Code No.

55/1/2

Series : SKS / 1

Candidates must write the Code on

the title page of the answer-book.

R.No.

Please check that this question paper contains 7 printed pages.

Code number given on the right hand side of the question paper should be written on the
title page of the answer-book by the candidate.

Please check that this question paper contains 26 questions.

Please write down the Serial Number of the question before attempting it.

15 minutes time has been allotted to read this question paper. The question paper will be
distributed at 10.15 a.m. From 10.15 a.m. to 10.30 a.m., the students will read the question paper only
and will not write any answer on the answer-book during this period.

PHYSICS (Theory)
Time allowed : 3 hours

Maximum Marks : 70

General Instructions
1. All questions are compulsory. There are 26 questions in all.
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and
Section E.
3. Section A contains five questions of one mark each, Section B contains five questions of two
marks each, Section C contains twelve questions of three marks each, Section D contains one
value based question of four marks and Section E contains three questions of five marks
each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of
two marks, one question of three marks and all the three questions of five marks weightage.
You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary.
c = 3 108 m/s
h = 6.63 1034 Js
e = 1.6 1019 C
o = 4 107 T m A1
12 2
C N1 m2
0 = 8.854 10

1
4 0

9 109 N m2 C2

me = 9.1 1031 kg
mass of neutron = 1.675 1027 kg
mass of proton = 1.673 1027 kg
Avogadro Numbers = 6.023 1023 per gram mole
Boltzmann constant = 1.38 1023 JK1

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Section A
( 51= 5 Marks)
1) The instantaneous current from an ac source is I = 6 sin 314 t. What is the rms value of the
current?
2)

A steady current flows in the network shown in Fig .What will be the magnetic field at the centre
of the network ?

3) What is sky wave propagation?

4) Suppose x and y are distances of object and image respectively from a mirror . What shall be the
shape of graph between

1
1
for a concave mirror?
and
x
y

5) Name the physical quantity having unit coulomb meter? Is it scalar or vector ?
Section B
6) Draw the voltage current characteristic of Zener diode.

(52= 10 Marks)

7) Name the device fitted in the satellite which receives signals from Earth station and transmits
them in different directions.
8) The variation of potential difference V with length 1 in the case of two potentiometers X and Y is
as shown in Fig. Which one of these two will you prefer for comparing emfs of two cells and
why?

9) Name one device for producing polarised light. How does the intensity of transmitted light
depend upon the angle between the polarises and the analyser ? Show it graphically.
10) The electric potential V at any point (x, y, z) in space is given by V = 4x2 volt. Calculate the electric
intensity at the point (1 m, 0, 2 m).
OR
Sketch the graphs showing the variation of stopping potential Vo with frequency of incident
radiations for two photosensitive metals A and B having threshold frequencies 0 and

respectively ( 0 > 0).

i)

Which of the two metals, A or B, has higher work function ?

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ii) What does the value of the intercept of graph 'A' on the potential axis represent ?
Section C

(123 = 36 Marks)

11) AB is 2 metre long uniform wire of 20 resistance. The other data are given as shown in Fig.
Calculate (i) potential gradient along AB, and (ii) length AO of the wire, when the galvanometer
shows no deflection.

12) Electric charge is distributed uniformly on the surface of a spherical rubber balloon. Show how
the value of electric intensity and potential vary (i) on the surface, (ii) inside and (iii) outside ?
13) A jet plane is travelling towards west at a speed of 1800 km h1. What is the voltage difference
developed between the ends of the wing having span of 25 m, if the Earth's magnetic field at the
location has a magnitude of 5 104 T and the dip angle is 30.
14) The following table gives the values of work function for a few photosensitive metals.

If each of these metals is exposed to

radiations of wavelength 300nm ,
which of them will not emit
photoelectrons and why?
15) In a transistor, the emitter is always forward- biased but the collector is reverse-biased. Why?
16) What should be the value of R so that there is no potential difference between B and D in the
circuit shown in Fig.?

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17) Give reasons for the following :

a) Astronomers prefer to use telescopes with large objective diameters to observe astronomical
objects.
b) Two identical but independent monochromatic sources of light cannot be coherent.
c) The value of the Brewster angle for a transparent medium is different for lights of different
colours.
18) Draw the ray diagram showing refraction of light through a prism and show i + e = A + d.
The angle of a prism is 30.The rays incident at 60 on one refracting face suffer a deviation of
30. Calculate the angle of emergence.

19) Draw a graph showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass number of different
atomic nuclei.
(i)

State the reason for the decrease in binding energy per nucleon with high mass
number.

(ii)

Mark the region where the nuclei are most stable.

(iii)

State with reason why heavy nuclei undergo fission.

(iv)

Mark the region where the nuclei are prone to fission.

(v)

State with reason why light nuclei undergo fusion.

(vi)

Mark the region where the nuclei are prone to fusion

OR
A radioactive isotope has a half-life of T years. How long will it take the activity to reduce to
(a) 3.125% (b) 1% of its original value ?
20) What is meant by the term modulation ? Explain with the help of a block diagram. How the
process of modulation is carried out in radio broadcast ?
1/2
1/2
21) The electric field components in Fig. Ex x , Ey Ez 0 , in which = 800 N/C m

Calculate (a) the flux through the cube, and (b) the charge within the cube.
Assume that a = 0.1m.

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22) Which constituent radiation of the electromagnetic spectrum is used

i)

in radar

ii) to photograph internal parts of a human body, and

iii) for taking photographs of the sky during night and foggy conditions ?
Give one reason for your answer in each case.
Section D

( 14 = 4 Marks)

23) The teacher asked the students, "Why we are calling the world today as the global village". One
student Sehaj replied due to modern generalized communication among the countries accross the
world is leading various types of commercial and traditional relationships between them.
(i) Do you agree with Sehaj's reply? If yes, then why? Justify.
(ii) What do you mean by communication? Draw a block diagram of a generalised communication
system.
Section E

(35 = 15 Marks)

24) Define Q-factor of a series LCR circuit. Obtain the resonant frequency and Q-factor of a series
LCR circuit with L = 3. 0 H, C = 27 F and R = 7.4 It is desired to improve the sharpness of
the resonance of the circuit by reducing its full width at half maximum by a factor of 2. Suggest a
suitable way.
OR
A small town with a demand of 800 kW of electric power at 220 V is situated 15 km away from
an electric plant generating power at 440 V. The resistance of the two wire line carrying power is
0.5 per km. The town gets power from the line through a 4000 - 200 V step-down transformer
at a sub-station in the town.
a) Estimate the line power loss in the form of heat
b) How much power must the plant supply, assuming there is negligible power loss due to
leakage ?
c) Characterise the step-up transformer at the plant.
25) (a)What is LED diode? An LED is constructed from a p-n junction based on a certain Ga-As-P
semiconducting material whose energy gap is 1.9 eV. What is the wavelength of the emitted
light?

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(b) Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, how the thickness of depletion layer in a p-n junction
diode changes when it is forward biased ?
OR
(a) In the circuit shown in Fig. , a voltmeter V is connected across lamp L. What changes would occur
at lamp L and the voltmeter V, if the resistance R is reduced ?

(b) Zener diodes have higher dopant densities as compared to ordinary p-n junction diodes. How does
it affect the
(i) width of the depletion layer,
(ii) junction field?
26) Draw a labelled ray diagram of a reflecting type telescope. Write its any one advantage over
refracting type telescope.
A Cassegrain telescope uses two mirrors . Such a telescope is built with the mirrors 20 mm apart.
If the radius of curvature of the large mirror is 220 mm and the small mirror is 140 mm, where
will the final image of an object at infinity be?
OR
(a)What is the shape of the wavefront in each of the following cases :
(i) Light diverging from a point source.
(ii) Light emerging out of a convex lens when a point source is placed at its focus.
(iii) The portion of the wavefront of light from a distant star intercepted by the Earth.
(b) In Young's double-slit experiment using monochromatic light of wavelength , the intensity of
light at a point on the screen where path difference is is K units. What is the intensity of light at a
point where path difference is /3?

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SOLUTIONS
1) The instantaneous current from an ac source is I = 6 sin 314 t. What is the rms value of the
current?
SOL: Comparing the given equation with

2)

A steady current flows in the network shown in Fig .What will be the magnetic field at the
centre of the network ?

SOL: Zero. This is because the opposite arms of the network produce equal and opposite magnetic
fields at the centre.
3) What is sky wave propagation?
SOL: Sky Waves : The waves, which are emitted by the transmitting antenna at high angles, travel
upwards and reach the receiving antenna after being reflected from the ionosphere. These are called
'sky waves' (Fig.)

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4) Suppose x and y are distances of object and image respectively from a mirror . What shall
be the shape of graph between

1
1
for a concave mirror?
and
x
y

SOL: Straight line.

5) Name the physical quantity having unit coulomb meter? Is it scalar or vector ?
SOL: Electric dipole moment of an electric dipole.
It is denoted by p Its unit is coulomb-metre.

p = q 2l

It is a vector quantity and its direction is from negative charge towards positive charge.
6) Draw the voltage current characteristic of Zener diode.
SOL: V-I characteristic of Zener diode

7) Name the device fitted in the satellite which receives signals from Earth station and
transmits them in different directions.
SOL: Transponder.
8) The variation of potential difference V with length 1 in the case of two potentiometers X and
Y is as shown in Fig. Which one of these two will you prefer for comparing emfs of two cells
and why?

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SOL: Y represents a smaller potential gradient. Smaller the potential gradient, more is the sensitivity
of the potentiometer. So, Y is to be preferred.
9) Name one device for producing polarised light. How does the intensity of transmitted light
depend upon the angle between the polarises and the analyser ? Show it graphically.
SOL: Calcite prism or Nicol prism. According to Malus' law, when a completely plane polarised light
is incident on an analyser, the intensity I of the transmitted light is proportional to the square of the
cosine of the angle between the planes of transmission of analyser and polariser.

where I0 represents the maximum intensity of transmitted light. Fig. shows the variation of I with .
10) The electric potential V at any point (x, y, z) in space is given by V = 4x2 volt. Calculate the
electric intensity at the point (1 m, 0, 2 m).

SOL: E
8V

d
(4 x 2 ) 8 x 8(1) 8 Vm1
dx

along negative direction of x-axis

OR

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Sketch the graphs showing the variation of stopping potential Vo with frequency of incident
radiations for two photosensitive metals A and B having threshold frequencies 0 and

respectively ( 0 > 0).

i)

Which of the two metals, A or B, has higher work function ?

ii) What does the value of the intercept of graph 'A' on the potential axis represent ?
SOL:

(ii)

11) AB is 2 metre long uniform wire of 20 resistance. The other data are given as shown in
Fig. Calculate (i) potential gradient along AB, and (ii) length AO of the wire, when the
galvanometer shows no deflection.

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SOL: Potential gradient

(i) 0.008 V cm1 (ii) 75 cm

12) Electric charge is distributed uniformly on the surface of a spherical rubber balloon. Show
how the value of electric intensity and potential vary (i) on the surface, (ii) inside and (iii)
outside ?
SOL:(i) E = constant, V = constant
(ii) E = 0, V = constant, same as on the surface

OR
(i) For points inside the balloon, E = U.
(ii) As the balloon is blown up, surface charge density

decreases and so the field, (E =

o) on

its surface decreases.

(iii) For points outside the balloon,

As the balloon is blown up, the charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface remains same, so
E does not change.

13) A jet plane is travelling towards west at a speed of 1800 km h1. What is the voltage
difference developed between the ends of the wing having span of 25 m, if the Earth's
magnetic field at the location has a magnitude of 5 104 T and the dip angle is 30.
SOL: v = 1800 km h1

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The direction of the wing is immaterial as long as it is horizontal for this answer.
14) The following table gives the values of work function for a few photosensitive metals.

If each of these metals is exposed

to radiations of wavelength
300nm, which of them will not
emit photoelectrons and why?
SOL: Wavelength of radiation used, = 300 109 m.
Energy of radiation corresponding to their wavelength is

Energy corresponding to this wavelength is less than the value of work functions for Mo. Thus, Mo
metals will not emit photoelectron.
15) In a transistor, the emitter is always forward- biased but the collector is reverse-biased.
Why?
SOL: The forward bias of the emitter of the transistor forces the charge carriers to cross the junction .
So , current flows in the transistor . If the emitter is reverse biased ,there will be practically no current
because the majority charge carriers will be prevented from crossing the emitter junction. The reverse
bias of the collector helps in fast collection of charge carriers from the base region .Thus the reverse
bias of the collector helps to reduce the recombination rate in the base region .
16) What should be the value of R so that there is no potential difference between B and D in
the circuit shown in Fig.?

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SOL: Using condition for balanced wheatstone bridge,

17) Give reasons for the following :

a) Astronomers prefer to use telescopes with large objective diameters to observe
astronomical objects.
b) Two identical but independent monochromatic sources of light cannot be coherent.
c) The value of the Brewster angle for a transparent medium is different for lights of
different colours.
SOL: (a) Astronomers prefer to use telescope with large objective diameters to increase magnifying
power, brighter image and resolving power.
(b) It is so because motion of charges in two different sources is independent. The phase difference
will not have a stable value during measurement and the average of interference term (I12) will be
zero.
(c) It is so because refractive index of a medium differs for different wavelengths. According to
Cauchy's formula

tan i p
where iP is Brewster angle.
18) Draw the ray diagram showing refraction of light through a prism and show i + e = A + d.
The angle of a prism is 30.The rays incident at 60 on one refracting face suffer a deviation
of 30. Calculate the angle of emergence.

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SOL: SUM OF ANGLE OF INCIDENCE AND ANGLE OF EMERGENCE IS EQUAL TO

THE SUM OF ANGLE OF DEVIATION AND ANGLE OF PRISM

Fig. shows the principal section ABC of a glass prism. Consider a ray of light PQ incident on the face
AB of the prism at an angle of incidence i. As the ray of light enters glass (denser medium), it bends
towards the normal. The angle of refraction is r1. The refraction takes place in accordance with Snell's

law

sin i
.
sin r1

The refracted ray QS is incident on the face AC at an angle r2. The refraction now takes place from
glass (denser medium) to air (rarer medium).
The ray bends away from the normal on entering air. ST is the emergent ray and e is the angle of
emergence.
The ray PQ would have proceeded straight along PQLK in the absence of the prism. But due to
refraction by prism, the ray travels along ST. Thus,
the ray is deviated through an angle . This angle is called angle of deviation.
It may be defined as the angle through which the incident ray gets deviated in
travelling through prism.
Now

LQS = i r1 and LSQ = e r2

is the exterior angle of LQS. Since exterior angle of a triangle is

equal to sum of interior opposite angles,

= i r1 + e r2

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 = i + e (r1+ r2 )

or

...(i)

Considering quadrilateral QNS, AQN + QNS + NSA + A = 4 rt s

(

Sum of the four angles of a quadrilateral is four right angles.)

AQN = NSA = 1 rt

But

QNS + A = 2 rt s
Considering QNS,

r1 + r2 + QNS = 2 rt s

Comparing (iii) and (ii),

From equation (i),
i + e = + A

or

...(ii)
...(iii)

r 1 + r2 = A

=i+eA
...(iv)

The sum of the angle of incidence and angle of emergence is equal to sum of angle of deviation and
angle of prism.

19) Draw a graph showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass number of
different atomic nuclei.
(i)

State the reason for the decrease in binding energy per nucleon with high mass
number.

(ii)

Mark the region where the nuclei are most stable.

(iii)

State with reason why heavy nuclei undergo fission.

(iv)

Mark the region where the nuclei are prone to fission.

(v)

State with reason why light nuclei undergo fusion.

(vi)

Mark the region where the nuclei are prone to fusion

SOL:

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(i)

Nuclei with high mass numbers have a larger number of protons, and hence a larger
coulombian force of repulsion. (This is why the heavier nuclei are radioactive).
Hence comparatively lower energy is needed to disrupt those nuclei.

(ii)

Nuclei with mass numbers between 50 and 80, which lie on the flat portion of the
curve, are most stable.

(iii)

Very heavy nuclei, like U238, have a binding energy/nucleon smaller than the lighter
nuclei lying on the flat maximum of the curve have. Hence they can be fissioned into
lighter nuclei.

(iv)

The falling portion of the curve roughly beyond A = 200 is prone to nuclear fission.

(v)

Very light nuclei, like H2 , have a binding energy/nucleon much smaller than
comparatively heavier nuclei, like H: . Hence they can be fused into heavier nuclei.

(vi)

The initial sharply rising portion of the curve is prone to nuclear fusion.

OR
A radioactive isotope has a half-life of T years. How long will it take the activity to reduce to
(a) 3.125% (b) 1% of its original value ?
SOL:

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20) What is meant by the term modulation ? Explain with the help of a block diagram. How the
process of modulation is carried out in radio broadcast ?
SOL: Modulation : The audio-frequency electrical signals, obtained by conversion of sound waves
within the hearing range (that is, waves having frequencies from 20 Hz to 20 kHz), cannot be
transmitted as such over long distances.
Modulation in Radio Broadcasts
As we have read, modulation is a process in which some characteristic (amplitude, frequency or
phase) of a radio-frequency carrier wave is varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of the
low-frequency audio-signal. In radio broadcasts, amplitude modulation (AM) is widely used because
the equipments required to produce and receive AM signals are simple and cheap.
A block diagram demonstrating the modulation of radio broadcasts is shown in Fig.

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The original message is sent to a message signal generator (a transducer) which converts the message
into an electrical signal, called the 'base band signal'. A high-frequency oscillator generates the carrier
wave.
The AM. modulator superimposes the base band signal over the carrier wave and gives the
(amplitude-modulated) wave.
1/2
1/2
21) The electric field components in Fig. Ex x , Ey Ez 0 , in which = 800 N/C m

Calculate (a) the flux through the cube, and (b) the charge within the cube.
Assume that a = 0.1m.

SOL:

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22) Which constituent radiation of the electromagnetic spectrum is used

i)

in radar

ii) to photograph internal parts of a human body, and

iii) for taking photographs of the sky during night and foggy conditions ?
Give one reason for your answer in each case.
SOL: (i) Microwaves. Microwaves can travel in a straight line in the form of beam. = 3 mm to
30 cm.
(ii) X-rays. They have high penetrating power.
(iii) Infrared rays. These rays can pass through haze, fog and mist. So, these rays are used in night
vision devices during warfare.
23) The teacher asked the students, "Why we are calling the world today as the global village".
One student Sehaj replied due to modern generalized communication among the countries
accross the world is leading various types of commercial and traditional relationships
between them.
(i) Do you agree with Sehaj's reply? If yes, then why? Justify.

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(ii) What do you mean by communication? Draw a block diagram of a generalised

communication system.
Ans: (i)Yes, any type of relation can be developed between two bodies because of communication. If
no communication exists between two bodies i.e., no thought transaction or no sharing then none can
come closer and hence forth it wont be possible to make a highly integrated society.
(ii)The shortest appropriate definition of communication can be "In act of transmission of
information". Block diagram of a generalised communication system.

24) Define Q-factor of a series LCR circuit. Obtain the resonant frequency and Q-factor of a
series LCR circuit with L = 3. 0 H, C = 27 F and R = 7.4 It is desired to improve the
sharpness of the resonance of the circuit by reducing its full width at half maximum by a
factor of 2. Suggest a suitable way.
SOL: The quality factor Q of L-C-R series AC circuit is equal to the ratio of voltage drop across
inductor (L) or capacitor (C) and applied voltage i.e.,

But in resonance, applied voltage = voltage across resistance

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The quality factor indicates the voltage magnification acquired across L or C in correspondence to
applied voltage.

Quality factor reveals how many times of applied voltage appears across VV or VC.
Resonant angular frequency,

OR

A small town with a demand of 800 kW of electric power at 220 V is situated 15 km away
from an electric plant generating power at 440 V. The resistance of the two wire line
carrying power is 0.5 per km. The town gets power from the line through a 4000 - 200 V
step-down transformer at a sub-station in the town.
a) Estimate the line power loss in the form of heat
b) How much power must the plant supply, assuming there is negligible power loss due to
leakage ?
c) Characterise the step-up transformer at the plant.

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SOL:

(a)

Line power loss = 200 200 15 watt = 600 kW

(b)

Power supply by the plant = (800 + 600) kW = 1400 kW

(c)

Voltage drop on the line = 200 15 volt = 3000 volt

The step-up transformer at the plant is 440 V-7000 V.

25) (a)What is LED diode? An LED is constructed from a p-n junction based on a certain GaAs-P semiconducting material whose energy gap is 1.9 eV. What is the wavelength of the
emitted light?
(b) Explain, with the help of a circuit diagram, how the thickness
of depletion layer in a p-n junction diode changes when it is
forward biased ?
SOL: (a) Light-Emitting Diode (LED) : It is an important light
source used in optical communication, and is based on the principle of
conversion of biasing electricity into light. It is a specially designed
forward-biased p-n junction diode which emits light spontaneously when energised.
Assume that the transitions are from the bottom of the conduction band to the top of the
valence band.

Light of this wavelength is red.

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(b) When a p-type semiconductor is joined with an .n-type semiconductor diffusion of charge carrier
take place across the junction. The p-type holes are minority carriers. So, they diffuse towards n-type,
where they are in majority. In same way, the n-type electrons are majority carriers, so they diffuse
towards p-type where they are in minority. In both cases, when an electron meets a hole, then they
cancel the effect of each other.

Then, a thin layer is formed at the junction which is devoid of charge carriers. This layer is called
depletion layer. It is of the order of 10-6 m.
The potential difference produced across the layer is called the potential barrier. It is about 0.3 V for
germanium junction diode and about 0.7 V for silicon junction diode generally.
The width of depletion layer at p-n junction decreases in the forward bias because electric fields
across the junction due to barrier potential and external biasing are in opposite direction.
OR
(a) In the circuit shown in Fig. , a voltmeter V is connected across lamp L. What changes would
occur at lamp L and the voltmeter V, if the resistance R is reduced ?

(b) Zener diodes have higher dopant densities as compared to ordinary p-n junction diodes.
How does it affect the
(i) width of the depletion layer,
(ii) junction field?

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SOL: (a) Due to increase in emitter current, collector current will increase. So, lamp will glow
brighter. Due to increase in current in lamp, the voltage across the lamp should increase. So, voltmeter
reading will increase.
(b) (i) Width of depletion layer decreases.

(ii) Junction field increases.

26) Draw a labelled ray diagram of a reflecting type telescope. Write its any one advantage over
refracting type telescope.
A Cassegrain telescope uses two mirrors as shown in Fig. Such a telescope is built with the
mirrors 20 mm apart. If the radius of curvature of the large mirror is 220 mm and the small
mirror is 140 mm, where will the final image of an object at infinity be?
SOL:

Reflecting telescope (Cassegrain):

The main considerations with an astronomical telescope are its light gathering power and its
resolution or resolving power. The former clearly
depends on the area of the objective. With larger
diameters, fainter objects can be observed. The
resolving power, or the ability to observe two
objects distinctly, which are in very nearly the same
direction, also depends on the diameter of the
objective. So, the desirable aim in optical telescopes
is to make them with objective of large diameter.
Such big lenses tend to be very heavy and therefore,
difficult to make and support by their edges. Further,
it is rather difficult and expensive to make such large sized lenses which form images that are free
from any kind of chromatic aberration and distortions.
Modern telescopes use a concave mirror rather than a lens for the objective. Telescopes with mirror
objectives are called reflecting telescopes. They have several advantages. First, there is no chromatic
aberration in a mirror. Second, if a parabolic reflecting surface is chosen, spherical aberration is also
removed. Mechanical support is much less of a problem since a mirror weighs much less than a lens
of equivalent optical quality, and can be supported over its entire back surface, not just over its rim.
One obvious problem with a reflecting telescope is that the objective mirror focusses light inside the
telescope tube. One must have an eyepiece and the observer right there, obstructing some light
(depending on the size of the observer cage).
The viewer sits near the focal point of the mirror, in a small cage. Another solution to the problem is
to deflect the light being focussed by another mirror. One such arrangement using a convex secondary
mirror to focus the incident light, which now passes through a hole in the objective primary mirror. It
has the advantages of a large focal length in a short telescope.
Merits :
(i)
In modern reflecting telescopes with the use of paraboloidal mirror the image may also be
made free from spherical aberration.

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(ii)
The image formed by a reflecting telescope is brighter than that formed by a refracting
telescope of equivalent size because in the latter the intensity of light is partially lost due to reflection
and absorption by the objective lens glass.
(iii) Further, in reflecting telescope the image is free from chromatic aberration, because only
reflection is involved, while this defect persists in the image formed by a refracting telescope.
(iv) The objective of the telescope should have a large aperture. It is difficult to construct lenses of
large aperture because the glass becomes distorted during the manufacturing process. The image
formed by such a lens becomes distorted. On the other hand, the image produced by a mirror is not
affected by any distortion in the interior of the glass.
(v)
High resolution is achieved by using a minor of large aperture which is easier to support than a
lens of equal aperture.
Cassegrain telescope consisting of a concave mirror and a convex mirror. Distance between the
objective mirror and the secondary mirror of a Cassegrain telescope is d = 20 mm. Radius of
curvature of the objective mirror of a Cassegrain telescope is R1 = 220 mm. Hence, focal length of the
objective mirror of a Cassegrain telescope is, f = R1/2 = 110 mm.
Radius of curvature of the secondary mirror of a Cassegrain telescope is R1 = 140 mm Hence, the
focal length of the secondary mirror of a Cassegrain telescope is given by f2 = R2/2 = 140/2 = 70 mm.
The image of an object placed at infinity, formed by the objective mirror, will act as a virtual object
for the secondary mirror. Hence, the virtual object distance for the secondary mirror is
given by u = d = 110 20 = 90 mm.
Using the mirror formula for the secondary mirror, we can calculate image distance (v) as

1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 97
2

v u f2
v f 2 u 70 90 630 630
v

630
315mm
2

Hence, the final image will be formed 315 mm away from the secondary mirror.
OR
(a)What is the shape of the wavefront in each of the following cases :
(i) Light diverging from a point source.
(ii) Light emerging out of a convex lens when a point source is placed at its focus.
(iii) The portion of the wavefront of light from a distant star intercepted by the Earth.
(b) In Young's double-slit experiment using monochromatic light of wavelength , the intensity
of light at a point on the screen where path difference is is K units. What is the intensity of
light at a point where path difference is /3?
SOL: (a) (i) spherical, (ii) plane, (iii) plane. This is because a small area on the surface of a large
sphere is nearly planar.

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(b) Phase difference corresponding to , is 2 . Phase difference corresponding to

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2
, is
3
3

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