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Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
Accountancy
College of Business Administration and

1
PERFORMANCE OF GRAIN PRODUCTION ENHANCEMENT

SERVICES OF THE OFFICE OF THE CITY AGRICULTURIST:
A BASIS FOR RICE PRODUCTION IMPROVEMENT IN
SELECTED BARANGAYS IN THE CITY OF CABUYAO,
LAGUNA
A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of

Business Administration and Accountancy
Pamantasan Ng Cabuyao
City Of Cabuyao
In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Accountancy
Macuto, Christian Rafael J.

Pascua, Sudsy T.
Primavera, Rie A.
Rentoria, Laila E.
October 2015
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Recommendation Letter
This research study entitled Performance of Grain Production Enhancement

Services of the Office of the City Agriculturist: A Basis For Rice Production
Improvement In Selected Barangays in City of Cabuyao, Laguna prepared and
submitted by Macuto, Christian Rafael J., Primavera, Rie A., Pascua, Sudsy T.,
Rentoria, Laila E., in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree, Bachelor
of Science in Accountancy has been examined and recommended for
evaluation and oral defense by the undersigned.
WERNAN E. PERALTA, CPA, MBA

Adviser
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CERTIFICATION AND APPROVAL SHEET
This
thesis
entitled
PERFORMANCE
OF
THE
GRAIN
PRODUCTION
ENHANCEMENT SERVICES OF THE OFFICE OF THE CITY AGRICULTURIST:

A
BASIS
FOR
RICE
PRODUCTION
IMPROVEMENT
IN
SELECTED
BARANGAYS IN THE CITY OF CABUYAO, LAGUNA, submitted by Christian

Rafael J. Macuto, Sudsy T. Pascua, Rie A. Primavera, and Laila E. Rentoria in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Accountancy has been examined and recommended for acceptance and approval
for Oral Examination.
MR. WERNAN PERALTA CPA, MBA

Adviser
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of the grain
production enhancement services offered by the Office of the City Agriculturist
(OCA) in the selected Barangays of the City of Cabuyao to identify a basis for rice
production improvements. Another intention is to find out if these benefits given by
the OCA can merely affect the harvest of the respondents.
The descriptive method was applied in this study. These involved
gathering, observing, classifying and organizing necessary datas to provide the
anticipated outcome. Through the use of questionnaire for survey and conducting
unstructured interviews, primary information was able to be collected from the
respondents and the gathering of the secondary data needed from the OCA for
this study. The respondents comprises of the 41 registered farmers which 23 out
of it harvested only in year 2015 from the two selected Barangays in Cabuyao
which were Barangay Butong and Baclaran.
Using chi square as statistical treatment in determining whether there is a
significant relationship between the grain enhancement services of the OCA
received by the respondents and the level of performance of the rice production of
the farmers in Barangays Butong and Baclaran, City of Cabuyao, Laguna, the
result showed that there was a weak relationship.
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Data collected are analyzed and interpreted to come up with

recommendations for all the parties involved that would benefits in this study.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PERFORMANCE OF GRAIN PRODUCTION ENHANCEMENT....................................i

Recommendation Letter.................................................................................... ii
CERTIFICATION AND APPROVAL SHEET.............................................................iii
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................ vi
.......................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 1........................................................................................................... 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND..............................................................1
Introduction....................................................................................... 1
Background of the Study...................................................................2
Theoretical Framework......................................................................5
Conceptual Model.............................................................................. 8
Conceptual Paradigm of the Study....................................................9
Statement of the Problem...............................................................10
Statement of Objectives..................................................................12
Statement of Hypothesis.................................................................13
Significance of the Study.................................................................13
Scope and Delimitation...................................................................14
Definition of Terms..........................................................................15
Chapter 2......................................................................................................... 19
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES.............................................19

Rice Production in the Philippines...................................................19
Factors held in the Production of Rice in the Philippines.................20
Philippines rice production and neighbors how do we fare?............22
Government intervention in the Rice Production.............................29
Related Laws................................................................................... 30
Developments in Rice R&D in the Philippines.................................31
Seed Availability..............................................................................32
Seed Access.................................................................................... 33
Varietal Suitability...........................................................................34
Synthesis of Review of Related Literature and Studies....................35
Chapter 3......................................................................................................... 36
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES...............................................36
Research Design..............................................................................36
Respondents of the Study...............................................................37
Sources of Data............................................................................... 37
Instrumentation and Validation.......................................................38
Data Gathering Procedure...............................................................39
Evaluation and Scoring....................................................................40
Statistical Treatment of Data...........................................................41
Chapter 4......................................................................................................... 42
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PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND ANALYSIS OF DATA.............................42

1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents....................................42
2. Benefits Received by the Respondents.......................................47
3. Harvest...................................................................................... 58
4. Significant relationship..............................................................60
5. After the findings.......................................................................62
CHAPTER V...................................................................................................... 63
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.....................63
Findings........................................................................................... 65
Conclusions..................................................................................... 71
Recommendations...........................................................................71
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Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Agriculture is the refinement of animals, plants,
and other life forms
for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal and other products used to sustain and enhance
human life. Agriculture is the key development in the rise of sedentary human
civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that
nurtured the improvement of civilization.
At the present time, Philippines is still predominantly an agricultural

country. Most citizens still live in rural areas and sustain themselves through
agriculture. The country's agriculture sector is made up of 4 sub-sectors: farming,
fisheries, livestock, and forestry. Among the sub-sectors of agriculture, Farming in
the Philippines is widely used due to its vast area of cultivated lands.
Rice is the single most important agricultural crop as it is considered as the

staple food of its inhabitants and is, therefore, a major source of income for
millions of Filipino farmers. It is part of Filipino culture and is a way of life. Rice
production in the country of Philippines is important to the food supply in the
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country and economy. The Philippines is the 8th largest rice producer in the
world. The Philippines is also the world's largest rice importer.
Farming runs in the blood of most Filipino. We either grew up in the

province and witnessed this profession personally or we ourselves were once
involved in farming. Maybe our parents are farmers, or some of our relatives are.
Nevertheless, farming is perchance the most familiar and ironically enough, the
most avoided profession in the Philippines. The cynical stereotypes coupled with
the wrong beliefs that it's not profitable may have caused some of these
negativities about farming.
Background of the Study
Laguna shows a prosperous economy. With a population of 2,669,847

(2010 Census), and a total area of 1,760 km2 (680 sq mi) of land, Laguna
produces
millions
fruits, lanzones and

especially Pagsanjan
of
pesos
other
worth
products.
of
coconuts,
Tourists
Falls, Calamba and Los
flock
rice,
sugar,
citrus
its
beauty
spots,
to
Baos hot
springs,
Mount
Makiling, Caliraya Lake and many others. Levels of development vary. The towns
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near Metro Manila have become industrialized whereas the inner towns continue
to engage in agricultural production or pursue agri-based industries and cottage
and small-scale industries. Laguna has 60,624 hectares of alienable and
disposable agricultural land. About 41,253 ha or 23.44% of Lagunas total land
area is forest land.
Laguna is subdivided into 24 municipalities and 6 cities. One of these

cities is the City of Cabuyao which is formerly known as the town of Tabuko. The
municipality's name Cabuyao originated from Kabuyaw - a local tree found in the
municipality whose fruit was then used as shampoo. It was changed by Father
Velin, a Franciscan friar, during the Spanish Era.
The town is located near the corner of a river and the lake of Ba-i which
made bancas or raft as the common means of transportation. When the
Franciscan priest came to Tabuko, there were many native females doing their
laundry chores near the wharf where the boat of the Franciscan docked. There
were many trees of "Kabuyaw" growing around the area. So when the priest
asked for the name of the place, the native females readily answered "Kabuyaw"
thinking that the priest was asking for the name of the trees growing around the
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wharf. From then on, the priests and other Spanish officials called the town of
Tabuko as Kabuyaw.
Barangays
Butong
and
Baclaran are
part
of
the
eighteen
(18)
urbanized barangays comprising the City of Cabuyao in the province of Laguna,

Philippines. Both lies about 3 kilometers (2 mi) away from the center of Cabuyao.
Butong is in the northern portion of the City, while Baclaran is in the southeast
protion of the city. According to the 2010 Census, Butong has a population of
12,360 and Baclaran has a population of 12,192 making it the 8 th and 9th largest
barangays in Cabuyao in terms of population.
In every municipality or city, there is a local government unit established to

attend to the needs, disseminate necessary information and orders, to help
allocate efficiently and effectively programs that will benefit and help all the
citizens in the community. Every local government is divided into different sectors
to be more organized and easier for the people to access.
The Office of the City Agriculturist is a sector of the LGU in the Cabuyao
City wherein its concentration is with the agriculture concerns. The OCA carries
the responsibilities to provide public goods and services that will assist people
involve in agriculture such as farmers and fishermen in increasing their incomes
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through sustainable productivity. They also promote efficient allocation and

optimum use of scarce resources in order to increase incentives for agricultural
enterprises. It is also their responsibility to improve infrastructure and services
through public investments that will support agro-industrial development in rural
areas. OCA has a plenty of responsibilities and obligations that lead them to play
a substantial part in their industry.
OCA conducted programs that are mostly carried out from a national order
and some are by local means. As the researchers become aware of this that leads
to the curiosity if those programs are effectively utilize by the right people. The
researchers choose the programs that the principal apprehensions are about
farming as this brought us to this study.
This study aims to know which inputs from the grain production
enhancement services of the OCA have the most impact on creating a higher
number of outputs or harvests. To determine the factors that affect the productivity
of the farm lands. If possible, It is in the intention of this study to find out if the
local community to be self-sufficient in the supply of rice within our country by
maximizing the productivity of the local farmers in producing rice with the right and
adequate programs implemented by the government.
Theoretical Framework
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The proponents affixed this paper with production theory. It is the process
of converting inputs into outputs. Production uses resources to create goods or
services that are suitable for use, gift-giving in a gift economy, or exchange in a
market economy. This can include manufacturing, construction, storing, shipping,
and packaging. Some economists define production broadly as all economic
activity other than consumption. They see every commercial activity other than the
final purchase as some form of production.
A production process can be defined as any activity that increases the

similarity between the pattern of demand for goods and services, and the quantity,
form, shape, size, length and distribution of these goods and services available to
the market place.
Production is a process of combining various material inputs and

immaterial inputs (plans, know-how) in order to make something for consumption
(the output). It is the act of creating output, a good or service which has value and
contributes to the utility of individuals.
Another support that is affixed within this study is the theory of

performance. This develops and relates six foundational concepts to form a
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framework that can be used to explain performance as well as performance

improvements.
Performing at a higher level produces results that can be classified into

different categories. Increase in quality or the results or products are more
effective in meeting or exceeding the expectations of stakeholders. Decrease in
cost or the amount of effort or financial resources to produce a result goes down;
amount of waste goes down. Increase in its capability or the ability to tackle more
challenging performances or projects increases. Increase in capacity or the ability
to generate more throughout increases. Increase in knowledge or the depth and
breadth of knowledge increases. Increase in skills or the abilities to set goals,
persist, and maintain a positive outlook, etc. increase in breadth of application and
in effectiveness. Increase in identity and motivation or individuals develop more
sense of who they are as professionals; organizations develop their essence.
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Conceptual Model
INPUT
Profile of the respondents
Age
Sex
Size of operation
Sources of income
Eco system
Irrigated area
Rain fed area
Seeds
Hybrid
Certified
Good
Farmers saved
seeds
Fertilizers
Urea
Complete
Organic
Benefits given by the OCA
Farm Plan and
budget
Irrigation
Li0y
management
Seed selection
Pest management
Seminars, trainings,
and demonstration
trials
Level of performance of
the farmers rice
production in Barangay
Butong and Baclaran, City
of Cabuyao, Laguna
Harvest
PROCESS
OUTPUT
Data Gathering
Data Analysis
Interview
Statistical Analysis
Questionnaire
Productivity of the
farmers
beneficiaries of
the grain
production
enhancement
services by the
OCA.
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FEEDBACK
Fig.1 Conceptual
Conceptual Paradigm of the Study
Paradigm
Figure 1 shows the conceptual model of the study. The input data cover
the profile of the respondents as perceived by the registered farmers in terms of
age, gender, size of operation, and sources of income. This is to measure the
percentage pertaining to farmers age, gender, size of operation, and sources of
income. The perceived eco system in terms of irrigated area, and rain fed area,
this is to measure the capability of the land to produce number of outputs. The
perceived seeds in terms of hybrid, certified, good and farmers saved seeds, this
is to determine what kind of seeds they used. The perceived fertilizers in terms of
urea, complete and organic, this is to determine what kind of fertilizer they used.
The perceived rice production enhancement services of the farmers given by the
OCA in terms of farm plan and budget, irrigation management, seed selection,
pest management and seminars, trainings, and demonstration trials, this is to
measure the level of performance of the production of rice by the beneficiaries of
the enhancement services conducted by OCA. Lastly, the perceived rice
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production in terms of rice harvested, this is to measure the productivity of the

farmers rice production.
These are the important factors to consider for the researchers survey
questions. In the process data this shows how the researchers have gathered
information using survey questionnaires which will be distributed for the data
gathering and statistical analysis. This is very significant in identifying and solving
the research problem. Lastly, the output box states the determination of the
productivity of the farmers beneficiaries of the grain production enhancement
program and how can it be improved.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to assess the performance of the grain production

enhancement services offered by the OCA in the selected Barangays of the City
of Cabuyao to identify a basis for rice production improvements.
Specifically, the researchers would like to answer the following questions:
1. What is the Demographic profile of the Farmer Beneficiaries of the grain

production enhancement services in terms of:
1.1 Socio-economic status
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1.1.1 Age;
1.1.2 Gender;
1.1.3 Size of Operation(H.A)?
1.2 Ecosystem
1.2.1 Irrigated Area(H.A);
1.2.2 Rain fed Area(H.A)?
1.3
Seeds
1.3.1
Hybrid Seeds;
1.3.2
Certified Seeds;
1.3.3
Good Seeds;
1.3.4
Farmers Saved Seeds?
1.4 Fertilizers
1.4.1
Urea Fertilizers;
1.4.2
Complete Fertilizers;
1.4.3
Organic Fertilizers?
2. What are the benefits received by the farmers in Barangays Butong and
Baclaran, City of Cabuyao, Laguna:
2.1
Farm Plan And Budget
2.2
Irrigation management;
2.3
Seed selection;
2.4
Fertilizers;
2.5 Pest management;
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2.6 Seminars, trainings, and demonstration trials?

3. What is the level of performance of the grain production enhancement services
by the OCA in Barangays Butong and Baclaran, City of Cabuyao, Laguna:
3.1
Harvest?
4. Is there a significant relationship between the grain enhancement services of

the OCA received by the respondents and the level of performance of the rice
production of the farmers in Barangays Butong and Baclaran, City of Cabuyao,
Laguna?
5. After the findings, what can be drawn for the improvements of rice production in
the selected barangays of the City of Cabuyao?
Statement of Objectives
1. To identify the demographic profile of the farmer beneficiaries of the grain
production services under socio-economic in term of their Age, Sex, Size of
operation, and Source of income and by eco-system in terms of Irrigated
System (ha), and Rain fed area (ha);
2. To determine the benefits given by the OCA;
3. To determine the level of performance of the grain enhancement services
as perceived by the respondents in terms of their Outputs; and
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4. To determine the significant relationship between the grain enhancement

services provided by the OCA and the rice production of the farmers in
Barangays Butong and Baclaran, City of Cabuyao, Laguna.
5. To determine the possible improvements for rice production in selected
barangays in Cabuyao City, Laguna.
Statement of Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the grain

enhancement services of the Office of the City Agriculturist and the performance
of the rice production of the farmers in Barangays Butong and Baclaran, City of
Cabuyao, Laguna.
Significance of the Study
The study is significant since it would help to assess if the services offered
by the local government is a probable means in increasing the production of the
farmers. As this study goes, it would also be useful to the following:
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Farmers This study could acquaint them with the knowledge and
profound their understandings about the benefits they could have in availing those
programs and services offered by the government.
Local Government This study could lead them to pursue or improve
their current programs beneficial to both parties.
Community This study would extend their awareness about the
assistance of the government by providing the needs of local livelihood.
Students This study could contribute new facts, ideas, and knowledge to
them regarding the subject matter that could equip them with additional
information concerning this topic.
Future Researchers This study could be used as a reference in
conducting a similar matter as they could acquire information from the results of
this research that could serve them as a basis for their study.
Scope and Delimitation
This study covered the rice production of the legally registered farmers to
receive benefits from the services offered by the local government of Cabuyao
City and limited only to two Barangays, Butong and Baclaran. There respondents
are the farmers that have planted and harvested crop rice during the year 2015.
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Thus, the services that were included were determined based on its relevance to
the enhancements of grain, specifically for rice. This study focused and limited
only on the grain enhancement program and how could it vary to every
respondents harvest. Thus, any other factors than the programs that might be
involved in affecting the harvest are beyond this study. This study was merely
restricted to the quantity of outputs or the amount of harvested grains for the year
2015.
The information that came from the data asked by the researchers from the
possible knowledgeable persons, from the questionnaire distributed, from the
secondary data taken from the OCA and as well as from the literatures and
studies had been cited and reviewed. Furthermore, the analysis and interpretation
of the data are limited only to the extent of the knowledge and understanding of
the researchers.
Definition of Terms
Certified Seed - it is a type of seed that has undergone quality assurance

system whereby seed intended for marketing is subject to official control and
inspection.
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Complete Fertilizer A type of fertilizer that serves as an all-purpose

fertilizer. It contains a more whole and sufficient nutrients for plants compared to
other fertilizers.
Farm Plan and Budget - A document asserting the financial needs of
farmers flexible to their livelihood given by the OCA to the farmers that is used to
attain a loan in a cooperative or a basis for farm budgeting.
Farmers Saved Seeds These are the seeds that have been kept or
preserved from the seeds that the farmer used in their previous planting season.
Fertilizer - a substance that is added to soil to aid its capacity to increase
the growth of the plant.
Good Seed - it is a type of seed that is product of certified seeds.
Grain Production Enhancement Services services offered by the local
government regarding to the improvement of crops to assist the progress of the
farmers beneficiaries in their livelihood.
Hybrid Seed It is a type of seed that are crossbreed from two different
parent seed resulting to a seeds with improve characteristics, such as better yield,
greater uniformity, improved color, disease resistance.
Inputs These are raw materials and machineries that are used in the
production of rice. These are the factors that affect both quality and quantity of
outputs.
Irrigated Area The area that is provided by artificial application of water
to the land for which it could assist farmers for their crop production.
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Irrigation Management Part of the program of the OCA for the benefit
of the farmers but limited only on maintaining and regulating the established
irrigation systems in some particular area in Cabuyao City.
OCA Stands for the Office of The City Agriculturist. It is a local
government unit in Cabuyao that aids people in providing programs, benefits, or
help regarding agricultural concerns.
Organic Fertilizer A fertilizer that is naturally produced and derived from
animal matter, human excreta or vegetable matter.
Outputs These are the products of rice produced by the farmers as they
cultivate their lands for the purpose of generating sufficient income.
Quantity The number or amount of outputs produced in a specified
period of time.
Performance Effect on rice production.
Pest Management Part of the OCA program regulated by monitoring
the pest activities in the agricultural areas in Cabuyao City.
Rain fed Area The area that relies on natural rainfall rather than
irrigation system for watering their agricultural land.
Seed Selection Informs farmers from the varieties of seeds that they
could use in planting that would fit for their needs and preference and sometimes
gives available seeds if there is an accessible fund commonly given is good
seeds and certified seeds.
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Size of Operations The area wherein the farmers utilize for their
agricultural activities, specifically farming.
Sources of Income It is where the earnings of the farmers are derived
from.
Socio-Economic Status It is the justification of the registered farmers
pertaining to their description.
Technology It is the service provided by the local government that is
certified to be useful in increasing rice production.
Urea Fertilizer this type of nitrogenous fertilizers that come from
human, animal and synthetic urea combined with anhydrous ammonia and is
most commonly used by farmers.
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Rice Production in the Philippines
According to an article of PhilFSIS, Agriculture expanded by 1.83

percent in 2014. The sectors growth was contributed by the production
increments in the crops, livestock and poultry subsectors. Gross earnings
amounted to P1. 6 trillion at current prices or 9.71 percent higher than last years
earnings.
The crops subsector which shared 51.71 percent in total agricultural

production grew by 3.25 percent during 2014. Production of palay went up by 2.87
percent and that of corn, by 5.33 percent. Notable gains were also recorded for
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sugarcane, mango, tobacco, cassava and onion. At current prices, the subsectors
gross value of output amounted to P933.7 million. This was 14.52 percent more
than the 2013 level.
Factors held in the Production of Rice in the Philippines
Diagne et al., (2013), studied the production and technical efficiency of rice
farmers in the Senegal River Valley. They concluded that production function is
affected positively by land, seed, fertilizer and services and negatively by labor
costs. They obtained technical efficiency scores in the range of 55% to 60%. They
further estimated that fertilizer, herbicides, bird chasing efforts, use of post-harvest
technologies such as thresher cleaner affected the technical efficiency of rice
production in Senegal.
As studied by Koirala et al., (2014), the average Filipino rice farmer

operates about 1.22 ha ranging farm area from 0.1 to 4.8 hectares, suggesting a
significant variability in farm sizes among rice farmers. The total value of farming
retained by the farmer after harvest is about averagely 109.02 cavans. With the
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expectation of higher return from rice farming, Filipinos farmers spend significant
amount of money on fertilizer, about on 10,902 peso per season.
As a result, it shows that the cost of fertilizer is a positive and statistically

significant in explaining rice production in Philippines at 10% significance level.
Total acreage is also positive and significant factor indicating that a 1% increase in
acreage increases rice production by 0.48%. The coefficient on a dry season,
dummy variable, positive and is significant at the 10% level of significance. Fuel
cost as a part of production function is also significant at the 5% level. The
insignificant coefficient for herbicide use in our result may be due to the fact that
weed and pest control is not a productive input, but rather a damage abatement
input which does not directly affect productivity, but indirectly through technical
efficiency. Technical efficiency (TE) of a given firm is as the ratio of its mean
production to the corresponding mean production if the firm utilized inputs most
efficiently. In simple words, technical efficiency refers to a firms ability to achieve
maximum output from a given bundle of inputs. The mean TE score for their
sample was 0.548 obtained through the fixed-effects model and ranged from 46%
to 74%. The results showed that farmers in Philippines can increase production by
46% in the existing technological conditions.
According to Piedad Moya et al., (2012), input-output data and

management practices for rice are collected by parcel for each sample farmer.
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Thus, if one farmer has two or more parcels, information on rice production
processes is collected separately for each parcel. This is on the assumption that
each parcel will have different inherent productivities and farmers may have
different practices for each of their parcels, particularly if they are located in
different locations and ecosystems. This will result in varying yields, input use, and
crop management practices not only inter-households but also intra households.
Furthermore, Central Luzon is one of the regions in the Philippines where

there is a distinct wet season and dry season in which the rainfall during the dry
season is minimal; without any source of water, the rice crop cannot survive.
Meanwhile, the dry season has an advantage in terms of higher solar radiation
and less pest and insect prevalence, thus allowing higher yield as long as
irrigation water is properly provided. Rain fed farms that depend on rainwater
alone have no dry season rice crop. Only irrigated parcels are planted in the dry
season; hence, a much smaller sample is obtained than for the wet season.
Philippines rice production and neighbors how do we fare?
According to an article in PhilRice Magazine Jul-Sept 2015 issue,

written by Flordeliza H. Bordey, The Department of Agriculture, through
PhilRice in collaboration with IRRI, conducted a cross-country study in
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2013 that assessed the cost of producing palay among select

intensively cultivated and irrigated ecosystems in six countries:
Philippines (Nueva Ecija), China (Zhejiang), Indonesia (West Java), India
(Tamil Nadu), Thailand (Suphan Buri), and Vietnam (Can Tho). Among
importing countries (PH, China, and Indonesia), Nueva Ecija appears to
have the least cost of producing dry paddy (at14% moisture content
[MC] at P12.34/kg).Zhejiangs and West Javas were P13.99 andP16.21,
respectively. Relative to exporting countries, however, it is still
expensive to produce paddy in Nueva Ecija, with only P8.87/kg in Tamil
Nadu and P9.46 in Suphan Buri. It is cheapest to produce dry paddy in
Can Tho at P6.50/kg.
Why? First is the wide difference in land productivity. Can Tho

produces three rice crops in a year while Nueva Ecija has only two. High
labor cost is the second major reason why it is more expensive to
produce rice in Nueva Ecija. On average, farmers here pay P3.76 on
hired labor to produce a kilogram of paddy while farmers in Can Tho
only pay P0.46. One can argue that Can Tho farmers probably depend
on family labor. Can Thos imputed cost of family labor is only P0.80/kg
of paddy, which is slightly higher than P0.66 in Nueva Ecija. The
practice of direct seeding in crop establishment and the use of combine
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harvesters primarily explains the lower labor cost in Can Tho. In Nueva
Ecija, transplanting, which is labor-intensive, remains popular together
with manual harvesting and mechanized threshing. Machine rental and
fuel are more expensive in Nueva Ecija at P1.73/kg of paddy; only P0.80
in Can Tho. This could be explained by the use of more efficient
machines in land preparation, harvesting, and threshing in Can Tho.
Vietnamese farmers are competitive probably because they

receive plenty of government support like subsidies. But look, no
subsidies for material inputs were documented in Can Tho during the
survey period. Theres free use of water from state irrigation canals,
and thats it. Even with free water, Nueva Ecija farmers would still
spend P11.90/kg, much higher than the P 6.50/kg cost in Can Tho. But
thank the heavens Nueva Ecija farmers receive higher profit margin
than their Can Tho counterparts. In 2013, the average price of dry
paddy was P17.21/kg in Nueva Ecija; only P9.59 in Can Tho. They
profited P4.87, while the Vietnamese got only P3.09/kg. Rice comes
from paddy; hence higher price of paddy equals more expensive milled
rice. Given the average milling recovery of 65% in Nueva Ecija, the
milled rice equivalent of dry paddy price is alreadyP26.48/kg; only
P14.11/kg in Can Tho at a recovery of 68%. The P5.08/kg estimated
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gross margin of local marketing players is derived by subtracting

P26.48 from the 2013 wholesale price of milled rice (P31.56/kg). In
contrast, a P16.97/kg (US$ 400/ mt) FOB price of 25% broken rice in
Vietnam gave a gross margin of only P2.87/kg for their marketing
players. The greater volume of paddy, more efficient handling, and
higher milling recovery in Can Tho are the key factors for their lower
marketing margin. Clearly, from farm to market, rice in Nueva Ecija is
far more expensive to produce than in Can Tho. In 2013, Vietnam had
an area harvested of7.9 million ha that produced44 M mt of paddy; PH
produced 18.4 M mt from only 4.8 M ha. Vietnams population was 91.7
M; ours was 98.4 M. Having what it has, Vietnam is no doubt in a better
position to export rice.
What the Phiippines should do? Just rely on the world market to
supply the entire domestic rice requirement? From 2008 to 2012, world
rice exports averaged 34.23 M mt; its imports without the PH imports
averaged 31.43M mt. Therefore, the worlds rice surplus available for
PH to buy averaged 2.84 M mt a year. Given the countrys yearly total
rice requirement of about 14.97 M mt, it will be impossible to rely solely
on international trade to supply our rice needs. Besides Litonjua and
Bordey 2014. How can rice trade liberalization affect producers and
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consumers estimated that the domestic supply would contract by only

8% when trade protection is reduced to 35% tariff, and QR is removed.
This means that we need to produce the bulk of the rice that we eat.
We cannot count on imports. We ought to improve our competitiveness
to cater to our ever-increasing demand for rice. Increasing rice yield is
central to being competitive. This is where hybrid rice technology helps,
coupled with appropriate crop management in our suitable areas. In
reducing cost, the intensified use of labor-saving technologies such as
the combine harvester and direct seeding is in the right direction. To
alleviate rural labor displacement, jobs are to be generated outside the
agriculture sector. Improving the efficiency of milling and handling can
also reduce the cost of processing and marketing rice. These are just
several ways to improve competitiveness which could have an
immediate impact. 6u8We must also invest in state-of-theart rice R&D
to create next-generation technologies thatwould be future sources of
yield growth. PhilRice is trailblazing toward achieving competitiveness
through the Palayabangan challenge. Using a competition as a platform,
the challenge aims to find a complete set of cultivation techniques that
can give a yield of at least 10 t/ha while costing only P5/kg at most.
Through the Institutes contest, competing individual farmers
associations, and private companies demonstrate their respective
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package of technologies, side by side with PhilRices developed

technologies, while their costs of production are closely monitored. The
winning entry is then promoted through the conduct of field days and
open fora. During the dry season of 2014, the Syngenta companys
entry in PhilRice Isabela emerged as the regional winner when it
obtained 10.5 t/ha (14% moisturecontent) at P4.94 production cost per
kg of paddy rice produced. This gives a ray of hope that we can still
improve our paddy production system and be competitive to our
Southeast Asian neigbors.
Another is Roshani Malla (2014) studied about the adoption and diffusion
of SALT in the Philippines and SRI in India. The purpose of the study is to review
the available evidence on the adoption of suitable agricultural practices and
technologies in the Philippines and India. It focuses on the development of
Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) and System of Rice/Crop
Intensification (SRI/SCI) and the strategies used by the Philippines and India to
promote the 4 diffusion and adoption in the respective countries.
Results Shows that the perceived benefits and limitations of the

technologies reviewed are significant in determining their adoption at farm level.
Adoption of SALT in the Philippines was varied across the regions. In most places
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the adoption rate was very low. Despite the benefits of resource management,
adaptability, diversity etc. there were several limitations of the technology. Major
reasons for the dislike of contour hedgerows were: labor demanding, reduction in
arable land area, lateral spread of hedgerows over the field and shading
vegetable crops, regular maintenance requirements, and not providing immediate
financial return. There are variations in the species used as hedgerows, which
gave different outcomes in different parts of the country.
The study found that the adoption of SRI in India was more successful than
that of SALT in the Philippines. Despite the multiple advantages of SALT, farmers
need incentives to make the initial shift from one set of practices to another,
requiring some relearning, absorb the additional labor costs during learning,
undertake appropriate land and water management, the latter requiring some
additional tools and time. This takes a lot of time for training, experimentation, and
evaluation, which the farmers might not want to invest which can be limiting to the
rate of adoption.
In the Philippines, the promotion of SALT was mainly by the collaboration

between Philippine government and international donor agencies like ADB, World
Bank, Ford Foundation, and USAID etc. Because of a top down approach, where
the local farmers were only incorporates as recipients of technology, the
dissemination of knowledge in the Philippines was not as strong as in India where
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most of the SRI adoption projects involved farmers as users and extensioners
right from the beginning. Initially the extension of the SRI technique in India was
slow due to some apprehensions surrounding the principles of SRI. However, with
continuous implementation, improvisation, communication the adoption of SRI has
scaled up lately. The projects that promoted SRI mostly included knowledge
analysis and sharing, farmers experimentation, and participatory monitoring and
evaluation. This method was applied in very few projects in the Philippines. In
many cases to overcome the resistance of farmers, the government used a
mixture of inducement and coercion. Adoption induced or coerced in this way,
sometimes even without the direct participation of the farmer, is not likely to be
sustainable once the project concluded. In case of SALT in the Philippines, most
cases farmers did not maintain the conservation measures and many actively
removed them since they lacked the understanding, conviction, or resources
necessary to adopt the technologies in the true sense of the term, that is, to
maintain and reestablish them beyond an initial trial period. Even though MBRLC
provided on farm trainings at its center in Mindanao, farmers adoption of SALT
was still very low. However in Cebu and Managok where a participatory approach
was applied, the rate of adoption was higher than other regions. The result in the
Philippines also showed that participatory technology development process
involving farmer experimentation was more effective than conventional on farm
research and dissemination of new information and technologies. In the
Philippines the promotion of SALT/contour hedgerow was done mainly by the
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collaboration of Philippine government and international donor agencies like ADB,

World Bank, Ford Foundation, and USAID etc. Because of a top down approach,
the dissemination of knowledge in the Philippines was not as strong as it is in
India.
Government intervention in the Rice Production
As studied by Hidalgo (2010), the cost-increasing effects of investments in

extension and irrigation at the regional level seem to contradict the productionincreasing impacts of irrigation and farmers training at the farm level. However, he
also emphasized that increases in the public investments in irrigation and
extension at the regional level do not necessarily translate to increases in their
services at the farm level. In his study, he discussed farmers training is a
responsibility of the extension offices in the LGUs. However, the local extension
offices usually have a weak support from the local government managers and
have inadequate coordination with research organizations. In addition, extension
workers at the local government level have low morale, outdated skills, and lack
the modern equipment that can make their extension job more efficient. On the
other hand, the failure of irrigation investments in generating services can be
attributed to the low participation of farmers in irrigation management. Probably
due to these institutional weaknesses, public investments in extension and
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irrigation have failed to generate enough economic services that lead to cost
reduction in the region. Thus, in order to benefit from these investments, the
current extension and irrigation systems must be reformed.
The government intervention in the seed market has been ineffective in

bringing these technologies to the producers to the right place and at the right
time. This subsidy has distorted the incentives for farmers to choose the
appropriate technology for their production. In addition, the provision of subsidy
has siphoned the governments limited financial and human resources away from
more productive R&D and appropriate extension activities. Based on these
findings, I support the phasing-out of these input subsidies.
Related Laws
Pursuant to Republic Act No. 9700, otherwise known as "AN ACT

STRENGTHENING THE COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM
(CARP), EXTENDING THE ACQUISITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ALL
AGRICULTURAL
LANDS,
INSTITUTING
NECESSARY
REFORMS,
AND
AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT

NO. 6657, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN
REFORM LAW OF 1988, AS AMENDED, AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS
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THEREFOR", the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR), under the support

services delivery component of CARP, is mandated to implement new programs
and expand existing ones to continuously provide farmers and farm workers,
specifically the ARBs, with the opportunity to enhance their dignity and improve
the quality of their lives through greater productivity of agricultural lands.
Developments in Rice R&D in the Philippines
One of the artciles of Canilang in PhilRice Magazine (2015), Entitled Three

new PhilRice-bred varieties states that in late 2014, the Rice Technic Working
Group of the National Seed Industry Council (NSIC) approved 24 inbred
and hybrid varieties developed by public and private rice breeding
institutions. Three of the new varieties - NSIC Rc354, Rc358, and
Rc368H - were bred by PhilRice. Rc354 (Tubigan 28) is early maturing
(112 days) with high resistance to bacterial leaf blight (BLB), blast,
green leafhopper (GLH), and white and yellow stem borers (W/YSB). It
has an average yield of 5.4 t/ha, and is recommended nationwide.
Rc358 (Tubigan 30) averages 5.4t/ha too, and is highly recommended in
the Visayas. It is early-maturing at 114 days, with an intermediate
amylose content of 19.7% with long (6.8 mm) and slender (3.2mm)
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grains; premium milling (72.4%), fair brown rice (78.6%), and grade 1
(54.6%) head rice recoveries. Hybrid Rc368H or Mestiso 55 can yield up
to 10 t/ha in the dry season. It has intermediate amylose content of
18.9%, with long (7.3 mm) and slender (3.3mm) grains; premium milling
(70.4%), fair brown rice (77.5%), and grade 1 (52.2%) head rice
recoveries. Like Rc358, this hybrid has good eating quality.
The three varieties grow best in irrigated lowland areas. The other 21
varieties approved by NSIC were bred by IRRI, and private seed
companies Syngenta, Bioseed, Advanta, and Long Ping.
Seed Availability
According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States, seed

availability refers to the physical quantity of seed available from all sources. Under
this definition, adequate availability of seed exists when there is sufficient seed
from own saved seed, social networks, in local markets and the formal seed
sector to meet seed needs of local households. The available seed should be in
reasonable proximity to the farmer and be available in time for planting.
Indicators for seed availability at household level would include quantity of

own saved seed stored at the household, quantity of seed known to exist within
social networks, quantity of grain of preferred varieties and crops available in local
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markets at planting time which farmers could use as seed, quantity of seed
available with seed companies and local seed stockiest at planting time, quantity
of seed available through seed aid organizations at planting time (should be
applicable only when there is an identified seed access problem), high prices of
seed in local markets, seed companies and local seed stockiest, proximity of seed
sources in relation to the household, and time in which seed is available (before,
at the start, mid or late season)
Seed Access
They also stated that access to seed is defined as the ability and
willingness to acquire seed through cash purchase, exchange, loan, barter or use
of power in social networks. In relation to the latter, whilst seed may be available
within a social network, it may not be accessed due to lack of power, status or
influence of the household to acquire it. Seed may also be obtained through barter
in exchange for another commodity or service such as labor, and it may be given
on loan, on the condition that an equal or greater quantity is returned at a later
date. Finally, seed may be acquired in exchange for cash, in local markets or in
seed distributors (formal sector).
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Varietal Suitability
This aspect of seed security refers to the ability of farmers to have seed of
crop varieties which have the characteristics that they prefer. There are a range of
desirable characteristics which may differ from household to household, or
between men and women within the household. The most commonly cited
desirable characteristics include: appearance, taste, aroma, cooking quality,
storability, ability to produce fodder, high income potential, high production
potential, disease and pest resistance in the field, and quality for making certain
derivatives such as beer. Households require seed of crop varieties that they
know, have a preference for and are confident to plant. In some cases farmers
can identify the seed of the varieties they use. This is also why farmers need to
trust the seed seller or giver since varieties cannot always be identified by looking
at the seed. Also farmers are sometimes hesitant to plant seed from an unknown
origin since it is a big risk if the variety is wrong or the seed quality is poor. The
situation is complicated by the fact that in some cases the varieties that farmers
know may not be adapted to the current situation due to drought, pests or
diseases and there is a need for farmers to be introduced to new varieties.
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Understanding this in a field situation can be challenging and requires a good

knowledge of the context and the varieties being used.
Synthesis of Review of Related Literature and Studies
In relation to related literature and studies, rice production is affected

independently by a lot of factors such as the number of fertilizers used, the total
area of acreage, the harvesting season, the amount of fuel used, and the
herbicides need in the production. It is explained that Technical Efficiency is the
ability of producers to make the most of output out of inputs. Land area, planting
season, fuel cost, fertilizer cost, and land rent have positive significant relationship
with the value of rice production in Philippines. Technical Efficiency is affected
negatively by price of fuel, fertilizers, and land rent. However, the study found that
rice production, in peso, has positive and significant relationship with the technical
efficiency of rice production in Philippines. Finally, fuel cost, fertilizer cost, land
rent, time of planting, and land area affects both levels of productivity and
technical efficiency levels of rice farmers in the Philippines. Because of different
practices applied into each parcel, the collection of data must be separate or
distinct in every land a farmer owns. Another variable that must be considered is
the season of the year which has an advantage and disadvantage to the
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production of rice. Dry season can lead to the drought of the rice but it will lessen
the number of unwanted pests that is destroying the crops.
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES
This chapter presents a brief discussion of the study and processing of

data is emphasized. This chapter confers the methodological procedures chosen
to manage the problem being cited. This indicates the research design, sources of
data, data gathering instruments, data gathering procedures, and statistical
treatment of data used by the proponents in gathering the necessary information.
It will explain what statistical tools will be used and how the instruments will be
used for data collection will be constructed, interpreted and utilized to attain the
needed information and analysis.
Research Design
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The researchers used the descriptive method. As stated by Calderon

and Gonzales (2003), it is designed for the researchers to gather information
about present existing conditions needed in the chosen field of the study. This
method entitles the researchers to interpret the theoretical meaning of the findings
and hypothesis development for further study.
Respondents of the Study
The setting of this study was in Barangays Butong and Baclaran, City of
Cabuyao, Laguna. The respondents of the study were the total registered farmers
in Butong and Baclaran. This information was taken from the OCA stating that as
of 2015, there were 42 registered farmers in the two barangays. 20 of the 42
registered farmers were from Butong and the remaining 23 is from Baclaran but
only those who have planted and harvested crop rice in the year 2015 are chosen
as the respondents of this study which comprises to the total of 23 respondents.
Sources of Data
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The researchers considered primary and secondary data to acquire

sufficient information needed in the study.
Secondary data such as the list of the registered rice farmers, monthly
report of harvest of the farmers during their operation in 2015 taken from the OCA
and the respondents profile and relevant information were gathered from the
registered farmers of Barangays Butong and Baclaran.
The researchers used books, articles, theses and dissertation, and

informations from electronical sources to gather the necessary information
needed to supplement this study.
Instrumentation and Validation
The research instrument that was used by the researchers to gather all the
information of the respondents was a survey questionnaire. It intended to gather
relatively number of cases. This instrument involved in determining the
information about the variables rather than about individuals. It was the easiest
way to gather data. The questionnaire and the secondary data were major
instruments in collecting data for the survey studies. These consisted of questions
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or indicators that could answer the statement of the problem. The questionnaire
were distributed to all farmers of Barangays Butong and Baclaran.
Validity of the survey questionnaire will be obtained after being presented

to the people with professional expertise. According to Amin (2005) content and
construct validity will be determined by expert judgment. The researchers referred
to references, reading materials, and an unpublished theses.
Thereafter, the researchers made the first draft of questionnaire and

presented it to their research adviser, Prof. Wernan P. Peralata and other people
who were concerned or qualified to evaluate as definitely reliable instrument to be
used in this study.
Data Gathering Procedure
The data gathering techniques systematically allowed the researchers to

collect necessary information. The information was the basis for evaluating the
performance of the grain production enhancement services of the OCA to the
productivity of the farmers beneficiaries.
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In this research, the researchers went to the Cabuyao Municipal to conduct

an interview concerning the idea about the agriculture. As the researchers
conducted an interview with those knowledgeable people, they came up with this
study. Essential data were taken from the OCA. Questionnaires were distributed
to gather up other needed information to complete this study. The researchers
gathered an exact data as perceived by the registered farmers of Barangays
Butong and Baclaran and intended for the researchers to assess the relationship
between the grain enhancement services of the OCA and the level of performance
of the rice production of the registered farmers.
Evaluation and Scoring

The study aimed to determine the performance of the grain production
enhancement services by OCA received by the respondent. The results of the
responses were interpreted using a percentage and frequency table this due to
the multiple response type of questionnaire that was used by researchers for data
gathering. The harvest per hectare were interpreted using the following scales:
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Statistical Treatment of Data
The statistical tools used in the analysis of data and their corresponding
formulas were enumerated as follows:
1 The percent formula is as follows:
frequency
%=
x 100
total no. of respondents
2 Chi-square formula is as follows:
Where:
is the value for chi square.

is the sum.
O is the observed frequency
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E is the expected frequency.
Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
This chapter presents the interpretation and analysis of data. The manner
by which these data are discussed is in consonance with the statement of the
problem in Chapter 1.
This chapter deals with the data of the study, they were primarily collected
from the respondents and then subjected to analysis subsequently generating
new data used to provide answers to the problems indicated in the first chapter.
This helps to generate conclusions and results of this study.
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1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents

1.1 Socio-Economic Status
1.1.1 Age
Table 1.1.1 presented the frequency and percentage distribution of
the farmers according to age. Their ages ranges from 34 as the youngest and 84
above as the oldest.
Table 1.1.1
Frequency and Percentage Distributions of the Respondents
According to Age
34 and Below
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75-84
85 and Above
Total
Frequency
1
3
3
9
3
3
1
23
Percent
4.3
13.0
13.0
39.1
13.0
13.0
4.3
100.0
Rank
6.5
3.5
3.5
1
3.5
3.5
6.5
Shows a 39.1% of the farmers have an age ranging from 55-64 which has
the highest frequency of 9. Age ranging from 34 and below and from 85 and
above tied with the lowest frequency with 1 farmer for each of the age range that
has 4.3 percent.
1.1.2 Gender
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the farmers according to gender. Out of 23 respondents most of them were male.
Table 1.1.2
According to Gender
Female
Male
Total
Frequency
5
18
23
Percent
21.7
78.3
100.0
Rank
1
2
Male farmers dominated the female having a frequency of 18 and female

farmers having a frequency of only 5 with a percentage of 78.3 and 27.1,
respectively.
1.1.3 Size of Operation (HA)

the farmers according to the size of the operation in hectares.
Table 1.1.3
According to the Size of their Operation in Hectares
1.0 ha and Below

1.1-1.5 ha
Frequency
5
7
Percent
21.7
30.4
Rank
2.5
1
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1.6-2.0 ha
2.1 ha and Above
Total
5
6
23
21.7
26.1
100.0
2.5
4
This shows that most of the respondents are tilling an area within a
1.1 1.5 hectare with a percentage of 30.4%. There are 21.7% of respondents
tilling an area of 1.6 2.0 hectare and same as 1.0 hectare and below.
1.2 Ecosystem
Table 1.2 presented the frequency and percentage distribution of the
ecosystem of the land tilled by the farmers. It was classified as either irrigated or
rain fed.
Table 1.2
According to the Ecosystem of the land.
Irrigated Area
Rain fed Area
Total
Frequency
14
9
23
Percent
60.9
39.1
100.0
Rank
1
2
As can be perceived, almost half of the respondents have irrigated

lands and the other half have rain fed with 53.7% and 46.3%, respectively.
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1.3 Seeds
Table 1.3 presented the frequency and percentage distribution of the seeds
used by the respondents to their farmland.
Table 1.3
According to their Seeds Used.
Frequency
Percent
Hybrid Seeds
3
13.0
Certified Seeds
10
43.5
Good Seeds
8
34.8
Farmers Saved Seeds
2
8.7
Total
23
100.0
Rank
3
1
2
4
Majority of the farmers uses certified seeds for planting which shows a
percentage of 43.5. It is because Certified Seeds is more available, affordable,
and easier to cultivate and at the same time it can produce an output with a good
quantity and quality. As for Good Seeds, 8 out of 23 use this type of seeds with a
percentage of 34.8. Hybrid Seeds are used by 3 out of 23 with a percentage of 13.
Lastly, 8.7% of the respondents use Farmers Saved Seeds.
1.4 Fertilizers Used
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Table 1.4 presented the frequency and percentage distribution of the

fertilizers used by the respondents to their farmland.
Table 1.4
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents
According to their fertilizers used
Complete Fertilizers
Urea Fertilizers
Organic Fertilizers
Total
Frequency
9
12
2
23
Percent
39.1
52.2
8.7
100.0
Rank
2
1
3
Most of the farmers used urea fertilizers for their farming with a percentage
of 52.2. It is followed by complete fertilizers used by the farmers with a percentage
of 39.1. Lastly, the farmers that uses organic fertilizers shows a percentage of 8.7.
2. Benefits Received by the Respondents

2.1 Farm Plan and Budget
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Table 2.1 presented the frequency and percentage distribution of those

farmers who availed the Farm Plan and Budget.
Table 2.1
Who availed the Farm Plan and Budget
Frequency
19
4
23
Percent
82.6
17.4
100.0
Only 4 out of 23 respondents availed the Farm Plan and Budget. The
reason behind this is most of the farmers prefer not to make loans for their harvest
due to high interest rates and complicated requirements.
2.2 Irrigation Management
2.2.1 Monitoring of Installed Shallow Tube Well
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farmers who received monitoring of installed shallow tube well services from the
OCA.
Table 2.2.1
Whose Shallow Tube Well Has Been Monitored
Monitoring of installed shallow

tube well
Frequenc
y
22
1
23
Percent
95.7
4.3
100.0
Only 4.9 percent of the total respondents received monitoring of installed

shallow tube well because most of the farmers do not have shallow tube well.
Some of them have installed shallow tube well but it is not working at present
times.
2.2.2 Seminar About Irrigation Management
the farmers who attends to seminars conducted by the OCA about Irrigation
Management.
Table 2.2.2
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Who attends Seminars About Irrigation Management.
Frequenc
y
10
13
23
Seminar about Irrigation

management
Percent
48.8
51.2
100.0
As shown in the table, 13 of the Respondents attend seminars about

Irrigation management. This is because farmers wants to know any update about
the water irrigation system in order for them to know when the water, from
National Irrigation Administration, will flow through their area and when they
should start planting.
2.3 Seed Selection

2.3.1 Seeds Subsidy
Table 2.3.1 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the
respondents who purchased discounted seeds from the OCA.
Table 2.3.1
Who purchased 50% Seeds Subsidy from OCA.
Seeds Subsidy
Frequenc
y
Percent
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0
23
23
0.0
100.0
100.0
As shown on the table, all of the respondents buy seeds from the OCA.
This is due to the 50 percent discount available from the OCA, thus, creating
lower cost for the farmers.
2.3.2 Seeds Supply Availability and Accessibility

Seeds Supply Availability and Accessibility.
Table 2.3.2
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the
Seed Supply availability and accessibility.
Seed supply availability and

accessibility
Frequency
Percent
13.0
20
87.0
23
100.0
Table 2.3.2 shows that 87 percent of the respondents can avail supply of
seeds from the OCA easily and is very accessible. OCA assures that there is
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always an available supply of seeds so whenever the farmers need seeds, they
can quickly provide it.
2.3.3 Varietal Suitability

Varietal Suitability.
Table 2.3.3
Varietal Suitability.
Varietal Suitability
Frequenc
y
19
4
23
Percent
82.6
17.4
100.0
As shown on the table, only 17.4 percent of the respondents says that
there is varietal suitability or the variety of seeds given. The OCA, most of the
time, gives only 2 kinds of seeds, Hybrid and certified seeds, and because of the
large number of work needed in using hybrid seeds, most of the farmers would
only buy the certified seeds.
2.4 Fertilizers
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2.4.1 Urea Fertilizers

Table 2.4.1 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of
farmers who received Urea Fertilizers given by the OCA.
Table 2.4.1
Urea Fertilizers
Frequency
Percent
4.3
22
95.7
23
100.0
Urea Fertilizers
The table shows that 95.7 percent of the respondents received urea
fertilizers from the OCA. This is because urea fertilizers is the most common
fertilizers used by farmers.
2.4.2 Organic Fertilizers

the respondents who received organic fertilizers form the OCA.
Table 2.4.2
Organic Fertilizers.
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Organic Fertilizers
Frequenc
y
19
4
23
Percent
82.6
17.4
100.0
It is shown on the table that only 4 respondents received Organic fertilizers

because they prefer urea fertilizers. Organic Fertilizers do not yield harvest as
much Urea Fertilizers.
2.4.3 Complete Fertilizers

farmers who received organic fertilizers.
Table 2.4.2
Complete Fertilizers.
Complete Fertilizers
Frequency
Percent
21
2
23
91.3
8.7
100.0
Table 2.4.3
shows that 91.3 percent of the respondents do not receive complete fertilizers
because the OCA have only limited supply of complete fertilizers due to its price.
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2.5 Pest Management

2.5.1 Trainings and Seminars Provided by the OCA
the farmers who attends the trainings and seminars provided by the OCA.
Table 2.5.1
Trainings and Seminars Provided by the OCA.
Trainings and Seminars provided

by the OCA
Frequency
Percent
1
22
23
4.3
95.7
100.0
Table 2.5.1 shows that 95.7 percent of the respondents attends trainings
and seminars provided by the OCA for Pest Management. Farmers need updates
on new techniques on how they can handle pests without destroying their harvest.
2.5.2 Routine Monitoring of Pest Activities

routine monitoring of pest activities.
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Table 2.5.2
Routine Monitoring of Pest Activities
Routine Monitoring of pest
activities
Frequenc
y
23
Percent
100.0
The table shows that all of the respondents land area has been monitored
by the assigned personnel of the OCA regarding with pest activities. This is to
ensure that the harvest of the farmers would not be destroyed by pest or be
destroyed by using too much pesticide.
2.6 Seminars, Trainings and Demonstration Trials
2.6.1 Provided Technical Assistance on Rice Farming.

technical assistance on rice farming provided by the OCA.
Table 2.6.1
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of
Technical Assistance on Rice Farming Provided by the OCA.
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Provided Technical Assistance

on Rice farming
Frequenc
y
23
Percent
100.0
As the table shows, all of the respondents received an assistance on rice

farming from OCA. The OCA helps the farmers on planting rice on their land for
free, thus, reducing the time used on planting.
2.6.2 Information Given Through Seminars

the Information Given Through Seminars.
Table 2.6.2
Information Given Through Seminars.
Information given through
seminars
Frequenc
y
23
Percent
100.0
Table shows the 100 percent of the respondents receive enough and
adequate information form seminars conducted by the OCA that could help them
on planting and harvesting rice and how can they sell on the marketplace.
2.6.3 Monitoring of Planting and Harvesting of Rice
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the respondents whose Rice has been monitored form planting until harvesting by
the OCA.
Table 2.6.3
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of
Monitoring of Planting and Harvesting of Rice
Monitoring of Planting and
harvesting of rice
Frequenc
y
23
Percent
100.0
Table shows that all of the respondents harvest has been monitored from
planting to harvesting. This is to make sure that the rice will grow with a higher
number of yield. And also, this to ensure that the farmers are receiving enough
help from the OCA.
3 Harvest
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Table 3 presented the harvest in cavans, of the respondents from 2013,

2014, and 2015, the total harvest, their land area, and their average yield per
hectares.
Table 3.1
Area, Harvest, Average Yield per Hectare,
and Rank of their Yield for Butong
The table shows that 6 out of 9 respondents are in rank 1 or in poor

productivity. Only 3 of them has been productive for the year 2015.
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Table 3.2
Area, Harvest, Average Yield per Hectare,
and Rank of their Yield for Baclaran
It is shown that 9 out of 14 respondents from Baclaran has a rank of 5 or

very productive. Only 1 of them has been productive. The rest is poorly productive
for 2015.
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4. Significant relationship between the grain enhancement services of

the OCA received by the respondents and the level of performance of
the rice production of the farmers
Table 4
Relationship of the Grain Production Enhancement Services and the
Harvest of the Respondents.
Table 4 Illustrates the relationship between the grain enhancement services

of the OCA received by the respondents and the level of performance of the rice
production of the farmers. It is shown that there is no significant relationship
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between the two. The calculated values when compared to tabulated values
means there is no significant relationship among the variables. When the
calculated value of the variables is lower than the tabulated, accept null
hypothesis.
5. After the findings, what can be drawn for the improvements of rice
production in the selected barangays of the City of Cabuyao?
Table 5 presented the significant difference between the harvest and performance
of rice grain production enhancement of the respondents
Table 5
Significant difference between the harvest/performance of rice grain production
enhancement of the respondents
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Table 5 shows that there is a significant difference between the harvests of

each of the farmers. This is due to the different ecosystem of each of the farmers.
Table 5 serve as the basis for the conclusions and recommendations for the study.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter represents the summary of findings, conclusions, and

recommendations of the study entitled The performance of the grain production
enhancement services offered by the OCA in the selected Barangays of the City
of Cabuyao to identify a basis for rice production improvements.
The main objective of the study is to determine the level of performance of
the benefits received by the respondents given by the OCA and determine its
significance relationship for the harvest of rice of the respondents. Specifically, it
aims to find out the following questions:
1. What is the Demographic profile of the Farmer Beneficiaries of the grain
production enhancement services in terms of:
1.1.
Socio-economic status
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1.1.1 Age;
1.1.2 Gender;
1.1.3 Size of Operation(H.A)?
1.2 Ecosystem
1.2.1 Irrigated Area(H.A);
1.2.2. Rain fed Area(H.A)?
1.3
Seeds
1.3.1 Hybrid Seeds;
1.3.2 Certified Seeds;
1.3.3 Good Seeds;
1.3.4 Farmers Saved Seeds?
1.4 Fertilizers
1.4.1 Urea Fertilizers;
1.4.2 Complete Fertilizers;
1.4.3 Organic Fertilizers?
2. What are the benefits received by the farmers in Barangays Butong and
Baclaran, City of Cabuyao, Laguna:
2.1
2.2
Irrigation management;
2.3
Seed selection;
2.4
Fertilizers;
2.5 Pest management;
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2.6 Seminars, trainings, and demonstration trials?

3. What is the level of performance of the grain production enhancement services
by the OCA in Barangays Butong and Baclaran, City of Cabuyao, Laguna:
3.1
Harvest?
4. Is there a significant relationship between the grain enhancement services of

the OCA received by the respondents and the level of performance of the rice
production of the farmers in Barangays Butong and Baclaran, City of Cabuyao,
Laguna?
5. After the findings, what can be drawn for the improvements of rice production in
the selected barangays of the City of Cabuyao?
Findings
1. Demographic profile of the Farmer Beneficiaries of the grain production

enhancement services
1.1 In terms of Socio-economic status

1.1.1 In terms of Age
Majority of the respondents belong to the 55-64 years-old age bracket with
39.1%. Followed by the respondents in 35-44, 45-54, 65-74, and 75-84 yearsold age bracket have the same percentage of 13% and 34 and below and 85
and above year-old age bracket each comprises 2.4% of the population.
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1.1.1 In terms of Gender

78.3 percent of the respondents comprising 41 of the total respondents are
male and 21.7% are female.
1.1.2 In terms of Size of Operation

Majority of the respondent owned an area of 1.1 1.5 hectare of land with
a percentage of 30.4%.Followed by 6 respondents owning a 2.1 hectare and
above of land with a percentage of 26.1%. Respondents held a land with an area
of 1.6 2.0 hectare and a 1.0 hectare and below have a same percentage of
21.7%.
1.2 In terms of Ecosystem

Majority of the respondents are part of irrigated area with a percentage of
60.9%. This is because they were benefited with the water supply coming from
irrigation system. However, 39.1% of the respondents are part of the rain fed area
which most farmers relies only on rain falls for water supply.
1.3 In terms of Seeds
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Majority of the farmers uses certified seeds for planting which shows a
percentage of 43.5. This for the reason that Certified Seeds availability,
affordability and at the same time easier to use and nurture but can product a
good quality and quantity of crop. As for Good Seeds, a percentage of 34.8 uses
this type of seeds. Hybrid Seeds are used by 3 out of 41 with a percentage of 13.
This because this type of seeds is laborious and expensive to use but it produce a
great quality and quantity of crops. Lastly, 8.7% of the respondents use Farmers
Saved Seeds.
1.4 In terms of Fertilizers

The respondents used any of the three types of fertilizers which are urea,
complete and organic fertilizer. Majority of the respondents uses urea fertilizer
with a percentage 52.2%, followed by complete fertilizer with a percentage of
39.1%. Lastly, 8.7% uses an organic fertilizer in cultivating crops.
2. Benefits received by the farmers in Barangays Butong and Baclaran,
City of Cabuyao, Laguna
2.1 Farm Plan and Budget
22% availed the Farm Plan and Budget while 78% of the respondents did
not availed this benefit due to the reason that most of the farmers tend to avoid in
making loans because of high interest rate involved and long and complicated
process in compliance to the requirements.
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2.2 Irrigation Management

For monitoring and installation of the shallow tube wells, 4.9% experienced
this benefit given by OCA while 95.1% were not able to experience this benefit.
For the seminars conducted by the OCA about irrigation management, 51.2% of
the respondents were able to attend and participate while the 48.8% of the
respondents did not participate.
2.3 Seed Selection

For seed subsidy, majority of the respondents availed this benefit with a
percentage of 97.6% due to 50% off for the cost of the seeds. There is a 2.4% for
those were not able to avail. For the supply availability and accessibility of seeds,
92.7% of the respondents agree that this need were addressed and
accommodated while 7.3% did not. For varietal suitability, a percentage of 80.5%
of the respondents preferred and adapted the seeds given while 19.5% did not
.
2.4 Fertilizers
For urea fertilizer, 95.1% of the respondents received this kind of fertilizer
while a percentage of 4.9% were not able to receive from the OCA. For organic
fertilizer, 14.6% were able to receive this fertilizer and the percentage of 85.5 of
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the respondents was not able to receive an organic fertilizer because it is

inconsistent availability in the OCA. For complete fertilizer, 90.2% of the
respondents did not receive this is due also to its availability in the OCA.
,
2.5 Pest Management
For trainings and seminars provided by OCA, Majority of the respondents
attends to this program having a percent of 87.8 to them to have knowledge
regarding to new practices or procedures related in handling pest control. For the
routine monitoring of OCA for pest activities, 100% of the respondents agreed that
the OCAs obligation to recurrently monitor their land for pest manifestations and
activities are done on a regular basis.
2.6 Seminars, Trainings, and Demonstration Trials

For providing technical assistance in rice farming by the OCA, Seminars
conducted by OCA for dissemination of useful informations, and for monitoring of
planting and the harvesting of farmers all have a percentage of 100 of the
respondents comprising a total of 41 farmers. This reveals that the OCA provides
this programs that had been effectively reach all the respondents.
3. Performance of the grain production enhancement services by the OCA

in Barangays Butong and Baclaran, City of Cabuyao, Laguna
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As can perceived by the researchers, the butong has lower production than
those farmers in Baclaran. Most of the harvest in Butong is ranging from 80 to
109.4 Cavans per Hecetare. Most of the harvest in Baclaran are ranging from
197.7 to 227 cavans per hectare.
4 Significant relationship between the grain enhancement services of the

OCA received by the respondents and the level of performance of the
rice production of the farmers in Barangays Butong and Baclaran, City of
Cabuyao, Laguna
The computed chi-square values of the grain enhancement services and
the harvest of the respondents is 16.039 were less than to its critical value of
27.587. The two variables presented no significant relationship.
This explains that there is no relationship to the amount of benefits
received by the farmers to the quantity of their harvest. Farmers do not only rely to
the services given by the OCA for their production. There are also other factors
that affect the productivity of the harvest of a farmer.
5. After the findings, what can be drawn for the improvements of rice
production in the selected barangays of the City of Cabuyao?
The highest yield harvest among the farmers, are the one that receives
benefits regarding irrigation. Since the OCA only provides seminars about
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irrigation and monitoring of it, they should help NIA in expanding the irrigated
area. This is to lessen the shortcoming in water supply.
As stated in the earlier chapter, According to Piedad Moya et al (2012), In
Central Luzon is one of the regions in the Philippines where there is a distinct wet
season and dry season in which the rainfall during the dry season is minimal;
without any source of water, the rice crop cannot survive. Meanwhile, the dry
season has an advantage in terms of higher solar radiation and less pest and
insect prevalence, thus allowing higher yield as long as irrigation water is properly
provided. Rain fed farms that depend on rainwater alone have no dry season rice
crop. Only irrigated parcels are planted in the dry season; hence, a much smaller
sample is obtained than for the wet season. This states that water is substantial in
the cultivation of plants. The OCA should give importance for this could greatly
help farmers.
Conclusions
The main emphasis of this study is to know if the grain production
enhancement services has an effect on the number of harvest of the farmers and
to know what improvement could be made.
Using the chi-square goodness of fit test, the researchers found out that
there is no significant relationship between the harvest and the grain production
enhancement services.
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Based on the afore-stated findings, the researchers can therefore

conclude that the grain production enhancement services offered by the OCA
does not directly affect the output or harvest of the famers. Some other external
factors could be the reason of this outcomes. This reasons are delimited to the
study.
Recommendations
For the Office of the City Agriculturist:
They must continue the existing services and provide additional services
for the betterment of the lives of the farmers, continue to monitor and be able to
properly address the needs and concerns of the farmers. They should keep the
coordination from other government agencies to provide assistance and support
to the farmers in maximizing their profit and minimize their cost as much as
possible.
For the farmers:
They should have more cooperation and intact communication to the Office
of the City Agriculturist for them to address their needs in regards to have a good
quantity of harvest. Farmers who have high yield for harvest must continue their
ways and practices on planting and cultivating plants and they should continue to
learn and adapt new methods for agricultural concerns. For others, they must
exert more effort and time to their works to achieve the desire harvest.
For the community:
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They must be aware on things in regards with status of the rice production
of their locale. As a member of the community, they should patronize first their
own grain products that would result in increasing the income of the community as
well as it would help their local farmers.
For the students:
They must have further knowledge about the rice production in their
community that would help them to know the importance of farming in their lives.
They should not abandon the significance of farming in the Filipino family; instead
they must afford to give enthusiasm on the topic.
For the future researchers:
They may be able to use this study as a reference in conducting a similar
research. This may serve for them as a basis or a reference as they can continue
what the researchers had started or improved this study for a further research.
They can also focus on other factors or variables and extend the scope of the
study that can be beneficial for farmers.
They may continue on the topics regarding rice production on which they can give
depth and profound study about seeds, fertilizers, irrigation or other management
factors that can directly affects the harvest of a farmers.
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APPENDICES
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Appendix A: Editors and Statistician Certificate
EDITORS CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this thesis entitled Performance of Grain

Production Enhancement Services of the Office of the City Agriculturist: A
Basis For Rice Production Improvement In Selected Barangays in City of
Cabuyao,
Laguna prepared and submitted by Macuto, Christian Rafael J.,
Pascua, Sudsy T., Primavera, Rie A., Rentoria, Laila E.has been edited by the
undersigned.
Prof. Miralita Jacquez

Language Editor
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STATISTICIANS CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this thesis entitled Performance of

Grain Production Enhancement Services of the Office of the City
Agriculturist: A Basis For Rice Production Improvement In Selected
Barangays in City of Cabuyao, Laguna prepared and submitted by Macuto,
Christian Rafael J., Pascua, Sudsy T., Primavera, Rie A., Rentoria, Laila E. has
been reviewed by the undersigned.
Prof. Lorna Tabafunda

Statistician
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Appendix B: Questionnaire
Appendix C: Secondary Data
Appendix D: Curriculum Vitae

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College of Business Administration and

PERFORMANCE OF GRAIN PRODUCTION ENHANCEMENT

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of

In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree

Macuto, Christian Rafael J.

College of Business Administration and

This research study entitled Performance of Grain Production Enhancement

WERNAN E. PERALTA, CPA, MBA

CERTIFICATION AND APPROVAL SHEET

ENHANCEMENT SERVICES OF THE OFFICE OF THE CITY AGRICULTURIST:

BARANGAYS IN THE CITY OF CABUYAO, LAGUNA, submitted by Christian

MR. WERNAN PERALTA CPA, MBA

College of Business Administration and

College of Business Administration and

Data collected are analyzed and interpreted to come up with

College of Business Administration and

PERFORMANCE OF GRAIN PRODUCTION ENHANCEMENT....................................i

College of Business Administration and

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES.............................................19

College of Business Administration and

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND ANALYSIS OF DATA.............................42

College of Business Administration and

and other life forms

At the present time, Philippines is still predominantly an agricultural

Rice is the single most important agricultural crop as it is considered as the

College of Business Administration and

Farming runs in the blood of most Filipino. We either grew up in the

Background of the Study

Laguna shows a prosperous economy. With a population of 2,669,847

fruits, lanzones and

Falls, Calamba and Los

College of Business Administration and

Laguna is subdivided into 24 municipalities and 6 cities. One of these

urbanized barangays comprising the City of Cabuyao in the province of Laguna,

In every municipality or city, there is a local government unit established to

College of Business Administration and

through sustainable productivity. They also promote efficient allocation and

College of Business Administration and

A production process can be defined as any activity that increases the

Production is a process of combining various material inputs and

Another support that is affixed within this study is the theory of

College of Business Administration and

framework that can be used to explain performance as well as performance

Performing at a higher level produces results that can be classified into

College of Business Administration and

College of Business Administration and

College of Business Administration and

production in terms of rice harvested, this is to measure the productivity of the

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to assess the performance of the grain production

1. What is the Demographic profile of the Farmer Beneficiaries of the grain

College of Business Administration and

Farmers Saved Seeds?

Farm Plan And Budget

2.5 Pest management;

College of Business Administration and

2.6 Seminars, trainings, and demonstration trials?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the grain enhancement services of

College of Business Administration and

4. To determine the significant relationship between the grain enhancement

Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the grain

Significance of the Study

College of Business Administration and