynamic characteristics.(May/June2011,
May/June2008, May/June 2009 & 2012)
i) Substantially reduces the reactive-power rating of the svc for achieving nearly the same
control objectives.
ii) Prevents the SVC from reaching its reactive-power limits too frequently
iii) Facilitates the sharing of reactive power among multiple compensators operating in
parallel.
5. What are the influences of the SVC on the system voltage?
i) Coupling transformer ignored
ii) Coupling transformer considered
iii) The system gain
6. Write the applications of SVC? (May/June 2007, Nov/Dec.2008) (Nov/Dec 2012)
i) Enhancement of transient stability
ii) Steady state power flow
iii) Enhancement of power system damping
iv) Prevention of voltage instability
7. What is overload range?
The SVC traverses outside the linear controllable range on inductive side, the SVC enters
the overload Zone. It behaves like a fixed inductor.
8. What is over current limit?
To prevent the thyristor valves from being subjected to excessive thermal stress, the
maximum inductive current in the overload range is constrained to a constant value by an
additional control action.
9. Draw V-I characteristics SVC. (May/June2009)

10. Define Voltage stability. (May/June 2010)

It is the ability of a power system to maintain steady acceptable voltages at all buses in
the system under normal operating conditions and after being subjected to a disturbance.
11. What is the best location for SVC? Justify (Nov/Dec.2008)
Why the shunt compensation is attempted always at midpoint? (Nov/Dec 2012)
It has been proven that the midpoint of transmission line is the optimal location of SVC.
This proof is based on the linear load which is not valid practically. For non-linear load model it
was found that the best location for advanced static var compensator close to the receiving end
where a wide range of reactive power could be controlled.
12. List the advantages of SVC.
1. Cheaper and simple operation.
2. Higher Capacity.
3. Faster & more reliable.
4. Improve steady state stability and transient stability.
5. Reduces transmission losses and increases power transfer capacity.
13. What are the 2 basic modes of SVC?
1. Voltage regulation mode
2. Var control mode
14. List out the prevention of voltage Instability.
* Placement of series and shunt capacitors.
* Placement of FACTS Controllers.
* Coordination of Multiple FACTS Controllers.
* Generation Rescheduling.
15. What are symptoms of voltage collapse?
The main symptoms of voltage collapse are low voltage profiles, heavy reactive power
flows, inadequate reactive support, and heavily loaded systems.
16. Draw the power angle curve of SMIB system with midpoint SVC. (May/June 2013)
(Nov/Dec 2014)

17. Draw the block diagram of SVC voltage regulator in integrated current droop form.
(May/June 2013)

18. Define: Effective Short circuit Ration (ESCR)

(April 2014)
The usual measure of the strength of the system is the Short Circuit Ratio, which is
defined as

19. What are the factors that limits the power capacity of the line? (April 2014)
Bus voltage,
Line current,
Reactance
Susceptance

Unit 2
SVC AND APPLICATIONS
Sixteen Marks Q & A
1. Explain the basic construction, working and characteristics of SVC.
2. Explain the method of voltage control by SVC. (May/June 2007) (May/June 2012)
3. Discuss the advantage of the slope in SVC dynamic characteristics in detail
(April 2014) (May/June 2007) (May/June 2013)
4. Discuss the method of improving transient stability with SVC.
(May/June 2007) (May/June 2012) (May/June 2013)
5. Discuss the role of SVC in the enhancement of power system damping. (May/June 2008)
6. Explain the prevention of voltage instability in SVC. (April 2014)
7. Explain in detail about influence of SVC on system voltage.
8. Explain the static and dynamic characteristics of SVC. (Nov/Dec 2012)

9. Explain how SVC can be used to enhance the power transfer capacity of a transmission line
(Nov/Dec 2012)
10. Explain the different applications of SVC. (Nov/Dec 2008)
11. Explain the design of voltage regulator in detail. (May/June 2008) (Nov/Dec 2008)
12. Derive the voltage and power expression in SVC. (Nov/Dec 2014)
13. Explain the Prevention of Voltage instability. (Nov/Dec 2014)
14. Explain how an SVC can be used to enhance the steady state power transfer capacity of a
transmission line. (April 2014)
15. Using Power angle curves, explain how SVC enhances transient stability of a power system.
(April 2014)