Synchrotron radiation

When a particle with velocity v is deflected it emits

radiation : the synchrotron radiation.
Relativistic particles emits in a characteristic cone 1/
The emitted power is strongly dependent from the energy
(^4) and inversely proportional to the curvature radius
(^2)
In the accelerators particle emit in the dipoles, but also in
the insertion devices. Due to the very interesting
characteristics of the emitted radiation special periodic
magnetic systems (wigglers, ondulators) are integrated in
the storage rings (in dedicated insertion lines) to produce
high brillance photon flux.

Electron frame

1/

Lab
frame

accelera(on
Transforma(on between frames:-
tan = -1 sin (1+ cos )-1
If = 900 then = -1

accelera(on

velocity

SR Properties
We have : X = , = c/ (cyclotron frequency), C = 0 c
( )=3/23 =33/2, =/(1+2)3/2
Frequency spectrum:

()/=222/ 163|||()||+()|2

With ()||=2(1+2)/2323(),()=2(1+2)/2313()

Respectively the components for the polarization parallel and perpendicular to the orbit plane.

So :
()/=3 22/ 163(/)2(1+2)2[232()+2/1+2
132()]

parallel
perpendicular
Due to the properties of the asymptotic behavior of the Bessel function the SR is negligible for
>1. This means that
2/(1+2)3/2, 1/(/)1/3

So the radiation has a continuous spectrum up to the critical frequency, than it decrease. The
radiation for high frequency is confined in a 1/ angle. For big angles -> low frequencies.

SR Properties

INTEGRATING in d => Angular distribution

/=7 2/96 02/(1+2)5/2(1+52/7(1+2))

And INTEGRATING on the full angular range => Energy flux

()=22/90(/), ()=93/853() 0()=1

The energy flux gives the instantaneous radiated power:

=1/20()= 42/36 0 :

=4 /24/2 ~22 =8.85 105[/()3]

The critical photon energy is
c=0.665E2[GeV]B[T]

The total energy radiated in one revolution is : 0= 4/2/2 (with =1)

and for an isomagnetic ring -> 0= 4/,
average power -> =0/0= /24/ (T0=
/2= revolution period)

SR Properties

Quantistic point of view

Emitted radiation quanta with energy u=

n(u)du=I()d number of photons per unit time and emitted in the interval d @

()=93/8253()
The total number per second is:

=0()=153/8 =5/23

with = fine structure constant. The average number per revolution is:

N 2 /c= 5/3

The moments of the energy distribution are :

=1/0 ()=8/153, 2=1/02 ()=11/272,
2=3/42/(2)37/3, =55/243

We can express the distribution of the quantum fluctuation as : 2= 7/3
Seventh power!!!!

Synchrotron Cooling (heating?)

Without energy losses the 6D emittance is an invariant of
motion
But particle loose energy by synchrotron radiation. This energy
is restored in the RF cavities by a longitudinal field
In longitudinal motion higher energy particles lose more energy
than the lower energy ones. They recover energy with the same
field -> The motion is damped -> cooling
In transverse space the synchrotron radiation is emitted in a 1/
cone. Loss of transverse momentum. The energy is recovered
longitudinally -> Angle damping, position unchanged -> cooling

Longitudinal damping

In one revolution a particle (not the synchronous one) loses U(E) by SR and accelerate under the influence of
the e.m field in the RF cavity E=qV() with =arrival time /0. So the energy variation for the non
synchronous particle is:

1)()/=()()/0

Now lets expand the SR power around the synchronous energy at the first order (and URF=U0+eV):

()=0+, =/|0

Lets consider that : =/ this define the path difference of the non synchronous particle in respect
to the synchronous one. The difference in the arrival time coordinates will be:
=/=0/ . So the time derivative of t is:

2)/=/

Combining 1 and 2 we get a classical second order damped equation :

2/2+2/+2=0

with =/20 (damping term) and : =/0/ synchrotron frequency

Longitudinal damping
Remind (longitudinal motion)

2/2+2/+2=0

=/20, =/|=0 , =synchrotron radiated energy,
=/0, =momentum compaction

Damped solution: ()=c(0)

To get the parameter as a function of the accelerators parameters we have to calculate W:

(radiated energy)==/=1
/(1+/)=1
/(1+/0)

So:
1)=/=1/[/+/]0,
Taking ~E2B2

/0=2/0+2//=2/0+2///=2/0+2/0/

Substituting in (1)

/=1/[2/0+2/0/+/]0=0/0(2+1/0[2//+1/]0)


So : =/20=0/0(2+) where is the partition number


=1/0[2//+1/]0=/[2K(s)+1/2][/2]1, ()=1// (Qpole gradient)


For an isomagnetic ring: =1/2[2K(s)+1/2] and if the isomagnetic ring has separated functions magnets :

=1/2D()/=/

So for separate functions machines =/=0/0

Transverse Damping, Vertical motion

In the vertical plane the particle undergoes
Betatron oscillations. So the vertical
displacement will be =, =/
where the amplitude A is given by the
Courant Snyder invariant 2= 2+2

+2

For every turn the lost energy (SR with 1/ angle) is restored by the RF cavity (zero angle).
This change the longitudinal momentum. For the zero synchrotron amplitude particle :
/=/=/ with U -> energy lost by SR and E -> nominal energy.
Using the Amplitude definition it is possible to demonstrate that after many kicks, in average,
(averaged on all the betatron phases) the amplitude to the first order will vary as : /=

/2

So we will have that /=/20 with a damped solution / with

=/20 -> damping decrement.

Transverse Damping. Horizontal motion

Here the horizontal displacement is given by

=+, =D(s)/
=+, =D(s)/

Emitting an energy u by SR the betatron displacement will vary by:

= D(s)/,= D(s)/

Always calculating the average of the Amplitude variation we get (after
calculations):

/=0/2/[2K(s)+1/2][/2]1=0/2

Transverse Damping. Horizontal motion

1) The second term is positiveso the SR emission
amplify the betatron motion.
2) Including the RF damping term (see vertical
damping)

/=(1)0/2

so the Horizontal damping coefficient will be:

=(1)0/20

Summarizing

Three dimensions : solu(on for the amplitude

/

Aw for the dierent planes can be wriYen as:

=/2,=/2,=/2,
Where

=1,=1,=2+


-> Robinson Theorem =4, +=3


The correspondent damping (me constant will be:


=2/,=2/,=2/,

Can we go to zero emittance?

NO
Why?
Photons are stochastically emitted in a very short
time ~/c
This is much shorter than the revolution period. So
emissions are instantaneous.. In this t the particle
makes a discontinuous energy jump. Emissions are
independent so the obey the Poisson distribution.
These emissions perturb the particle orbit adding a
random noise spread, so increasing the average
oscillations.
Equilibrium is attained when the quantum
fluctuation rate equals the radiation damping

Quantum excitation
In the energy domain a particle with E in respect to the nominal
energy undergoes to synchrotron oscilla(ons with amplitude A.
If at t1 a photon with energy u is emiYed E will be
=0(0)(0)=A(0)
with 2=02+220u cos(0)

Since the emission is independent t is equally distributed in (me and in
average the oscillatory term will disappear giving:

2=202=2
So we will have:

2/=2/=2 with
=emission rate

Equilibrium energy spread

Lets add to the last equation the damping term as seen in the damping part:

2/=22/+
The stationary state solution will be

2=1/22

so for a monoenergetic emission

2=2/2=1/42
To take into account a continuous spectrum

a)

Where

=2
=0()
2=02()=2/

= mean square energy fluctuation - emission on the ring in all the spectrum

b)

c)

2=1/4

= rate of the emitted photons in all the spectrum

amplitude growth rate by photons emitted in all the spectrum

= Average

=3/23/1/21/3

2=343/4/1/21/3

(/)2=/42/1/21/3


=3/4=3.83 1013[]

For an isomagnetic ring :

(/)2=2/ yields /=0.62 106
/[]

Equilibrium emittance

Same procedure:

= D(s)/,= D(s)/+/ (<1)

The second term in the angular kick is negligible

Plugging in the Courant Snyder invariant to find the average amplitude oscillations (complex)

1) 2=(/)2 with
2) =1/(2+(1/2)2)

Considering (1) the growth rate is obtained by replacing u2 by 2 and averaging on the
accelerator circumference

=2/=1/222ds=2/2

Adding the RF damping term we always get a damped equation:

2/=22/x+ with solu(on -> 2=1/2 and 2=1/22

Taking into account 2 we finally get :


=0/25/1/2/|
|3
=2/=1/4=
/2/1/2/||3
=3/4=3.83 1013[]
This is called natural emittance. For isomagnetic
rings:

=/2/=/
(/)2

Vertical plane
y=0,y =/
2=(/)2 2
2=1/2
=2 2/2~2 2/2
~2/22
Since 2= yields 2/2=/
~/22 and using =1 we get
2~/, ~/

Coupling
Linear coupling. Coupling coefficient
Errors, solenoids, skew Qpoles
Quantum excitation and damping is
shared between the two planes
If we take into account that, since also
in the vertical plane we feel the
dispersion, += ->
=1/1+,=/1+

Application -> laser cooling (or heating?)

We insert a focalized laser to impinge on the focalized electron beam. For quasi head on
collisions energetic photons are emitted by Compton backscattering effect

1st assumption : the laser acts like an undulator with magnetic field =22/0 (Z0=(c0)-1
=377 -> free space impedance and I = laser intensity).
This emits photons with: =32/3( )2 , = classical electron radius

2nd assumption: the collision beam laser are located in a non dispersive region (without D the
beam sizes are smaller ...the minimum beam size increase the rate of production >luminosity ...next course)

3rd assumption: laser pulse length short in respect the Rayleigh length ZR (distance of
divergence). Same for the electron beam (no hourglass effect). In this way we suppose that the
collision between the laser pulse and the electron beam is represented by the crossing of two
cylinder with constant radius, neglecting the natural divergence in the IP.

We gat back to the previous method : we have to define the damping rate and the quantum
excitation. Their equilibrium will provide the equilibrium emittances and energy spread.

Damping

Consider a laser with = /

For an electron travelling in z the emitted power will be:

/=32/3( )2/!
with L= laser wavelength (from lasers !/4=2. The waist is the location with
minimum transverse sizes).

This is the electron energy loss E!!!

So we can provide the number of collisions (turn if 1 collision per turn) necessary to damp all
the beam energy

=/=1.6 105![][]/[][]

The average damping rate will be :
=1/0=1/,,/= //0

Quantum excitation

Zero dispersion region

Emission in a straight session of un undulator

Compton is a kinematical effect. The most efficient in boost the photon

energy. The photon are emitted in a Spectrum with an energy cut off
c./=1//=3 /2[12+2

2],

with =42,=/ and L = laser frequency

Kinematic -> energy angle emitted photon relationship

with = emission angle

=/1+22

Emittance

The diffusion recoil of the particle after the photon emission is

=/
Integrating on the full photon spectrum and projecting on the two planes we obtain the emittance
diffusion:
,\y=,/20()2/2/=3/10!
/! /,
With c= compton wavelength = h/mc = 2.43 10-12 [m]

So the average quantum excitation rate will be

/=3/10!
/! /, /0

The balance between the Q.Excitation and the damping rate will give :

,\y .=/=3/10!
/!,

Energy spread
In this case the quantum excitation rate
is (2)/=1/00()2
/=7/10 /0
Balancing with the damping rate:

=(/)=7/10!
/!