Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Session 2013-2017
Project Supervisors
Mr.Waqas Javed
UW-13-ME-BSc-014
Talha Shahid
UW-13-ME-BSc-020
Jawad Ahmed
UW-13-ME-BSc-022
Mubashir Nizami
UW-13-ME-BSc-026
Naveed Ahmed
UW-13-ME-BSc-036
Ashiq Ali
UW-13-ME-BSc-048
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUPERVISOR:
Signature: _____________
Name: MR.WAQAS JAVED
DEDICATED TO OUR
BELOVED PARENTS,
RESPECTED TEACHERS
& SINCERE FRIENDS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of ALMIGHTY ALLAH, the most merciful, the most
beneficent, All praises for ALLAH, the honor of this universe
everything in the heaven and earth, glorifies Him. He is the one Who
sent us in the universe among such caring and loving people who
are always there for us, whom we can rely on, whom we can trust,
who are there when we need them, eager to lighten our pain and
shatter our worries away.
Before anybody else, we thanks to our Parents who have always
been a source of moral support and the driving force behind
whatever we do. We would like to pay our gratitude to our honorable
HOD Col. Sibgatullah, Mechanical Engineering Department, Wah
Engineering College, Wah Cantt who have been very kind to us
throughout the study period. We would like to extend our deepest
gratitude and acknowledge the total support and standards of
excellence provided by our dignified faculty members and especially
our project supervisors Mr. Shaid Hussain Shahid and MR.
Waqas Javed for their devoted concern,
whenever we needed.
The time which was spent over here, the practical and conceptual
knowledge which we gained made this golden time, of course, a
milestone in our professional career.
PREFACE
Project report espouses the humble efforts of team which is more inspired
than equipped. It covers the design aspects of Box Shifting Mechanism.
Box Shifting Mechanism is a small project for shifting of the boxes for the
industrial purpose, used mainly in the packaging and filling department.
A great many manufacturers of fancy wrapped or covered cardboard
boxes used for packaging candies, cakes, and other confections,
cosmetics and other articles are equipped with the so called quad staying
machines by means of which a box blank is folded or set-up into boxlike
form. These set-up boxes are transferred by means of a conveyor to an
operator, who picks up the boxes and places and centres them on
wrappers with which the boxes are to be covered.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.
2.
Conveyor System.....3
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Contamination ........6
8.
Product Handling....7
9.
Drive Train..7
CHAPTER 2
2.9.2 Dc motor...24
2.9.3 Dc battery.24
2.9.4 Wooden Frame.25
2.10 WORK PLAN25
CHAPTER 3
APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION
4 Conclusion29
CHAPTER 5
REFERENCES
5 References.3
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Box shifting mechanism
This invention relates to improvements in transfer and conveying devices,
and it relates particularly to devices for transferring set-up cardboard boxes from
a box folding or forming machine to the operator of a semi-automatic box
wrapping machine. A great many manufacturers of fancy wrapped or covered
cardboard boxes used for packaging candies, cakes, and other confections,
cosmetics and other articles are equipped with the so called quad staying
machines by means of which a box blank is folded or set-up into boxlike form.
These set-up boxes are transferred by means of a conveyor to an operator, who
picks up the boxes and places and centres them on wrappers with which the boxes
are to be covered. The boxes and wrappers are then conveyed to a box wrapping
machine where the wrapper is folded around and glued to the box. Usually, the
operation of the wrapping machine is controlled by means of a switch actuated
by the box forming machine so that their operating speeds are related to each
other.
Fully automatic machines are available for both setting up the boxes,
placing them on the wrappers and feeding the assembly to the wrapping machine.
In many instances, however, the cost of replacement of the semi-automatic
machines with fully automatic machines, is so great that it cannot be justified by
the increased rate of production possible with automatic machines.
The principal difference in the rate of operation of the fully automatic
machines and the semi-automatic machines resides in the human factor, namely,
the operator or feeder of the semiautomatic wrapping machine. Considerable
manual dexterity and skill are required to pick up the boxes and centre them
accurately on the wrappers as they move past the operator's station. The
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movements of the operator are further dependent upon the position of the setup
boxes with respect to the operator. With the usual conveyor arrangement, it is
necessary for the operator to reach across the conveyor which feeds the wrapping
machine and pick up a box from the conveyor leading from the quad. Inasmuch
as. The operator must reach across the conveyor to pick up the boxes, the speed
of the operator is decreased. Moreover, the constant reaching and stretching for
the boxes is very tiring so that the operator can Work for only .a relatively short
period of time. This requires the service of another operator or shutting down of
the machines.
We have found that when. The set-up boxes are. Four points into a position
which is closer to the operator and more conveniently located with respect to the
conveyor for feeding the wrapping machine, the efficiency of the operator is
greatly increased, the work is made less tiresome and the output of wrapped boxes
can be increased to such an extent that it is closely, comparable to that of the fully
automatic machines.
The present invention, therefore, has as its principal object the provision of
a device which can be used with box forming and semi-automatic wrapping
machines to transfer the set-up boxes from the conveyor of the box-forming
machine into a position which enables the operator to, pick up and place the boxes
on the wrappers with a minimum of reaching and resulting fatigue.
Other objects of the invention, and the advantages thereof, will become
apparent from the following description of a typical device embodying the
present invention.
In accordance with the present invention, I have provided an articlecontrolled transfer mechanism, by means of which the boxes being advanced by
the conveyor of the box-forming machine, are transferred into a position in front
of the operator of the wrapping machine and closely adjacent to the wrappers
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carried by the feed conveyor of the wrapping machine so that the operator can
pick up the boxes and transfer them directly to the wrapper with a minimum of
reaching and other movements.
More particularly, the transfer mechanism includes a pusher member
controlled by means of an electric eye which pushes the set-up boxes from the
conveyor from the box-forming machine on to a table or platform to form an
advancing row of boxes, the nearest one being directly in front of the operator so
that it can be picked up by the operator and transferred to the conveyor of the
wrapping machine.
Moreover, the transfer mechanism can be controlled independently by the
operator to render it ineffective when a damaged or improperly formed box is
discharged from the box former or toby-pass and accumulate boxes when the
wrapping machine is shut down for reloading, adjustment or the like.
My transfer mechanism has been found to increase greatly the rate of
production of the wrapped boxes so that the production rate is comparable to that
of a fully automatic machine, while, at the same time, it is considerably less tiring
to the operator
Similarly the same kind of operation done by this box shifting mechanism.
This box shifting machine helps in transfer of boxes smoothly by use of four bars
with a simple arrangement. But it operated by four bar mechanism which converts
rotary motion into reciprocating motion.
Increasing the service life of your conveyor system involves: choosing the
right conveyor type, the right system design and paying attention to regular
maintenance practices.
A conveyor system that is designed properly will last a long time with proper
maintenance. Here are six of the biggest problems to watch for in overhead
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type conveyor systems including I-beam monorails, enclosed track conveyors and
power and free conveyors.
1.5 Poor take-up adjustment:
This is a simple adjustment on most systems yet it is often overlooked. The
chain take-up device ensures that the chain is pulled tight as it leaves the drive unit.
As wear occurs and the chain lengthens, the take-up extends under the force of its
springs. As they extend, the spring force becomes less and the take- up has less
effect. Simply compress the take-up springs and your problem goes away.
Failure to do this can result in chain surging, jamming, and extreme wear
on the track and chain. Take-up adjustment is also important for any conveyor
using belts as a means to power rollers, or belts themselves being the mover. With
poor-take up on belt-driven rollers, the belt may twist into the drive unit and cause
damage, or at the least a noticeable decrease or complete loss of performance may
occur. In the case of belt conveyors, a poor take-up may cause drive unit damage
or may let the belt slip off of the side of the chassis.
1.6 Lack of lubrication:
Chain bearings require lubrication in order to reduce friction. The chain
pull that the drive experiences can double if the bearings are not lubricated. This
can cause the system to overload by either its mechanical or electrical overload
protection. On conveyors that go through hot ovens, lubricators can be left on
constantly or set to turn on every few cycles.
1.7 Contamination:
Paint, powder, acid or alkaline fluids, abrasives, glass bead, steel shot, etc.
can all lead to rapid deterioration of track and chain. Ask any bearing company about
the leading cause of bearing failure and they will point to contamination. Once a
foreign substance lands on the raceway of a bearing or on the track, pitting
of the surface will occur, and once the surface is compromised, wear will accelerate.
Building shrouds around your conveyors can help prevent the ingress of
contaminants. Or, pressurize the contained area using a simple fan and duct
arrangement. Contamination can also apply to belts and of the motors themselves.
Since the motors can generate a considerable amount of heat, keeping the
surface clean is an almost-free maintenance procedure that can keep heat from
getting trapped by dust and grime, which may lead to motor burnout.
1.8 Product Handling:
In conveyor systems that may be suited for a wide variety of products, such
as those in distribution centers, it is important that each new product be deemed
acceptable for conveying before being run through the materials handling
equipment. Boxes that are too small, too large, too heavy, too light, or too
awkwardly shaped may not convey, or may cause many problems including jams,
excess wear on conveying equipment, motor overloads, belt breakage, or other
damage, and may also consume extra man-hours in terms of picking up cases that
slipped between rollers, or damaged product that was not meant for materials
handling.
If a product such as this manages to make it through most of the system,
the sortation system will most likely be the affected, causing jams and failing to
properly place items where they are assigned. It should also be noted that any and
all cartons handled on any conveyor should be in good shape or spills, jams,
downtime, and possible accidents and injuries may result.
1.9 Drive Train:
Notwithstanding the above, involving take-up adjustment, other parts of
the drive train should be kept in proper shape. Broken O-rings on a Line shaft,
pneumatic parts in disrepair, and motor reducers should also be inspected. Loss
of power to even one or a few rollers on a conveyor can mean the difference
7
between effective and timely delivery, and repetitive nuances that can continually
cost downtime. Bad Belt
1.10 Tracking or Timing:
In a system that uses precisely controlled belts, such as a sorter system,
regular inspections should be made that all belts are traveling at the proper speeds
at all times. While usually a computer controls this with Pulse Position Indicators,
any belt not controlled must be monitored to ensure accuracy and reduce the
likelihood of problems. Timing is also important for any equipment that is
instructed to precisely meter out items, such as a merge where one box pulls from
all lines at one time.
If one were to be mistimed, product would collide and disrupt operation.
Timing is also important wherever a conveyor must "keep track" of where a box
is, or improper operation will result. Since a conveyor system is a critical link in
a company's ability to move its products in a timely fashion, any disruption of its
operation can be costly.
Most downtime can be avoided by taking steps to ensure a system operates at
peak performance, including regular inspections, close monitoring of motors and
reducers, keeping key parts in stock, and proper training of personnel.
CHAPTER 2
METHODS AND MATERIALS
2.1 Four-bar linkage
A four-bar linkage, also called a four-bar, is the simplest movable closed
chain linkage. It consists of four bodies, called bars or links, connected in a loop
by four joints. Generally, the joints are configured so the links move in parallel
planes, and the assembly is called a planar four-bar linkage.
If the linkage has four hinged joints with axes angled to intersect in a single
point, then the links move on concentric spheres and the assembly is called a
spherical four-bar linkage. Bennett's linkage is a spatial four-bar linkage with
hinged joints that have their axes angled in a particular way that makes the system
movable.
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One of the most useful and most common mechanisms is the four-bar
linkage. In this mechanism, the link which can make complete rotation is known
as crank (link 2). The link which oscillates is known as rocker or lever (link 4).
And the link connecting these two is known as coupler (link 3). Link 1 is the
frame.
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5. When link 'd' is fixed : Drag link or Double crank mechanism in which the
links 'a' and 'b' undergoes complete 360 deg motion
6. When link 'c' is fixed: Double rocker or Double lever mechanism in which no
link makes a complete rotation about its joints. In such case it is similar to class
2 four bar mechanisms
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There are three inversions of four bar mechanisms, which are obtained by
fixing different links of the kinematic chain.
They are:
a) Double Crank Mechanism
b) Crank Rocker Mechanism
c) Double Rocker Mechanism
d) Parallel Crank Mechanism
defined as the link, which is attached to the driver shaft; rather its the link, which
does a complete revolution. And in this configuration, as there are two links, both
q and l, which revolves completely about the hinged point on the frame, both of
them, is cranks. The term is commonly used in automotive technology for the link
in a four bar steering linkage that converts rotation of a steering arm to a centre
link and eventually to tie-rod links which pivot the wheels to be steered. A double
crank is used when the steering arm operates in a plane above the other links. The
double crank converts the sweeping arc of the steering arm to linear motion in the
plane of the other steering links.
In a four bar linkage, if the shorter side link revolves and the other rocks (i.e.,
oscillates), it is called a crank-rocker mechanism. In this case, there is only a slight
change, leave the smallest side and connect any of its adjacent side as the frame.
Then (in figure) the smallest side s will have full 360 degree revolution while the
other link adjacent to the frame has only oscillating motion (link p).
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This kind of mechanism is hence called a crank-lever mechanism or a crankrocker mechanism or a rotary-oscillating converter.
15
If in a 4 bar linkage, two opposite links are parallel and equal in length, then any of
the links can be made fixed, regardless, the two adjacent links will always act as a
pair of cranks, i.e. , both will have complete revolution about their joints on the
frame. The use of such mechanism is made in coupled wheels of locomotives in
which the rotary motion of one wheel is transmitted to the other wheel.
For a planar four bar linkage, the sum of the shortest and longest links
cannot be greater than the sum of the remaining links if there is to be continuous
relative rotation between two members.
16
The position of the points on the links A (Ax, Ay) and B (Bx, By) The coordinates
17
Where,
18
19
or 180
A 0-rocker: can rotate through a limited range of angles which includes 0 but
not 180
A -rocker: can rotate through a limited range of angles which includes 180 but
not 0. Some authors do not distinguish between the types of rocker
called dimensional synthesis. Dimensional synthesis involves an iterate- andanalyze methodology which in certain circumstances can be an inefficient
process; however, in unique scenarios, exact and detailed procedures to design an
accurate mechanism may not exist.
21
22
2.9.1 Linkages
A mechanical linkage is an assembly of bodies connected to manage forces
and movement. The movement of a body, or link, is studied using geometry so
the link is considered to be rigid. The connections between links are modeled as
providing ideal movement, pure rotation or sliding for example, and are called
joints.
A linkage modeled as a network of rigid links and ideal joints is called a
kinematic chain. Linkages may be constructed from open chains, closed chains,
or a combination of open and closed chains. Each link in a chain is connected by
a joint to one or more other links. Thus, a kinematic chain can be modeled as a
graph in which the links are paths and the joints are vertices, which is called a
linkage graph.
23
2.9.2 Dc motor
A windscreen wiper or windshield wiper is a device used to remove rain
and debris from a
motor vehicles,
including trains, watercraft and some aircraft, are equipped with such wipers,
which are usually a legal requirement. A wiper generally consists of an arm,
pivoting at one end and with a long rubber blade attached to the other.
The blade is swung back and forth over the glass, pushing water from its
surface. The speed is normally adjustable, with several continuous speeds and
often one or more "intermittent" settings. Most automobiles use two synchronized
radial type arms, while many commercial vehicles use one or more pantograph
arms.
2.9.3 Dc battery
A battery is a device that can create electricity using a chemical reaction. It
converts energy stored in molecules inside the battery into electricity. They produce
direct current (DC) electricity (electricity that flows in one direction, and does not
switch back and forth). Using the electricity from an outlet in a house or building is
cheaper and uses less energy, but a battery can provide electricity in
24
areas that do not have electric power distribution. It is also useful for things that
moved around and cords would get in the way.
25
Dc Adaptor
It is used to run the DC motor. When power required then that time it give
the power to the DC motor.
Dc motor
It is used run the whole linkages.
Bolt and Nut
It is used to connect the linkages and used to fix linkages on the frame.
Wooden Frame
It is used hold whole parts of this machine. It is made by using rectangular
wood.
Linkages
These linkages are made by using Lasani boards done by cutting operation
26
Wood Cutting
The square circular shaft and Lasani board cut for our required
dimension by using metal cutter. The circular shaft acts a column of box shifting
machine. The Lasani pieces are act as linkages. Metal cutter cuts all material to
required dimension.
Drilling
Drilling is used to screwing the screw through the drilling. To tight the linkages,
the screw is screwing through the drilling and helps to fix the linkages.
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CHAPTER 3
APPLICATION
ADVANTAGES
MODIFICATIONS
1. Using solar panel we able to run this motor we get more efficiency
2. We are modify it to remove hylem board and use aluminum plate
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CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION
The box shifting mechanism plays a major role in industries, the process
of transporting or shifting products from one place to another was to be
maintained by conveyors only. So we just successfully altered this with a box
shifting mechanism using the kinematics links and a motor. We had just
implemented our basic mechanical knowledge and designing skills for designing
and fabricating this project successfully.
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CHAPTER 5
REFERENCES
Reza Asadi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)
A Text Book of Automobile Engineering by R. K. Rajput
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CHAPTER 6
PHOTO GRAPH
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