Proposed Foundation for Toyota Marikina

Specification

Technical

SECTION 31 62 13.23
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DRIVEN PILES
PART 1 - GENERAL
1.1

SUMMARY
A.

Work of this Section includes all labor, materials, equipment, and services
necessary to provide new solid, precast prestressed concrete piles based
on the number, size, capacity, and lengths of piles as shown on the Contract
Drawings and/or specified herein. The work includes:
1.
2.
3.

B.

Related Sections:
1.
2.
3.
4.

C.

Driving piles to the required minimum penetrations indicated.

Quality control recording of each pile driven and verification
survey of pile layout and elevations.
Cutting-off piles as specified.

Section 01 22 00, Unit Prices for pile unit pricing.

Section 03 31 01, Marine Concrete for cement, water,
aggregates, admixtures, and concrete mix design criteria.
Section 31 62 01, Pile Testing for dynamic testing of piles.
Section 33 79 13 Pier Grounding for provision of grounding
piles.

Measurement and Payment

1.

There is no separate payment item for the work of this section.

Base the Contract Sum on number, size, capacity and dimensions of
piles indicated from tip to cutoff, plus not less than 300mm(12 inches)
of overlength for cutting piles at cutoff elevations. The CONTRACTOR
shall submit a Schedule of Values to receive partial payments.
a.

Should the total length of piles required vary from the lengths
shown on the Contract Drawings, an adjustment in the time for
completion will be made in accordance with the contract
documents.The contract price will be adjusted on the basis of
the unit price bid/contracted for adjustment of pile length as
specified in Section 01 22 00, Unit Prices.

b.

The contract price for piling shall include the cost of all
necessary equipment, tools, material, labor, and supervision
required to: deliver, handle, install, cut-off, dispose of any cutoffs, and meet the applicable contract requirements. The
contract price also includes mobilization, pre-drilling, and
redriving heaved piles. If, in redriving, it is found that any pile is
not of sufficient length to provide the capacity specified, notify
the ENGINEER, who reserves the right to increase or decrease
the total length of piles to be furnished and installed by changing
the pile locations or elevations, requiring the installation of
additional piles, or directing the omission of piles from the
requirements shown and specified. Payment for piles will be

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based on successfully installing piles to both the minimum tip

elevation and satisfying the acceptance criteria identified herein.
No additional payment will be made for: damaged, rejected, or
misplaced piles; withdrawn piles; any portion of a pile remaining
above the cut-off elevation; backdriving; cutting off piles; splicing;
build- ups; any cut-off length of piles; or other excesses beyond
the assumed pile length indicated for which the CONTRACTOR
is responsible.
2.

Additional payment for pile lengths in excess of that indicated,

and credit for pile lengths less than that indicated, will be calculated at
unit prices stated in the Contract, based on net addition or deduction
to total pile length as approved by the ENGINEER measured to
nearest 300mm(12 inches).
a.

1.2

Additional payment for splices required to extend pile lengths in

excess of that indicated will be calculated at unit prices stated in
the Contract.

3.

Additional payment for number of piles in excess of that

indicated, and credit for number of piles less than that indicated, will
be calculated at unit prices stated in the Contract.

4.

Unit prices include labor, materials, tools, equipment, and

incidentals for furnishing, driving, cutting off, capping, and disposing of
cutoffs.

5.

Test piles that become part of permanent foundation system will

be considered as an integral part of the Work.

6.

No payment will be made for rejected piles, including piles driven

out of tolerance, defective piles, or piles damaged during handling or
driving.

DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

A.

The work includes: Structural Performance: Piles shall withstand

transportation, erection, and driving stresses and design loads within limits
indicated and under conditions existing at Project site.
1.

Design Loads: 1600 kN or 163 Tons (compression)

B.

Piling: Provide prestressed concrete piles in accordance with PCI JR-382 in

addition to requirements specified in this Section.

C.

Piling Lengths: CONTRACTOR shall propose order lengths for piles based
on subsurface information furnished and supplemented by drive test piles
and/or indicator piles made by the CONTRACTOR. Do not order piles until
ENGINEER approves order lengths.

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1.3

Technical

SUBMITTALS
A.

General: Refer to and comply with Section 01 33 00 Submittal Procedures,

for procedures and additional submittal criteria.

B.

Qualifications Submittals: For firms or persons named in paragraph 1.8A,

Qualifications: to demonstrate their capabilities and experience. Include
lists of completed projects with project names and addresses, names and
addresses of engineers and owners, and other information specified.
Coordinate with the requirements of Section 01 73 00, Execution
Requirements.

C.

Preconstruction Photographs: Photographs or video of existing conditions of

adjacent construction. Submit before the Work begins.

D.

Product Data:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

E.

Technical data and test reports for each cement, aggregate, and
admixture to be used. Relate to concrete mix design requirements as
specified.
For each prestressing steel, reinforcing steel, and related
accessory item to be used.
For steel material(s), driving shoes, splice units and splice
welding materials.
Patching Mortar and Grout materials.
Pile-Driving Equipment Data (For Information): Submit a
complete description of each pile hammer for driving prestressed
concrete piles including type, make, and operational characteristics
(rated energy range; weight of striking part of hammer; weight of drive
cap); date of purchase, and date and description of last overhaul.
Include data for type, size, and properties of driving helmets,
capblocks, and pile cushions and calculations as specified in
paragraph 3.2B.1 demonstrating driving stresses do not exceed
specified maximums. Submit details for approval no later than 2
weeks prior to pile installation.

Shop Drawings: Drawings shall be prepared by or under the supervision of

a qualified professional engineer detailing fabrication and lifting devices
necessary for handling and driving piles. Include:
1.

Pile Identification Plan: Show location of piles, pile cut-off

elevations and a numbering system for the piles. Submit prior to pile
driving.

2.

Pile Fabrication: Prepare in accordance with ACI 315 and ACI

SP-66. Indicate:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Order Lengths
Pile dimensions, cross sections, locations, and sizes. Show
details of pile splices and shoes
Types and placement of reinforcement, including prestressing
strand, and detail fabricating, bending, and placing
Indicate welded connections by AWS standard symbols. Detail
cast-in hardware.

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e.

3.

Transportation, storage, and lifting points. Include location of

special embedded or attached lifting devices, employment of
pick-up points, support points other than pick-up points, and any
other methods of pick-up.
Pile driving plan. Include:

a.
b.

Detailed description or drawings of proposed pile alignment jig or

template
Proposed sequence for driving all piles
1)

c.
d.
F.

Technical

Include plan for installing indicator piles, including

sequence of installation, if indicator piles are shown on the
Contract Drawings or if CONTRACTOR elects to drive
additional indicator piles.

Details of pre-drilling or pre-auguring operations, if required to

advance piles.
Details for installation of dowels at top of piles

Quality Control Submittals

1.

Design Data
a.

b.

Concrete Mix Design: For each concrete mix proposed, submit a

mix design before concrete is placed, for each type of concrete
used for the piles. Conform to requirements of Section 03 31 01,
Marine Concrete.
Calculations:
Submit
calculations
prepared
by
the
CONTRACTORs Engineer demonstrating that pile unit handling
and storage stresses as proposed by the CONTRACTOR do not
exceed values permitted by PCI JR-382.

2.

Test Pile Records, Wave Equation Analysis, and Supplementary

Office Analysis: Submit in accordance with provisions of Section 31 62
01, Pile Testing.

3.

Material Test Reports: Submit the following prior to delivery and

driving piles in accordance with Article 2.8, SOURCE QUALITY
CONTROL. Include:
a.
b.

4.

Concrete Aggregates tests

Concrete Strength Tests: Submit concrete cylinder compressive
strength test results.
Certificates

a.
b.
c.

Material Certificates: For prestressing strand and concrete

admixtures, from manufacturer.
Precasting manufacturer's quality control procedures: Submit
precasting manufacturer's quality control procedures established
in accordance with PCI MNL-116. Submit prior to casting piles.
Certifications by the CONTRACTORs Engineer that all pile
materials conform to the requirements of this Section.

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5.

Field Reports:
a.
b.

G.

Pile-Driving Records: Submit within three days of driving each

pile.
Field quality-control reports

Contract Closeout Submittals: No superstructure shall be constructed prior

to the approval of the following documentation.
1.

1.4

Technical

Record Documents: Submit as-built drawing(s) showing the

exact location of piles driven including plumbness and horizontal
deviation from theoretical position. Identify abandoned piles. Survey
information may be submitted on several drawings, each covering a
partial area only, as the job progresses, in order to expedite the
approval of the pile work, but upon completion of all pile driving, the
CONTRACTOR shall submit as-built drawings (Record Documents)
having the same locations of all the piles, including obstructed,
damaged and compensating piles, percentage out of plumb and the
cutoff elevation and length below cutoff for each pile. Relate to survey
requirements specified in paragraph 3.4D, Verification of Pile Layout
and Elevations.

REFERENCES
The publications listed below form a part of this specification to the extent
referenced. The publications are referred to in the text by the basic designation
only.
American Concrete Institute (ACI):
ACI 214R

Evaluation of Strength Test Results of Concrete

ACI 301

Specifications for Structural Concrete

ACI 315

Details and Detailing of Concrete Reinforcement

ACI 318

Building Code Requirements for Structural

Concrete and Commentary

ACI SP-66

ACI Detailing Manual

American Society For Testing and Materials International (ASTM):

ASTM A416

Steel Strand, Uncoated

Prestressed Concrete

ASTM A496

Steel
Wire,
Reinforcement

ASTM A615

Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel Bars for

Concrete Reinforcement

ASTM A775

Epoxy Coated Steel Reinforcing Bars

ASTM A884

Epoxy-Coated Steel Wire and Welded Wire

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PRESTRESSED DRIVEN PILES

Deformed,

Seven-Wire
for

for

Concrete

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Specification

Technical

ASTM C31

Fabric Reinforcement
Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in
the Field

ASTM C33

Concrete Aggregates

ASTM C39

Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete

Specimens

ASTM C42

Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed

Beams of Concrete

ASTM C136

Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates

ASTM C143

Slump of Hydraulic Cement Concrete

ASTM C172

Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete

ASTM C1077

Agencies Testing Concrete

Aggregates for Use in

ASTM E329

Agencies Engaged in Construction Inspection,

Testing, or Special Inspection

and

Concrete

Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute (CRSI ):

CRSI MSP

Manual of Standard Practice

Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI):

1.5

PCI STD-112

Standard Prestressed Concrete Piles

PCI MNL-116

Manual of Quality Control for Plants and

Production of Precast Concrete Products

PCI MNL-135

Tolerances Manual for Precast and Pre Stressed

Concrete Construction

PCI JR-382

Design, Manufacture and

Prestressed Concrete Piling

Installation

of

QUALITY ASSURANCE
A.

Qualifications
1.

Manufacturer Qualifications: A qualified manufacturer complying

with the following:
a.

Engineering Responsibility: Assumes engineering responsibility

to comply with requirements in "Performance Requirements"
Article by engaging a qualified professional engineer to prepare
design calculations, Shop Drawings, and other structural data for
piles.

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b.

2.

Technical

PCI Plant Certification Program: Participates in PCI's Plant

Certification Program and is designated a PCI-Certified Plant for
B2 product group and category, or better

Installer Qualifications: Manufacturer's authorized representative

who is trained and approved for installation of units required for this
Project.
a.

Installer's responsibility includes engaging a

professional engineer to prepare pile-driving records.

qualified

3.

Installer Qualifications: Manufacturer's authorized representative

who is trained and approved for installation of units required for this
Project. The CONTRACTOR shall, in accordance with the provisions
of Section 31 62 01, Pile Testing and Section 01 40 00, Quality
Requirements, engage the services of a licensed Professional
Engineer who will be present on the site at all times during pile
installations to ensure and certify the piles are installed in accordance
with design and code requirement. The CONTRACTORs Engineer
shall prepare and submit, in the requisite number of copies, a report of
the pile driving and also fulfill all other requirements specified.

4.

Testing Agency/Laboratory and Technicians: Engage the

services of an independent testing laboratory approved by the
ENGINEER to perform testing specified in paragraph 2.8B. Comply
with related requirements in Section 01 40 00 Quality Requirements.
The independent testing agency shall be qualified according to ASTM
C1077 and ASTM E329 for testing indicated.

5.

The CONTRACTOR shall, in accordance with the provisions of

Section 01 70 00, Execution Requirements, engage the services of
an approved and independent licensed Surveyor, approved by the
ENGINEER, for the performance of the survey work called for herein.
The installed location of each pile shall be established and verified by
survey.

B.

Design Practices: Comply with ACI 318 and the recommendations in PCI
Committee Report: "Recommended Practice for Design, Manufacture and
Installation of Prestressed Concrete Piling".

C.

Quality-Control Standard: For manufacturing procedures and testing

requirements, quality-control recommendations, and dimensional tolerances
for piles, comply with applicable requirements in PCI MNL-116.

D.

Coordinate work in fabrication / precasting facility to allow testing of

provision for ground continuity with Section 33 79 01, Pier Grounding.

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1.6

1.7

Technical

DELIVERY, STORAGE AND HANDLING

A.

Store, handle, and transport piles in accordance with PCI MNL-116

B.

Deliver piles to Project site in such quantities and at such times to ensure
continuity of installation. Handle, transport and store piles at Project site to
prevent injury, cracking, distorting, warping, or other physical damage, and
so markings are visible.

C.

Lift and support piles only at designated lifting or supporting points as

shown on Shop Drawings while being handled, transported, and stored as
shown on the plans, or else supported along their full length.

D.

Replace piles damaged in handling or driving unless repairs can be made

satisfactory to the ENGINEER.

PROJECT CONDITIONS
A.

Protect structures, underground utilities, and other construction from

damage caused by pile driving.

B.

Site Information: A geotechnical report has been prepared for this Project.

C.

Preconstruction Photographs: Inventory and record the condition of

adjacent structures, underground utilities, and other construction. Provide
photographs or video of conditions that might be misconstrued as damage
caused by pile driving. Comply with Section 01 32 33, Photographic
Documentation.

D.

Subsurface Conditions (Including Underwater):

1.

Reference Section 01 73 00, Execution Requirements and

Section 02 41 19.23 Marine Selective Demolition for related
provisions.

2.

Prior to bidding this project, review all available information and

existing site conditions, make an independent interpretation of the
surface and subsurface conditions, and assess the site geometry, and
equipment access conditions that may affect the work of the Contract.

3.

Geotechnical investigations have been undertaken at the site

and a Geotechnical Report is available as described in Section 01 11
00, Summary of Work. The CONTRACTOR may use this report to
establish the quality of materials expected to be present at the project
site and determine the proper length of piles. The CONTRACTOR is
advised that all available samples and information relating to boring
records and subsurface conditions are expressly excluded from and
are not a part of the Contract, but are available for information
purposes only.

4.

The CONTRACTOR is responsible for any conclusions they

may draw from this information, including the character of the
materials that may be encountered and the degree of difficulty to be
expected in the performance of the Work. Neither the owner nor the
engineer guarantees that materials other than those disclosed by the

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geotechnical report will not be encountered, or that

proportions and character of the various materials will not vary from
those indicated in the boring logs.

E.

5.

Data on indicated subsurface conditions is not intended as a

representation or warranty of continuity of such conditions. It is
expressly understood that neither the owner nor the engineer will be
responsible for interpretations or conclusions drawn wherefrom by the
CONTRACTOR.

6.

If the CONTRACTOR finds that the geotechnical report and data

therein is insufficient to determine the nature of the work, the
CONTRACTOR may, before or after submission of its bid, undertake
his/her own investigations, such as additional test borings and other
exploratory operations, at no additional cost to the owner.

Perform all pile installation work of this Contract from waterborne

equipment.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS
2.1

FORM MATERIALS
A.

2.2

Forms: Provide forms of metal, plastic, wood, or another material that is

nonreactive with concrete and will produce required finish surfaces.

STEEL REINFORCEMENT
A.

Reinforcing Bars: ASTM A615, Grade 60; deformed.

1.
2.

2.3

PRESTRESSING TENDONS
A.

2.4

Prestressing Strand: ASTM A416, Grade 270; uncoated, seven-wire, lowrelaxation strand free of grease, oil, wax, paint, soil, dirt, and loose rust. Do
not use prestressing strands or wire having kinks, bends, or other defects.

CONCRETE MATERIALS
A.

2.5

Epoxy-Coat Reinforcing Bars: ASTM A775

Spirals may alternately conform to ASTM A496, deformed,
coated in conformance with ASTM A884, Class A, Type 2.

Cement, water, aggregates, and admixtures: Conform to Section 03 31 01

Marine Concrete.

PILE ACCESSORIES
A.

Pile Shoes: 25mm (1-inch)- thick, minimum, carbon-steel plate fabricated to

match shape of pile tip.

B.

Pile Splices: Not Permitted

C.

Patching Mortar:

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1.
2.
2.6

Above water placement: Sikatop 123Plus, Tamms Duraltop Gel,

Master Builders Emaco or approved equal.
Below water placement: Tamms Aquaseal, Denso SeaShield
525, or approved equal.

CONCRETE MIXES
A.

2.7

Technical

Conform to Section 03 30 01, Marine Concrete.

FABRICATION
A.

Formwork: Accurately construct forms of metal, braced and stiffened against

deformation, mortar tight, of sufficient strength and supported on unyielding
casting beds to withstand pressures due to concrete placement,
temperature changes, and for pre-tensioning and de-tensioning operations.
Maintain molds to provide completed piles of shapes, lines, and dimensions
indicated, within fabrication tolerances specified in PCI MNL-116 and PCI
MNL-135.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

B.

Reinforcement: Comply with recommendations in CRSI MSP for fabricating,

placing, and supporting reinforcement. Clean reinforcement of loose rust
and mill scale, earth, and other materials that reduce or destroy bond with
concrete.
1.

2.

C.

Unless forms are stripped before de-tensioning, design forms so

stresses are not induced in piles due to deformation of concrete under
prestress or movement during detensioning.
Chamfer, between 20mm (3/4 inch) and 30mm (1 1/8 inch),
ends and corners of square piles.
Form precast dowel holes with galvanized flexible metal conduit.
Anchor void forms firmly so they will not move, float or collapse during
placing of concrete.
Form surface of pile ends perpendicular to axis of pile.
At designated piles, install pile connection plates and grounding
jumper cables and connect to grounding plate and stands in
accordance with provisions of Section 33 79 13 Pier Grounding.

Accurately position, support, and secure reinforcement against

displacement by forms, construction, or concrete placement. Locate
and support reinforcement by metal chairs, runners, bolsters, spacers,
and hangers, as required.
Place reinforcement to obtain at least the minimum coverage for
concrete protection. Arrange, space, and securely tie bars and bar
supports to hold reinforcement in position while placing concrete. Set
wire ties so ends are directed into concrete, not toward exposed
concrete surfaces.

Prestress tendons for piles by pre-tensioning. Comply with PCI MNL-116.

Measure tension to which steel is to be pretensioned by jack pressure read
on a calibrated gage and verify by elongation of steel. Use gage calibrated
within last 6 months by a laboratory approved by ENGINEER. Provide
means for measuring elongation of steel to nearest 1/8 inch. When
difference between results of measurement and gage reading is more than
5 %, determine cause of discrepancy and correct. Give tensioning steel a

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uniform prestress prior to bringing to design prestress. Induce same initial

prestress in each unit when several units of prestressing steel in a pile are
stretched simultaneously.
D.

Pile Shoes: Accurately position and secure pile shoes at pile tips so as to
not affect pile alignment during driving. Weld pile shoes to longitudinal
reinforcements.

E.

Mix concrete according to PCI MNL-116 and requirements in this Section.

After initial concrete batching, no additional water may be added.

F.

Placing and Casting:

1.

Accurately position, support, and secure reinforcement against

displacement by forms, construction, or concrete placement. Locate
and support reinforcement by metal chairs, runners, bolsters, spacers,
and hangers, as required. Perform concrete casting within 3 days after
pre-tensioning steel; however, do not deposit concrete in forms until
placement of reinforcement and anchorages has been inspected and
approved by pile manufacturer's quality control representative.

2.

Conveying: Clean conveying equipment thoroughly before each

run. Convey concrete from mixer to forms as rapidly as practicable by
methods that will not cause segregation or loss of ingredients. Deposit
concrete as nearly as practicable to its final position. During placing,
make any free vertical drop of the concrete less than 1m or 3 feet.
Remove concrete that has segregated in conveying or placing.

3.

Place concrete in a continuous operation to prevent seams or

planes of weakness from forming in piles. Comply with requirements
in PCI MNL-116 for measuring, mixing, transporting, and placing
concrete.
a.

b.

Thoroughly consolidate placed concrete by internal and external

vibration without dislocating or damaging reinforcement and
built-in items. Use vibrator with heads smaller than the minimum
distance between steel for pre-tensioning. Use equipment and
procedures complying with PCI MNL-116.
Produce each pile of dense concrete straight with smooth
surfaces with reinforcement retained in its proper position during
fabrication.

G.

Identify pickup points of piles with permanent markings corresponding with

markings indicated on Shop Drawings. Imprint casting date on each pile.

H.

Cure concrete according to requirements in PCI MNL-116 by moisture

retention without heat or by accelerated heat curing using low-pressure live
steam or radiant heat and moisture.
1.

Moist Curing: Moist cure using moist burlap coverings, plastic

sheeting, or membrane curing compound until minimum strength to
de-tension is achieved.

2.

Accelerated Curing: After placement of concrete, moist cure for

a period of 4 hours. Accelerated cure until concrete has reached

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specified release strength. Enclose casting bed for accelerated curing

with a suitable enclosure.
a.
b.

c.

I.

De-tensioning: Delay de-tensioning piles until concrete has attained a

minimum compressive strength of 5,000 psi at least 70% of its compressive
strength, whichever is greater, as established by test cylinders cured under
the same conditions as concrete.
1.
2.

3.

2.8

During application of steam or heat, increase the air temperature

at a rate not to exceed 40F per hour.
Cure at a maximum temperature of 150F until concrete has
reached specified release strength. Reduce temperature at a
rate not to exceed 20F per hour until a temperature of 20F
above ambient air temperature is reached.
After accelerated curing, moist cure using either water or
membrane curing until a total accelerated and moist curing time
of 72 hours is achieved.

If concrete has been heat cured, de-tension while concrete is still

warm and moist to avoid dimensional changes that may cause
cracking or undesirable stresses.
Perform releasing of prestressed steel in pretensioned piles in
such an order to minimize eccentricity of prestress. De-tension
pretensioned tendons either by gradually releasing tensioning jacks or
by heat-cutting tendons, using a sequence and pattern to prevent
shock or unbalanced loading.
Detension only after approval by pile manufacturer's quality
control representative.

J.

Where ends of strands will not be enclosed or covered, cut flush and
cover with a high-strength mortar bonded to unit with an epoxy-resin
bonding agent.

K.

Fabricate precast prestressed concrete piles straight and true to size and
shape with exposed edges and corners precise and true so each finished
unit complies with PCI MNL-116 and PCI MNL-135 product tolerances.

L.

Finish: Fabricate concrete piles with normal plant-run finish produced in

forms that impart a smooth finish to concrete. Small surface holes caused
by air bubbles, normal color variations, form joint marks, and minor chips
and spalls will be tolerated. Major or unsightly imperfections, honeycombs,
or structural defects are not permitted.

M.

Finish unformed surfaces by trowel unless otherwise indicated. Consolidate

concrete; bring to proper level with straightedge, float, and trowel to a
smooth, uniform finish.

N.

Pile-Length Markings: Mark each pile with horizontal lines at 300mm (12inch) intervals; label the distance from pile tip at 400mm (60-inch) intervals.
Maintain markings on piles until driven.

SOURCE QUALITY CONTROL

A.

Testing Agency: Engage a qualified testing agency to evaluate pile

manufacturer's quality-control and testing methods.

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B.

Testing: Test and inspect piles according to PCI MNL-116.

C.

Strength of piles will be considered deficient if units fail to comply with

requirements.

D.

Testing: If there is evidence that strength of piles may be deficient or may

not comply with PCI MNL-116 requirements, CONTRACTOR shall engage
an independent testing agency to obtain, prepare, and test cores drilled
from hardened concrete to determine compressive strength according to
ASTM C42.
1.
2.

3.
4.

5.

A minimum of three representative cores shall be taken from

piles of suspect strength, from locations directed by ENGINEER.
Cores shall be tested, following immersion in water, in a wet
condition per ACI 301 if piles will be wet under service conditions.
Cores shall be tested in an air-dry condition per ACI 301 if piles
will be dry under service conditions.
Strength of concrete for each series of three cores shall be
considered satisfactory if average compressive strength is at least
85% of the 28-day design compressive strength and no core
compressive strength is less than 75% of the 28-day design
compressive strength.
Test results shall be reported in writing on same day that tests
are performed, with copies to ENGINEER, CONTRACTOR, and pile
manufacturer. Test reports shall include the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Project identification name and number.

Date when tests were performed.
Name of precast concrete manufacturer.
Name of concrete testing agency.
Identification letter, name, and type of pile represented by core
tests; design compressive strength; type of break; compressive
strength at break, corrected for length-diameter ratio; and
direction of applied load to core in relation to horizontal plane of
concrete as placed.

E.

Patching: If core test results are satisfactory and piles comply with
requirements, solidly fill core holes with Patching Mortar and finish to match
adjacent pile surfaces.

F.

Piles will be considered defective if they do not pass tests and inspections.

G.

Plant Facility Quality Control Program:

1.

2.

Where piling is manufactured in a plant with an established

quality control program as attested to by a current certification in the
PCI "Certification Program for Quality Control" perform product quality
control in accordance with PCI MNL-116.
Where piling is manufactured by specialists or in plants not
currently enrolled in the PCI "Certification Program for Quality
Control," set-up a product quality control system in accordance with
PCI MNL-116 and perform concrete and aggregate quality control
testing using an independent commercial testing laboratory approved
by the ENGINEER in accordance with the following:

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b.

Technical

Concrete Aggregate Tests: Take samples of fine and coarse

aggregate at concrete batch plant and test. Perform mechanical
analysis (one test for each aggregate size) in accordance with
ASTM C136. Tabulate results of tests in accordance with ASTM
C33.
Concrete Strength Tests: Sample concrete in accordance with
ASTM C172 at time concrete is deposited for each production
line. Perform slump tests in accordance with ASTM C143. Mold
cylinders in accordance with ASTM C31. Mold at least six
cylinders per day or one for every 20 cubic yards of concrete
placed, whichever is greater. Cure cylinders in same manner as
piles and for accelerated curing, place at coolest point in casting
bed. Perform strength tests in accordance with ASTM C39. Test
two cylinders of each set at 7 days or 14 days, or at a time for
establishing transfer of prestressing force (release strength) and
removal of pile from forms. Test remaining cylinders of each set
28 days after molding.

H.

Changes in Proportions: If, after evaluation of strength test results,

compressive strength is less than specified compressive strength, make
adjustments in proportions and water content and changes in temperature,
moisture, and curing procedures as necessary to secure specified strength.
Submit changes in mix design to ENGINEER in writing.

I.

Compressive Strength Test Results: Evaluate compressive strength test

results at 28 days in accordance with ACI 214R using a coefficient of
variation of 10%. Evaluate strength of concrete by averaging test results of
each set of standard cylinders tested at 28 days. Not more than 10% of
individual cylinders tested shall have a compressive strength less than
specified average compressive strength.

PART 3 - EXECUTION
3.1

EXAMINATION
A.

Layout and Field Survey Work: Comply with Section 01 73 00, Execution
Requirements and additional provisions of this Section.

B.

Protection: Comply with specified provisions for protection in Section 02 41

19.23, Marine Selective Demolition

C.

Inspection of Piles: Inspect each pile for sweep and structural damage such
as cracking and spalling before transporting them to the project site and
immediately prior to placement in the driving leads. Bring to the attention of
the ENGINEER, any unusual cracks (cracks other than crazing, surface
drying, shrinkage cracks and end cracks).Piles which are damaged during
delivery, storage, or handling to the extent they are rendered unsuitable for
the work, in the opinion of the ENGINEER, shall be rejected and removed
from the project site, or may be repaired, if approved, at no cost to the
Government.

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1.

Repairable Cracks: Reject piles with cracks equal to or greater

than 0.15mm (0.006 inches) but less than 1.5mm (0.06 inches). As an
alternate to pile rejection, the Contractor may, prior to driving:
a.

b.

3.2

Technical

Submit for approval a proposal to repair deficient piles to provide

their required design capacity and perform their intended
function in the structure, taking into consideration long-term
durability in corrosive environment and,
Restore piles in accordance with his approved plan.

2.

Non-Repairable Cracks: Reject piles with cracks equal to or

greater than 1.5mm (0.06 inches).

3.

Pile Sweep: Sweep shall be limited to 3 mm per 3 M (1/8 inch

per 10 feet) over the length of the pile. Piles having excessive sweep
shall be rejected.

DRIVING EQUIPMENT
A.

Pile Hammer: Air-, steam-, hydraulic-, or diesel-powered type, minimum

55kN-m (40,000 foot-pounds) per blow capable of consistently delivering
adequate peak-force duration and magnitude to develop the ultimate
capacity required for type and size of pile driven considering hammer
impact velocity; ram weight; stiffness of hammer and pile cushions; cross
section, length, and total weight of pile; and character of subsurface material
anticipated without damaging the pile.
1.

Use pile hammer capable of adjustment to deliver reduced

impact to maintain tensile stress within 70 % of yield strength of pile
reinforcement.

2.

Except for diesel hammers, obtain required driving energy of

hammer, by use of a heavy ram and a short stroke with low impact
velocity. At final driving, operate pile hammer in accordance with
manufacturer's recommendation for driving either end bearing piles or
friction piles. At final driving, operate diesel powered hammers at rate
recommended by manufacturer for hard driving.
a.

Maintain pressure at steam or air hammer so that:

1)
2)
3)

b.
3.

for double-acting hammer, the number of blows per minute

during and at completion of driving of a pile is equal
approximately to that at which hammer is rated;
for single-acting hammer, there is a full upward stroke of
the ram; and
for differential type hammer, there is a slight rise of
hammer base during each upward stroke.

Hammer used shall subject to prior approval by the ENGINEER.

Keep hammer in good mechanical condition and operate it at the

speed and pressure recommended by the manufacturer. During pile
driving operations, the ENGINEER may order that CONTRACTORs
Engineer make occasional measurements of the velocity of the
hammer ram using a Hammer Performance Analyzer (radar gun

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device). If the energy per blow computed in the basis of the measured
ram velocity at impact is less than 80% of the rated energy per blow
as specified by the manufacturer of the pile hammer, the
CONTRACTOR shall make all necessary repairs so as to improve the
energy output to a value of at least 80% of the rated energy per blow,
or, alternatively, the CONTRACTOR shall replace the pile hammer.
B.

Driving Helmets and Cushion Blocks

1.

Driving Helmets or Caps and Pile Cushions: Use a steel driving

helmet or cap including a pile cushion between top of pile and driving
helmet or cap as recommended by hammer manufacturer and as
required to prevent impact damage to pile. Use a driving helmet or cap
and pile cushion combination capable of protecting pile head,
minimizing energy absorption and dissipation, and transmitting
hammer energy uniformly over top of pile. CONTRACTORs Specialty
Engineering Firm as specified in Section 31 62 01, Pile Testing shall
perform a wave equation analysis of the various lengths of piles to
determine the pile cushion thickness required for each range of pile
length. Stresses due to driving shall not exceed 0.85fc-UPLin
compression and 3 fc +UPL in tension where UPL = Unit Prestress
after Losses, obtained value from pile manufacturer. Provide driving
helmet or cap fit sufficiently loose around top of pile so that pile may
be free to rotate without binding within driving helmet. Use pile cushion
of solid wood or of laminated construction using plywood, softwood or
hardwood boards with grain parallel to end of pile. Replace pile
cushion when it becomes highly compressed, charred or burned, or
has become spongy or deteriorated in any manner.

2.

Hammer Cushion or Capblock

a.

b.

c.
C.

Use a hammer cushion or capblock between driving helmet or

cap and hammer ram in conformance with the recommendations
of the hammer manufacturer, consisting of either a solid
hardwood block with grain parallel to the pile axis and enclosed
in a close-fitting steel housing or of aluminum and phenolic
laminated discs stacked alternately in a steel housing.
1)

The phenolic laminated plates shall be either Micarta,

Conbest or any approved equal.

2)

Substitutes not employing phenolic laminate will not be

permitted. Use steel plates at top and bottom of capblock.

If wood capblock is used, replace when it becomes highly

compressed, charred or burned or becomes spongy or
deteriorated in any manner except do not replace wood
capblock during final driving of any pile. Do not use small wood
blocks, wood chips, rope or other materials that permit
excessive loss of hammer energy.
If aluminum/phenolic laminated capblock is used, replace discs
that have become damaged, split or deteriorated in any manner.

Unless a template is employed, use rigid frame, fixed lead type pile-driver
leads that will hold full length of pile firmly in vertical position or to required

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batter and in axial alignment with hammer. Unless otherwise approved by

the ENGINEER, leads shall be of sufficient length so that use of a follower
will not be necessary.

3.3

D.

Use compressor that meets minimum requirements for capacity or

horsepower as recommended by hammer manufacturer.

E.

Use an approved driving head designed to fit properly atop the head of the
pile or a cast-steel, outside type, drive sleeve to prevent damage to the top
of the pile during driving.

DRIVING PILES
A.

Perform driving operations in the presence of the ENGINEER unless

otherwise approved.

B.

Do not drive piles until the concrete in pile has attained a minimum concrete
strength of 5,000 psi.

C.

When required or shown, install indicator piles in locations shown on

Contract Drawings or locations otherwise approved by ENGINEER. Install
Indicator Piles prior to production piles to ascertain pile order lengths.

D.

Top of pile shall be normal to the driving force. Provide pile guides or leads.
Maintain accurate alignment of the pile, hammer and leads to minimize
bowing of pile during impact of the hammer ram.

E.

General: Continuously drive piles to elevations or capacity indicated or

specified herein as established by load testing of piles as specified in
Section 31 62 01, Pile Testing.
1.
2.

Jetting of Piles: Water jets will not be permitted.

Protection of Piles: Take care to avoid damage to piles during
handling, placing pile in leads, and during pile driving operations.
Support piles laterally during driving, but allow rotation in leads. Use a
special driving head to drive piles having strands or mild steel
reinforcement projecting from head.

F.

Predrilling to remove soil or other material representing the bulk of the

volume of the pile to be driven will not be permitted.

G.

Heaved Piles: Check each pile for heave. Re-drive heaved piles to tip
elevation at least as deep as original tip elevation with a driving resistance
at least as great as original driving resistance.

H.

Pile Splices: Not Permitted.

I.

Driving Tolerances: Drive piles with a variation of not more than 2% from
vertical for plumb piles or more than 4% from the required angle for batter
piles. Maintain and check axial alignment of pile and leaders at all times. If
subsurface conditions cause pile drifting beyond allowable axial alignment
tolerance, notify ENGINEER and perform corrective measures as directed
by the ENGINEER. Place butts within 100mm (4 inches) of location
indicated, as measured at pile cut-off elevation. Manipulation of piles within
specified tolerance will not be permitted. In addition to specified tolerances,

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maintain a location to provide a clear distance of at least 125mm (5 inches)

from butt to edge of pile cap. If clear distance cannot be maintained, then
notify ENGINEER.
J.

Withdraw damaged or defective piles and piles that exceed driving

tolerances and install new piles within driving tolerances.
1.

Fill holes left by withdrawn piles using cohesionless soil material

such as gravel, broken stone, and gravel-sand mixtures. Place and
compact in lifts not exceeding 1.8m (72 inches).

2.

Fill holes left by withdrawn piles as directed by ENGINEER.

K.

Abandon and cut off rejected piles as directed by ENGINEER. Leave

rejected piles in place and install new piles in locations as directed by
ENGINEER.

L.

Pile Cut-Off: Cut off piles square with pile axis unless otherwise
indicated with a smooth level cut using pneumatic tools, sawing, or other
suitable methods approved by the ENGINEER and at elevations indicated.
Use of explosives for cutting is not permitted. Should cut-off exceed a length
such that dowels into pile caps cannot extend into the tubing sleeves
provided, the CONTRACTOR shall extend the sleeves by coring or other
approved methods so that the dowels can be completely embedded in the
pile at no additional cost to the DISTRICT. Do not cut off strands at
grounding piles. Connect ground wire to strand in accordance with the
provisions of Section 33 79 13 Pier Grounding.

M.

Build-Ups: Where required, pile section may be extended to cut-off elevation

by means of a cast-in-place reinforced concrete build-up. Make build-up in
accordance with the details shown on the Contract Drawings and in
conformance with PCI STD-112. Construct build-ups made after completion
of driving in accordance with detail, "Build-Up Without Driving. Have details
of means for protecting joints by a suitable mortar or epoxy approved by
ENGINEER. Where build-ups are exposed to water, protect castin-place
section from water during curing period.
1.

2.
3.

N.

Place and compact in lifts not exceeding 1.8m (72 inches).

Concrete in build-up shall have a minimum compressive strength of
6,000 psi at 28 days and shall conform to and be constructed in
accordance with the requirements of Section 03 31 01, Marine
Concrete.
If build ups are required at grounding piles, do not cut off strands
and notify the ENGINEER for additional instructions.
Build-ups will not be permitted on more than 10% of total
number of piles. If this percent figure is exceeded, or if in the judgment
of the ENGINEER, the clustered location of build-ups is undesirable,
withdraw piles of insufficient length and replace with longer piles at no
additional cost to the DISTRICT.

Remove and patch all temporary lifting eyes, holes or other devices used for
handling piles that are exposed above the mud line. Patch with approved
patching materials in accordance with material manufacturers written
instructions.

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3.4

Technical

FIELD QUALITY CONTROL

A.

General: Dynamic pile tests will be used to verify driving criteria and pile
lengths and to confirm allowable load of piles.
1.
2.
3.

4.

5.

Furnish test piles 1.5m (60 inches).

Determination of actual length of piles will be based on results of
dynamic pile tests.
Test Piles: Use test piles of the same type and drive as specified
for piling elsewhere in this Section. The ENGINEER will use
CONTRACTOR test pile data to confirm and/or determine the
necessary driving resistance for production piles. Drive test piles at the
locations indicated. Record any increase or decrease in driving
resistance. Use test piles, if located properly, undamaged and offering
adequate driving resistance, in finished work. Pre-drilling or jetting of
test piles is not permitted.
Perform pile driving tests at locations shown on Contract
Drawings. The ENGINEER will be present during each pile driving test
unless otherwise approved. Pile driving tests shall be carried to
completion without interruption. Any pile driving test not accomplished
in accordance with this specification shall be redone at no additional
cost to the DISTRICT. Notify ENGINEER at least 72 hours prior to
driving of test piles.
Conduct testing of Piles in accordance with the requirements of
Section 31 62 01, Pile Testing

B.

Field Weld Testing and Inspection: CONTRACTORs Testing Agency shall

perform field testing and inspection services for welding work related to pile
field welding. Reference Section 01 40 00 Quality Requirements for
additional and related provisions.

C.

Pile-Driving Records: The CONTRACTORs Engineer shall maintain

accurate driving records for each pile, compiled and attested to by a
qualified professional engineer. A sample form for such use is attached at
end of Section 31 62 01, Pile Testing. Such record will include the following
data as a minimum:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Project name and number

Name of CONTRACTOR
Type of pile and date of casting
Pile number, location in pile group and designation of pile group.
a.
Sequence of driving in pile group
Pile dimensions
Ground elevation
Overall length before driving
Sounded length of each pile
Elevation of pile top and tip after driving to nearest 2.5mm (0.1
inch) immediately after driving
Final tip and cutoff elevations of piles after driving pile group;
length of cut-off
Records of redriving.
Type, number, location of splices
Hammer type and speed, make, model, rated energy, rate of
operation or equivalent stroke for diesel hammer
Weight and stroke of hammer.

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15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
D.

Type of driving helmet, pile-driving cap and type and dimension

of hammer cushion (capblock) and pile cushion used including
cushion material and thickness.
Actual stroke and blow rate of hammer.
Pile-driving start and finish times, and total driving time.
Time, pile-tip elevation, and reason for interruptions.
For impact hammers, number of blows for every 300mm (12
inches) of penetration, and number of blows per 25mm (1 inch) for the
last 150mm (6 inches) of driving; blows per 25mm(1 inch) where
driving resistance exceeds 75 blows per 300mm (1 foot) . For
vibratory hammers, the time for each inch of redrive
Slope or batter of pile; deviations from location and plumb or
batter.
Pre-boring, jetting, or special procedures used.
Unusual occurrences during pile driving affecting the driving of
the particular pile.
For impact hammers blows per 12mm ( inch) of re-drive.
The time pile driving is started, interrupted resumed and stopped

Verification of Pile Layout and Elevations

1.

2.

3.5

Technical

After all piles have been installed at proposed location(s), the

CONTRACTOR's Surveyor shall take and record optical survey
measurements to establish the elevation of the top of each pile
immediately after driving (or redriving) and, subsequently, after driving
adjacent piles. Submit record survey drawings to show verification of
pile layout and pile elevations.
Re-drive all piles that the ENGINEER and/or ENGINEER
determine have heaved or uplifted 6mm ( inch) or greater from their
original tip elevations as directed by the ENGINEER.
a.
Redrive until both the original tip elevation and the driving
resistance commensurate with pile capacities shown on the
Contract Drawings have been obtained, except that if original tip
elevation cannot be reached, driving may be discontinued at a
resistance of 7 blows per 6mm ( inch).
b.
Redrive piles at such times as approved by the ENGINEER.
c.
Equipment for redriving shall be as specified for original driving
except that use of a free hanging hammer will be permitted.
d.
Do not cut off piles until the ENGINEER has determined that no
further redriving is required.

FIELD QUALITY CONTROL

A.

Corrections of Deficiencies
1.

2.

Notify the ENGINEER immediately, in writing, of the failure of a

pile to meet any requirements of this Section. Such written notification
shall include all information required for the evaluation of remedial
measures, including all information required for redesign.
If it is determined that a pile does not meet the requirement of
this Section, perform all remedial work associated with the deficient
pile, including changes to concrete and reinforcement steel in the pile
cap or driving and spudding any natural or manmade object or
obstruction which does not permit the pile to be advanced with the
approved pile driving hammer.

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3.6

Technical

3.

If a pile fails to comply with the alignment or location

requirements of this Section, the CONTRACTORs Engineer shall
calculate and submit to the ENGINEER for approval, the load capacity
requirements of that pile based on the actual, as-driven alignment
and location. If the calculation indicates that the loading on that pile
exceeds 110% of the design load, then the CONTRACTOR shall
perform such remedial work as the ENGINEER in his sole discretion
may approve, including but not limited to redriving piles, furnishing and
driving additional piles at locations approved by the ENGINEER and
modifying concrete or reinforcement steel in piles and/or the pile cap
and superstructure.

4.

In the case of a pile with some deficiency that affects load

capacity, the CONTRACTORs Engineer shall calculate the load
capacity requirements of that pile, based on its actual a as driven
location and alignment. If the calculation indicates that the loading on
the pile exceeds some reduced allowable loading less than the design
load, including a zero loading, as determined in the sole judgment of
the ENGINEER, then the CONTRACTOR shall perform such remedial
work as the ENGINEER may approve, including but not limited to
redriving piles, furnishing and driving additional piles at locations
approved by the ENGINEER and modifying concrete or reinforcement
steel.

5.

If a pile fails to comply with any other requirement of this Section

and the ENGINEER determines that modification to concrete or
reinforcement steel, or the driving of additional piles is necessary, the
CONTRACTORs Engineer shall perform all required redesign and
detailing and submit to the ENGINEER for approval.

6.

The CONTRACTOR, at his option and at any time that he

determines that a pile will not satisfy the requirements of this Section
for any reason including encountering an underground obstruction,
may, subject to the notification provisions hereinbefore, abandon such
pile and replace it with a new pile or piles rather than await direction or
approval from the ENGINEER. However, the CONTRACTOR, in
exercising this option, assumes the risk that such replacement pile or
piles have not been installed at the proper design location and
alignment so as to carry satisfactorily the design load as determined
by subsequent analysis performed by the ENGINEER. Such
abandonment shall be for the CONTRACTORs convenience and
subject to all applicable provisions of the Contract.

7.

Unless they will interfere with new construction, abandoned piles

shall be removed or cut off at the mudline as directed by the
ENGINEER. Abandoned piles that interfere with new construction
shall be removed unless otherwise approved by the ENGINEER.

DISPOSAL
A.

Remove withdrawn piles and cutoff sections of piles from site and legally
dispose of them off property.

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** END OF SECTION **

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