.

NET

Paragraph description

.net is a software framework the helps in language Interoperability (which is the ability of a
system or a product to work with other systems or products without special effort on the part of
the customer).
Programmes written .net framework execute in a software environment (known as comment
language runtime) as oppose to hardware environment.
The frameworks base crash library provides user interface, data asses, data connectivity,
cryptography, web application development, numeric algorithms, and network communications.
Developer produce their software by combining their own source code with .net framework and
other useful libraries.

Type of application that can be developed on .net framework:

a) ASP.NET web application (New web application)

b) Windows based application

10 Verbal Q+A

1) What is ASP.NET?
Ans:
ASP.NET is a specification developed by Microsoft to create dynamic web applications,
websites and web services.
2) What is the concept of Postback (In the context of web development,
a postback is an HTTP POST to the same page that the form is on. In
other words, the contents of the form are Posted back to the same URL
as the form) in ASP.NET?
Ans:

typing a web page URL in a browser window or

using JavaScript window.open method

or, clicking a hyperlink on a webpage page.

3) What is the concept of view state in ASP.NET?

Ans:
As in earlier question, we understood the concept of postback. So, in order to maintain the state
between postbacks, ASP.NET provides a mechanism called view state. Hidden form fields are
used to store the state of objects on client side and returned back to server in subsequent request
(as postback occurs).
If we see the view source for an ASP.NET web page, we will find that hidden form field with Id
= __VIEWSTATE something like the following:

4) What is the difference between asp.net and vb.net?

Ans:
ASP.NET is not a programming language. It is a server side
technology. VB.NET or C# are programming languages, by using these
languages we can program many technologies like ASP.NET, Windows
Application. VB.NET - For creating .NET based applications using VB as
its programming language.
5) What is difference between windows application and web application in
.net?
Ans:
The main difference between the Web based application and Window
based application is that the Web app. can be access from anyware in
the world through the internet
whereas window based app. need to be install on your machine to
access.
Web applications run on webservers (usually IIS) Winforms Applications
run on Clients

6) What are the ASP.NET Page life Cycle and brief them about?
Ans:

Initialization: Controls raise their Init event in this stage.Objects and

variables are initializes for complete lifecycle of request.

LoadViewState: is a post back stage and loads the view state for the
controls that enabled its view state property.

LoadPostBackData: is also a post back stage and loads the data posted
for the controls and update them.

Load: In this stage page as well as all the controls raise their Load
event. Till this stage all the controls are initialized and loaded. In most
of the cases, we are coding this event handler.

RaisePostBackEvent: is again a postback stage. For example, its raise

against a button click event. We can easily put our code here to
perform certain actions.

SaveViewState: Finally, controls state is saved in this stage before

Rendering HTML.

Render: This is the stage where HTML is generated for the page.

Dispose: Lastly, all objects associated with the request are cleaned up.

7) What is the difference between custom controls and user controls?

Ans:
Custom Control
User Control
A loosely coupled control w.r.t code and
A tightly coupled control w.r.t code and UI
UI
Derives from Control
Derives from UserControl
Defines UI in a ResourceDictionary
Defines UI as normal XAML
UI is skinable
Child controls are skinable
Has dynamic layout
Has static layout
UI is fixed and can't have different looks in
UI can be changed in different projects
different project
Has full toolbox support
Can't be added to the toolbox
Defines a single control
Defines a set of controls
More flexible
Not very flexible like a Custom Control

8) What are types of Validation controls in ASP.NET?

Ans:

ASP.NET provides the following validation controls:

RequiredFieldValidator

RangeValidator

CompareValidator

RegularExpressionValidator

CustomValidator

ValidationSummary

9) What is cookie? What are the types of cookies in asp.net?

Ans:
Cookie is a lightweight executable program, which the server posts to client machines.
a. session cookie
b. persistent cookie
10) What is garbage collection?
Ans:
It is a system where a run time component takes responsibility for managing the lifetime
of objects and the heap memory that they occupy.

Youtube link: 1.47hrs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSNd38zS6_M

.Net concepts files

.NET framework
A programming infrastructure created by Microsoft for building, deploying, and running
applications and services that use .NET technologies, such as desktop applications and Web
services. The .NET Framework contains three major parts: The Common Language Runtime. the
Framework Class Library. ASP.NET.
ASP.NET
Asp.net is an open-source server-side Web application framework designed for Web development
to produce dynamic Web pages. It was developed by Microsoft to allow programmers to build
dynamic web sites, web applications and web services.

Entity Framework
It is an open source object-relational mapping (ORM) framework for ADO.NET, was a part of
.NET Framework, but from Entity framework version 6 it is separated from .NET framework.
The Entity Framework is a set of technologies in ADO.NET that support the development of
data-oriented software applications. Architects and developers of data-oriented applications have
typically struggled with the need to achieve two very different objectives.
Modelviewcontroller (MVC) is a software architectural pattern for implementing user
interfaces on computers. It divides a given software application into three interconnected parts,
so as to separate internal representations of information from the ways that information is
presented to or accepted from the user. Traditionally used for desktop graphical user interfaces
(GUIs), this architecture has become extremely popular for designing web applications.
Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) is a framework for building service-oriented
applications. Using WCF, you can send data as asynchronous messages from one service
endpoint to another. A service endpoint can be part of a continuously available service hosted by
IIS, or it can be a service hosted in an application.
Agile model is a combination of iterative and incremental process models with focus on process
adaptability and customer satisfaction by rapid delivery of working software product. Agile
Methods break the product into small incremental builds. These builds are provided in iterations.
AngularJS is a structural framework for dynamic web apps. It lets you use HTML as your
template language and lets you extend HTML's syntax to express your application's components
clearly and succinctly. Angular's data binding and dependency injection eliminate much of the
code you would otherwise have to write.
Web API is a framework that makes it easy to build HTTP services that reach a broad range of
clients, including browsers and mobile devices. ASP.NET Web API is an ideal platform for
building RESTful applications on the .NET Framework.
A web service is any piece of software that makes itself available over the internet and uses a
standardized XML messaging system. XML is used to encode all communications to a web
service. For example, a client invokes a web service by sending an XML message, then waits for
a corresponding XML response.

Images which help to understand basic .net

Short youtube videos:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZrHeb0CoFQ ( ASP.Net application lifecycle )

Multiple choice questions:

1. Choose the form in which Postback occur

A. HTMLForms
B. Webforms
C. Winforms
Ans: Webforms
2. Web.config file is used...
A. Configures the time that the server-side codebehind module is called
B. To store the global information and variable definitions for the application
C. To configure the web server
D. To configure the web browser
Ans: To store the global information and variable definitions for the application

3. Which of the following object is not an ASP component?

A. LinkCounter
B. Counter
C. AdRotator
D. File Access
Ans: LinkCounter

4. The first event triggers in an aspx page is.

A. Page_Init()
B. Page_Load()
C. Page_click()
Ans: Page_Init()

5. Difference between Response.Write() andResponse.Output.Write().

A. Response.Output.Write() allows you to buffer output
B. Response.Output.Write() allows you to write formatted output
C. Response.Output.Write() allows you to flush output
D. Response.Output.Write() allows you to stream output
Ans: Response.Output.Write() allows you to write formatted output
6. Which of the following method must be overridden in a custom control?
A. The Paint() method
B. The Control_Build() method
C. The default constructor
D. The Render() method
Ans: The Render() method
7. How do we create a FileSystemObject?
A. Server.CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
B. Create("FileSystemObject")
C. Create Object:"Scripting.FileSystemObject"
D. Server.CreateObject("FileSystemObject")
Ans: Server.CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
8. Which of the following tool is used to manage the GAC?
A. RegSvr.exe
B. GacUtil.exe
C. GacSvr32.exe
D. GacMgr.exe
Ans: GacUtil.exe
9. What class does the ASP.NET Web Form class inherit from by default?
A. System.Web.UI.Page
B. System.Web.UI.Form
C. System.Web.GUI.Page
D. System.Web.Form
Ans: System.Web.UI.Page
10. We can manage states in asp.net application using
A. Session Objects
B. Application Objects

C. Viewstate
D. All of the above
Ans: All of the above

HR
HUMAN RESOURCES

BASIC HR TERMINOLOGIES

1) Recruitment

Recruitment is a positive process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to
apply for the jobs in the organisation. When more persons apply for jobs then there will be a
scope for recruiting better persons. Recruitment is concerned with reaching out, attracting, and
ensuring a supply of qualified personnel and making out selection process

2) Process of Recruitment:

(i) Searching out the sources from where required persons will be available for recruitment. If
young managers are to be recruited then institutions imparting instructions in business
administration will be the best source.

(ii) Developing the techniques to attract the suitable candidates. The goodwill and reputation of
an organisation in the market may be one method. The publicity about the company being a
professional employer may also assist in stimulating candidates to apply.

(iii) Using of good techniques to attract prospective candidates. There may be offers of attractive
salaries, proper facilities for development, etc.

(iv) The next stage in this process is to stimulate as many candidates as possible to apply for
jobs. In order to select a best person, there is a need to attract more candidates.

3) Difference between Recruitment and Selection.

Recruitment is a process of searching out the potential applicants and inspiring them to apply
for the actual or anticipated vacancy.

On the other hand, Selection is a process of hiring employees among the shortlisted candidates.

RECRUITMENT

SELECTION

4) Performance management system

Sometimes referred to as a PMS, is the process that a company uses to appraise and recognize its
personnel. A company with a properly executed performance management system can improve
employee morale, increase productivity and retain its top workers.

5) Training

Organized activity aimed at imparting information and/or instructions to improve the employee's
performance or to help him or her attain a required level of knowledge or skill

6) Development

HRD is a process by which the employees of an organisation are helped in a continuous and
planned way to:

acquire or sharpen capabilities required to perform various functions associated with their
present or expected future roles;

develop their capabilities as individual and discover and use their own inner potential for
their own and /or organisational development purposes;

develop an organisational culture in which superior-subordinate relationship, team work

and collaboration among sub-units are strong and contribute to the professional well
being, motivation and pride of employees.

7) Difference between Training and Development.

Training is a learning process in which employees get an opportunity to develop skill,

competency and knowledge as per the job requirement.
Development is an educational process in which the personnel of the organization get the
chance to learn the in depth application of theoretical knowledge for their overall growth.

8) Workforce diversity

Diversity has to do with more than race or ethnicity. Diverse workplaces are composed of
employees with varying characteristics including, but not limited to, religious and political
beliefs, gender, ethnicity, education, socioeconomic background, sexual orientation and
geographic location

9) Compensation

Compensation is the total amount of the monetary and non-monetary pay provided to an
employee by an employer in return for work performed as required. Essentially, it's a
combination of your pay, vacation, bonuses, health insurance, and any other perk you may
receive, such as free lunches and parking.

10) Attrition, Retention, Layoff and Retrenchment

Attrition in human resources refers to the gradual loss of employees over time. In general,
relatively high attrition is problematic for companies.
Employee Retention refers to the ability of an organization to retain its employees.
Layoff is suspension or termination of employment (with or without notice) by the employer or
management. Layoffs are not caused by any fault of the employees but by reasons such as lack of
work, cash, or material. Permanent layoff is called redundancy.
Retrenchment means involuntary separation of an employee due to the replacement of labour by
machines or the close of the department.

ACCOUNTANCY

1) Debit DR
An accounting entry is one wherein where there is either an increase in assets or a decrease in
liabilities on a company's balance sheet. It may also imply an expenditure incurred or a loss
made. To debit an account means to enter an amount on the left side of the account. Generally
these types of accounts are increased with a debit. The abbreviation for debit is dr

Dividends (Draws)
Expenses
Assets
Losses
1) Debit is associated with __________ side
a) Left
b) Right

c) Bottom
d) Top

2) When cash is received, the account Cash will be

a) Debited
b) Credited
c) Ignored

3) A debit entry with an asset means that the asset has

a) Increased
b) Decreased
c) Sold off

2) Credit CR

An accounting entry that may either decrease assets or increase liabilities and equity on the
company's balance sheet, depending on the transaction. It may also imply an income received of
gains made. To credit an account means to enter an amount on the right side of an account.
Generally these types of accounts are increased with a credit:
Gains
Income
Revenues
Liabilities
Stockholders' (Owner's) Equity
The abbreviation for credit is cr.
1) Credit is associated with __________ side
a) Left
b) Right
c) Top
d) Bottom

2) When a company pays a bill, the account Cash will be

a) Debited
b) Credited
c) Ignored

3) A credit entry for income means that it has been

a) Earned
b) Reduced
c) Paid to

3) The Golden Rules of Accounting

Personal Accounts
Debit the Receiver, credit the giver
This principle is used in the case of personal accounts. When a person gives something to the
organization, it becomes an inflow and therefore the person must be credit in the books of
accounts. The converse of this is also true, which is why the receiver needs to be debited.
Real Accounts
Debit what comes in, credit what goes out
This principle is applied in case of real accounts. Real accounts involve machinery, land and
building etc. They have a debit balance by default. Thus when you debit what comes in, you are
adding to the existing account balance. This is exactly what needs to be done. Similarly when
you credit what goes out, you are reducing the account balance when a tangible asset goes out of
the organization.

Nominal Accounts
Debit all expenses and losses, credit all incomes and gains
This rule is applied when the account in question is a nominal account. The capital of the
company is a liability. Therefore it has a default credit balance. When you credit all incomes and
gains, you increase the capital and by debiting expenses and losses, you decrease the capital.
This is exactly what needs to be done for the system to stay in balance.

1) Salary account is a __________ account

a) Real
b) Nominal
c) Personal
2) When a person gives us cash, the persons name is _________ in our books of accounts
a) Credited
b) Debited
c) All of above
3) Loss on sale of asset is recorded as a ______ item
a) Credit
b) Debit
c) None of above

4) Asset
An asset is an economic resource. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or
controlled to produce value and that is held to have positive economic value is considered an
asset. Simply stated, assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash
(although cash itself is also considered an asset)
Assets are of two types. Current assets and fixed assets. Current assets are those that will be used
within one year. Typically this could be cash, inventory or accounts receivable. Fixed assets (non
current) are more long-term and will likely provide benefits to a company for more than one
year, such as a building, land or machinery.

1) Asset accounts have what type of balance?

a) Debit
b) Credit
c) Contra
d) All of above
2) Assets are usually reported on the balance sheet at which amount?
a) Cost
b) Market value
c) Expected selling pric
3) Cash is what type of asset
a) Current
b) Fixed
c) None

5) Liabilities
A liability is an obligation and it is reported on a company's balance sheet. A common example
of a liability is accounts payable. Accounts payable arise when a company purchases goods or
services on credit from a supplier. When the company pays the supplier, the company's accounts
payable is reduced.
Other common examples of liabilities include loans payable, bonds payable, interest payable,
wages payable, and income taxes payable. Less common liabilities are customer deposits and
deferred revenues. Deferred revenues come about when customers prepay a company for work to
be done in a future accounting period. When the company performs the work, the liability will be
reduced and the company will report the amount it earned as revenues on its income statement.
Liabilities are often viewed as claims on a company's assets. However, liabilities can also be
thought of as a source of a company's assets.
1) Which account is not a liability account?
a) Accounts Payable
b) Notes Payable

c) Accrued expenses
d) Cash
2) Liabilities have a credit balance
a) True
b) False
3) When liability decreases we have to _______ corresponding account
a) Credit
b) Debit

6) Capital
Capital can include cash or other assets introduced into a business by the owners. Generally
speaking, the term capital refers to any financial resources or assets owned by a business that
are useful in furthering development and generating income.

While it may seem that the term capital is almost the same as money, there is an important
difference between the two. Money is used for the purchase and sale of goods or services within
a company or between two companies or individuals and therefore has a more immediate
purpose.
Capital, however, also includes assets such as investments, stocks, and other assets that are more
long-term and could benefit the company in the future. Capital involves the aspects of a company
that help build and improve it, that form its base for generating revenue.

1) Which account increases equity?

a) Expenses
b) Withdrawals
c) Treasury stock
d) Revenues
2) Assets minus liabilities equals
a) Capital
b) Revenue
c) Expenses

d) Profit
3) Withdrawals _________ capital
a) Decreases
b) Increases

7) Expense
An expense is a cost that occurs as part of a company's operating activities during a specified
accounting period. A retailer will likely incur the following expenses: the cost of goods sold,
commissions earned by the sales staff, rent for the retail space, the cost of the electricity used,
advertising that took place, wages and salaries that were incurred, etc.
Expenses are often divided into two major classifications: operating and nonoperating.
Operating expenses involve a company's main activities. For example, a retailer's operating
expenses include 1) the cost of goods sold, and 2) the selling, general and administrative
(SG&A) expenses. The company may further sort these expenses by department, product line,
and so on. A retailer's nonoperating expenses pertain to its incidental activities. A common
nonoperating expense for a retailer is interest expense.

1) Under the accrual basis of accounting, expenses are reported in the accounting period
when the
a)
b)
c)
d)

Cash is paid
Expenses are due
Contracted
Agreed date

2) Revenues minus __________ equals profit

a)
b)
c)
d)

Expenses
Assets
Operating expense
Liabilities

3) Expenses appear in
a) Profit and Loss Account
b) Balance Sheet
c) Statement of Equity

8) Income
Income is The flow of cash or cash-equivalents received from work (wage or salary), capital
(interest or profit), or land (rent). There are two types of income:

Sale Revenue: Income earned in the ordinary course of business activities of the entity;

Gains: Income that does not arise from the core operations of the entity.

For instance, sale revenue of a business whose main aim is to sell biscuits is income generated
from selling biscuits. If the business sells one of its factory machines, income from the
transaction would be classified as a gain rather than sale revenue.
1) Which of these is not included as a separate item in the basic accounting equation?
a) Assets
b) Liabilities
c) Capital
d) Revenue
2) The accrual basis of accounting records revenues when they are:
a) Collected
b) Earned
c) Contracted
d) Readily Available for Sale

3) Rent and sales are forms of ________________________ income reported on the income
statement
a) Operating
b) Non-operating
c) Business
d) Recurring

9) Earnings per share

Earnings per share (EPS) is the portion of a company's profit allocated to each outstanding share
of common stock. Earnings per share serves as an indicator of a company's profitability.
Calculated as:

10)

Profit and Loss Account

A profit and loss statement (P&L) is a financial statement that summarizes the revenues, costs
and expenses incurred during a specific period of time, usually a fiscal quarter or year. These
records provide information about a company's ability or lack thereof to generate profit by
increasing revenue, reducing costs, or both.
The P&L statement is also referred to as "statement of profit and loss", "income statement,"
"statement of operations," "statement of financial results," and "income and expense statement."
The income statement, like the cash flow statement, shows changes in accounts over a set period
of time.

1) Which financial statement displays the revenues and expenses of a company for a period
of time?
a) Income Statement
b) Balance Sheet
c) Cash Flow
d) Statement of stock holders equity

2) The net profit or loss for a particular period of time is reported on the
a. Income Statement
b. Balance Sheet
c. Trial Balance
d. Statement of Changes In Owner's Equity

3) The financial position of the business on a given date is reported on the

a. Income Statement
b. Balance Sheet
c. Statement of Changes In Owner's Equity
d. Statement of Cash Flows

11) Balance sheet

A balance sheet is a financial statement that summarizes a company's assets, liabilities and
shareholders' equity at a specific point in time. These three balance sheet segments give investors
an idea as to what the company owns and owes, as well as the amount invested by shareholders.
The balance sheets gets its name from the fact that the two sides of the equation above assets
on the one side and liabilities plus shareholders' equity on the other must balance out. This is
intuitive: a company has to pay for all the things it owns (assets) by either borrowing money
(taking on liabilities) or taking it from investors (issuing shareholders' equity).

1)

Which financial statement uses the expanded accounting equation?

a. Income Statement
b. Balance Sheet
c. Cash Flow Statement
d. Statement of Stockholders Equity

2)

The balance sheet heading will specify a

a) period of time balane
b) point of time balance

3)

Which of the following is a category or element of the balance sheet?

a)

Expenses

b)

Losses

c)

Liabilities

d)

Gains

VIDEO LINKS

1. Debit

o http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/debit.asp?
ad=dirN&qo=serpSearchTopBox&qsrc=1&o=40186

2. Credit

o http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/credit.asp?
ad=dirN&qo=serpSearchTopBox&qsrc=1&o=40186

3. Eps

o http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/eps.asp?
ad=dirN&qo=serpSearchTopBox&qsrc=1&o=40186

4. Golden rules of accounting

o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n59eD-5JKCE

5. Asset

o http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/asset.asp?
ad=dirN&qo=serpSearchTopBox&qsrc=1&o=40186

6. Liability

o http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/liability.asp?
ad=dirN&qo=serpSearchTopBox&qsrc=1&o=40186

7. Capital

o http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capital.asp?
ad=dirN&qo=serpSearchTopBox&qsrc=1&o=40186

8. Expenses

o http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/expense.asp?
ad=dirN&qo=serpSearchTopBox&qsrc=1&o=40186

9. Incomes

o http://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/income.asp?
ad=dirN&qo=serpSearchTopBox&qsrc=1&o=40186

10. Profit & loss

o http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/plstatement.asp?
ad=dirN&qo=serpSearchTopBox&qsrc=1&o=40186

11. Balance sheet

o http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/balancesheet.asp?
ad=dirN&qo=serpSearchTopBox&qsrc=1&o=40186