WHAT IS CITATION AND

REFERENCES
MAHYUN AB WAHAB
SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

FYP SYNDROME

BE PATIENT..

CONTENT
Why is referencing important?
What is citation and references?
Citation and reference guide
Harvard System of Referencing Guide

WHY is referencing important?

For all academic assignments it is VITAL that you acknowledge
the sources of information you have used for your research.
This will help you protect yourself against charges of
plagiarism and also demonstrate that you understand the
importance of professional academic work.
You must acknowledge your sources whenever you
paraphrase or summarise another person's ideas or points,
quote another person's work, or
use tables, graphs, images, etc.
which you have found from another source, be it from a
printed document or from the web.

 There are two steps to acknowledging your

sources:

Cite your references in

the text, to show where
you have drawn upon
other people's work

List them at the end of

your work under the
heading 'References or
Bibliography

WHAT IS CITATION AND

REFERENCES
In your FYP you will typically use information from sources
such as :
1. Book,
2. Website,
3. Thesis,
4. Conference paper , and
5. Journal article
When you use information from sources, you need to tell
the readers where the information came from and where
the readers can locate the sources.
This is what citations and references are for.

Citation
A citation tells the readers where the information came from. In your writing,
you cite or refer to the source of information.

Reference
A reference gives the readers details about the source so that they have a good
understanding of what kind of source it is and could find the source themselves
if necessary. The references are typically listed at the end of the report.

 Referencing is a two part process:

Citing sources in the main text of your
work
References at the end of your work

All
statements,
opinions,
conclusions etc. taken from another
authors work (print, online or
multimedia) should be cited

 There are many different forms of

documentation (systems of citation and
reference), varying across academic fields.
Generally speaking, there are three basic
systems of documentation in science and
engineering:
the name-and-year system,
the alphabet-number system, and
the citation-order system.

The name-and-year system.

Citations: When you cite the source of
information in the report, you give the names
of the authors and the date of publication.
Jenkins and Busher (1979) report that
beavers eat several kinds of
Beavers have been shown to be discriminate
eaters of hardwoods (Crawford, Hooper, and
Harlow 1976).

 References: The sources are listed at the

end of the report in alphabetical order
according to the last name of the first
author, as in the following book and article.
Crawford, H.S., R.G. Hooper, and R.F Harlow.
1976. Woody Plants Selected by Beavers in the
Appalachian and Valley Province. Upper Darby,
PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Jenkins, S.H., and P.E. Busher. 1979. Castor
Canadensis. Mammalian Species. 120:1-8.

The alphabet-number system

Citations: When you cite the source of
information in the report, you give a number in
parentheses that corresponds to the number
of the source in the alphabetical listing in
the "References."
Jenkins and Busher report that beavers eat several
kinds of herbaceous plants as well as the leaves,
twigs, and bark of most species of woody plants that
grow near water (4).
Beavers have been shown to be discriminate eaters
of hardwoods (3).

 References: The sources are listed in

alphabetical
order
and
numbered
accordingly, as in the following book and
article.
3. Crawford, H.S., R.G. Hooper, and R.F Harlow.
1976. Woody Plants Selected by Beavers in the
Appalachian and Valley Province. Upper Darby,
PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
4. Jenkins, S.H., and P.E. Busher. 1979. Castor
Canadensis. Mammalian Species. 120:1-8.

The Citation-Order System

Typically used in engineering -- IEEE documentation (IEEE, pronounced "Eye-triple-E," stands for
the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

Citations: When you cite the sources of

information in the report, you give a number in
brackets that corresponds to the number of
the source listed in the order in which they
appear in the report, the source listed first
as [1], the next source [2], etc.
Jenkins and Busher report that beavers eat several
kinds of herbaceous plants as well as the leaves,
twigs, and bark of most species of woody plants that
grow near water [1].
Beavers have been shown to be discriminate eaters
of hardwoods [2].

 References: The sources are listed in the

order in which they are cited in the report, as
in the following book and article.
[1] S.H. Jenkins and P.E. Busher, "Castor

canadensis,"Mammalian Species. Vol. 20, Jan.

1979.
[2] H.S. Crawford, R.G. Hooper, and R.F Harlow,
Woody Plants Selected by Beavers in the
Appalachian and Valley Province. Upper Darby,
PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1976.

Citation and reference guide

etc

American
Psychological
Association (APA)
Style Guide

Citation and
reference
guide
Turabian
Style Guide
Chicago
Manual of
Style

HARVARD SYSTEM
OF REFERENCING
GUIDE

Modern
Languages
Association
(MLA) Style
Guide

Harvard System of
Referencing Guide
-author date method1. Harvard System of Referencing Guide
2. Citing sources in the main text of your work
3. References at the end of your work

1. Harvard System of Referencing

Guide
A citation is the part of the reference that
you include within the main body of
your work whenever you directly quote from,
paraphrase, summarise or refer to work
produced by another author.
In the Harvard style, the citation includes the
author's surname and year of publication

 You can cite in three main ways:

QUOTE Use the exact words of
another author
PARAPHRASE Rewrite an argument
in your own words
SUMMARISE Pick out the main
points of an argument and write in
your own words

 In the Harvard System

All cited publications are referred to in the
main body of text by giving the authors
surname and the year of publication.
Each cited publication must have a
corresponding full reference in the list of
references at the end of your work.
The references are listed in alphabetical
order by author name.

2. Citing sources in the main text of

your work
i) Where to place the citation
Place your citation where you feel it should
naturally occur within a sentence.
Depending on your writing style, it may follow
a phrase/idea or appear at the end of a
sentence or paragraph.

 It should always appear before the full stop.

e.g. As Woods (1999, p.21) said, "good practices
must be taught" and so we...
e.g. In a popular study Woods (1999) argued
that we have to teach good practices...
e.g. Theory rises out of practice, and once
validated, returns to direct or explain the
practice (Woods 1999).

ii) Quotations
For all quotes include page numbers and
quotation marks. If the quote is less than a
line long "it may be included in the main
body of text" (Bournemouth University 2014,
p.1)
As demonstrated in this example,

Longer

quotations should be indented, single

line spaced and appear in double quotation
marks (Bournemouth University 2014).

iii) Page numbers

In citations to particular parts of a
document, the location of that part e.g. page
number may be given after the year within
the brackets. e.g. (Woods 2013, p.17).
For e-readers, where pagination is absent,
include chapter instead e.g. (Roberts 2013,
Chapter 2).
For webpages and online newspapers, this
detail is not required.

iv) Online sources

When citing a webpage, DO NOT insert the
URL (web address) in the body of your text.
Use the organisation or company as the
author. Webpages often do not include page
numbers, so are not present when quoting.
e.g. Tesco (2011) suggest A quotation from the
webpage would be inserted here.

v) Figures (e.g. diagrams, charts, graphs,

tables, maps, illustrations & photographs)
When inserting a figure you need to consider
how it is labelled and how it is cited in the
text.
Labelling a figure: If the figure originates
from a source with page numbers insert
them after the year within the brackets.
Figures are usually given a title/brief
description and are referred to throughout
your work by figure number.

Figure 1 : Amni Binti Mohd Fauzi (Mahyun 2014, p.14)

 If the item has been copied and amended by you

e.g. another axis added to a graph, then use
amended from.
12:25:00
12:45:00
13:05:00
13:25:00
13:45:00
14:05:00
14:25:00
14:45:00
15:05:00
15:25:00
15:45:00
16:05:00
16:25:00
16:45:00
17:05:00
17:25:00
17:45:00
18:05:00
18:25:00
18:45:00
19:05:00
19:25:00
19:45:00
20:05:00
20:25:00
20:45:00
21:05:00
21:25:00
21:45:00
22:05:00
22:25:00
22:45:00
23:05:00
23:25:00
23:45:00

Kajian Hidrologi Bandaran Damansara Hitograf& Hidrograf 3110013/3111404

Observation Date:8/9/1996
Time Step (5 minutes)

4000.00

10

3800.00

20
3600.00
40

3400.00

50

3200.00

60

3000.00

Discharge (m3/s)

Rainfall (mm)

30

70

2800.00
80
90

2600.00

100

2400.00
rainfall

discharge

e.g. Figure 3: Urban Hydrological Hydrograph and Hyetograph

(amended from Mahyun 1990, p.11).

 If the item is
use personal
work should
references at
published.

your own original work, then

collection. Your own original
not appear in the list of
the end, as it has not been

e.g. Figure 4: Amni Binti Mohd Fauzi (personal collection).

 Citing a figure in the main text of your work:

When referring to figures in the main text of
your work you can simply use the figure number
(and Source if relevant), although it is often
useful to describe the content of the figure
when you first refer to it.
e.g. In Figure 4: Bloggs (2013) demonstrates

You should include a full reference to sources

that are not from your personal collection in the
list of references at the end of your work.

Citing sources in the main text of

your work
i) If the authors name occurs naturally in the
sentence, the year is given in brackets
e.g. In a popular study Harvey (1992) argued that
we have to teach good practices

ii) If the authors name does not occur naturally

in the sentence
e.g. Theory rises out of practice, and once validated,
returns to direct or explain the practice (Stevens

1998).

iii) When an author has published more than one

cited document in the same year
These are distinguished by adding lower case
letters (a,b,c, etc.) after the year and within the
brackets: e.g. Johnson (1994a) discussed the subject

Note: If you are adding citations from the

same author and year, the letters after the
date will determine the order in your list of
references
e.g. Johnson (1994a) would be listed before
Johnson (1994b).

iv) When more than one source is cited

Citations are usually listed in chronological
order: e.g. (Smith 1999; Jones 2001; Turner 2006)

v) If there are two authors

The surnames of both should be given: e.g. Matthews and Jones (1997) have proposed that

vi) If there are more than two authors

The surname of the first author only should be
given, followed by et al.: e.g. Office costs amount to 20% of total costs in most
business (Wilson et al. 1997).

Then a full list of all authors names should

appear in the list of references at the end.

vii) If no author is given and there is clearly no

identifiable person/body responsible
For webpages use the organisation or
company author
e.g. In the Energy Saving Trust (2011) report Your
Carbon Footprint Explained

For newspaper articles use the newspaper

title: e.g. More people than ever seem to be using retail
home delivery (The Times 1996)

viii) If the first time you refer to an organisation is

within a citation is within a citation you should
write the organisation in full and include the
abbreviated form in brackets, thereafter using
the abbreviation.
e.g. (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) 2013).

 ix)

Scriptural
Koran/Quran)

Citations

(e.g.

Bible,

These should only be included in the text

and not the list of references. Include book,
chapter and verse. If quoting you may add
the translation or edition.
He sends down (from time to time) water from
the sky in due measure, and We raise to life
therewith a land that is dead. Even so will you
be raised (from the dead). (Qur'an, 43:11)

3. References at the end of your work

At the end of a piece of work add a list of
references to sources cited in the text. This
list may be called Bibliography or
References.
In the Harvard System, all references are
listed in alphabetical order by author name
in a single list

BOOK
JOURNAL

THESIS

References

CONFERENCE

WEBPAGE

 If you have cited more than one item by a

specific author they should be listed
chronologically (earliest date first), and by
letter (1993a, 1993b) if more than one item
has been published in the same year.

BOOK
Authors Surname, INITIALS., Year of publication. Title
[online] (if applicable). Edition (if not the first edition).
Place of publication: Publisher.

Print book
Cottrell, S., 2013. The study skills handbook. 4th
edition. Hampshire: Palgrave.
E-book
McMillan, K. and Weyers, J., 2012. The study skills
book [online]. 3rd edition. Harlow: Pearson.

 Contribution in an edited book e.g. a chapter

Contributing authors Surname, INITIALS., Year of
publication. Title of contribution. Followed by In:
Surname, INITIALS., of author or editor of
publication followed by ed. or eds. if
appropriate. (Year of publication, if different to
contribution). Title of book [online] (if
applicable). Edition (if not the first edition).
Place of publication: Publisher, Page number(s)
of contribution.
Harris, J., 1985. The value of life. In: Kuhse, H.
and Singer, P., eds. 2005. Bioethics: an
anthology [online]. 2nd edition. Oxford:
Blackwell, 428-436.

JOURNAL
Article in a print or online journal
Authors Surname, INITIALS., Year of publication. Title
of article. Title of journal [online] (if applicable),

Volume number and (part number), Page

numbers of article (if available).
Kavaratzis, M. and Hatch, M. J., 2013. The dynamics of
place brands: an identity-based approach to place
branding theory. Marketing theory, 13 (1), 69-86.

Brooks,

R., Waters, J. and Pimlott-Wilson, H., 2012.

International education and the employability of UK students.
British educational research journal [online], 38 (2), 281-

298.

Article in an online journal described as In Press

For articles that are described as In Press you
must include the full URL, as the article has not
be assigned a precise volume and issue
number:
Pisanua, B., Chapuisa, J., Doziresa, A., Basset, F.,
Poux, V. and Vourc, G., 2013. High prevalence of
Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in the European red squirrel
Sciurus vulgaris in France. Ticks and tick-borne
diseases [online], In Press. Available from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/
pii/S1877959X13000800 [Accessed 9 November
2013].

WEBPAGE
Author's /Editor's Surname, INITIALS., Year. Title of
webpage [online]. Place of publication: Publisher (if

given - check the website e.g. About us or

Contact us pages). Available from: URL
[Accessed Date].
Energy Saving Trust, 2011. Your carbon footprint explained
[online]. London: Energy Saving Trust. Available from:
http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Take-action/Your-carbonfootprint-explained [Accessed 17 November 2011].

CONFERENCE
Conference paper or proceeding
Authors Surname, INITIALS., Year of publication.
Title of contribution [online]

(if applicable).

Followed by In: Surname, INITIALS., of editor

of proceedings (if applicable) followed by ed.
or eds. if relevant. Title of conference,
including place and date of conference.
Place of publication: Publisher. Page
numbers of contribution. Available from: URL
[Accessed Date] (if applicable).

 Flintham, J., 2011. Narrative approaches to wellbeing

[online]. In: Coles, R., Millman, Z., Collins, J. and Stint,
C., eds. Well-being 2011 - The First International
Conference Exploring The Multi-dimensions Of Wellbeing, Birmingham 18-19 July 2011. Birmingham:
Birmingham City University and the Royal Institute of
British
Architects
(RIBA).
Available
from:
http://www.biad.bcu.ac.uk/research/wellbeing2011
[Accessed 9 July 2013].

Conference presentation
Authors Surname, INITIAL(S)., Year. Presentation
title. Title of conference, including place and
date of conference. Available from: URL
[Accessed Date] (if applicable).
Drake, W. and Hutchinson, C., 2014. Efficiency
through playing to your strengths. Service
Excellence
Conference,
Bournemouth
University 20 April 2014.

THESIS
Authors Surname, INITIALS., Year of publication.
Title of thesis [online] (if applicable). Designation
(and type). Name of institution to which

submitted.
Klinkner,

M.

J.,

2009.

Toward improved
understanding and interaction between forensic
science and international criminal law in the
context of transitional justice [online]. Thesis
(PhD). Bournemouth University.

THANK YOU !