Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Abstract
New stator ground fault protection principle is presented in this paper, which takes into account the phase angle comparison of the thirdharmonic voltages at the generator terminals and the neutral. Analysis results show that the phase angle differential value of -third-harmonic
voltages under normal condition and fault condition will present greatly different, and this characteristic could not be influenced by the operation
conditions. Thus, it can be used to detect the generator stator ground fault, which could ensure higher sensitivity because of cancellation of
the pre-fault component. The start-up component is based on the wavelet transform (WT), its effects are also described. Experimental and
field test results demonstrate that new scheme can obtain high sensitivity and reliability the generator relay required during different operation
conditions.
2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Stator ground protection; Phase-angle differential protection; Third-harmonic voltage; Fault contribution component; Wavelet transform
1. Introduction
As the most common fault, the stator ground fault makes
a big hazard for the proper operation of unit-connected generator, so great attention is paid to it. However, the key problem that affects the protection devices used for generator stator ground fault is still how to keep high sensitivity under
different operation conditions. Especially for a huge hydrogenerator, the protection schemes will suffer low sensitivity
as the capacitance of the stator winding is large. At the same
time, the entire stator winding must be covered when protection scheme is designed against ground fault. For example,
the demanded critical-resistance at neutral for huge generators in Three-Gorges Power Station is 8 k.
0378-7796/$ see front matter 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2004.10.008
204
Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit of fault generator with only fault contribution voltage.
(1)
205
Table 1
Simulation results of third harmonic voltage phasor increments of generator in Three-Gorges Power Plant
u 3t
u 3n
|u 3t /u 3n |
arg(u 3t /u 3n )
0
0.5
1.0
0.5032 42.77
0.1508 37.435
0.5406 103.99
0.5030 42.77
0.1508 37.429
0.5416 103.95
1.0004
1.0
0.9982
0.0
0.006
0.04
100
0.5
0.75
1.0
0.1195 14.687
0.2448 68.259
0.4292 81.227
0.1195 14.680
0.2449 68.249
0.4294 81.213
1.0
0.9996
0.9995
0.007
0.01
0.014
1000
0
0.25
0.75
0.0909 104.41
0.0496 88.758
0.0557 29.4
0.0909 104.41
0.0496 88.762
0.0557 29.39
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.004
0.01
4000
0.25
0.75
1.0
0.0132 96.011
0.0148 22.152
0.0259 35.09
0.0132 96.014
0.0148 22.142
0.0259 35.08
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.003
0.01
0.01
8000
0
0.5
1.0
0.0122 112.97
0.0036 32.707
0.0131 33.8
0.0122 112.97
0.0036 32.714
0.0131 33.79
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.007
0.01
R
0
tude comparison of the third-harmonic voltages are not suggested in references [14], for they suffer the disadvantage
of low sensitivities strongly affected by generator operating
situations. However, the -third-harmonic voltages at generator neutral and terminals will vary simultaneously while
a ground fault occurring in the generator stator, even if it is
grounded with a high resistance. Based on the above analysis, the phasor quantity increments of the voltage at the
terminals (u 3t ) and the neutral (u 3n ) of a generator are
also equivalent with the ground fault. So it is important to
indicate that the phase angle of (u 3t /u 3n ) under normal
condition and fault condition would be greatly different, and
this characteristic would not be influenced by the operation
condition. This information is contained in the signal measured by the protection relay, and as a result, it can be used to
determine whether or not a stator ground fault happens in a
generator.
3. Phase-angle differential protective relaying
3.1. Phase-angle differential protective scheme
The principle of phase-angle differential protective relaying is to use only third-harmonic voltage increments, which
will present with a stator ground fault. It is important to realize that phase angle between the incremental value of the
third-harmonic voltage at the generator neutral (u 3n ) and
the terminals (u 3t ) are equivalent. But it is near 180 under unfault conditions. According to that, the corresponding
Table 2
Measured value of the third harmonic voltage phasor increments of a model generator (metal-grounded)
u 3n
u 3t
|u 3t /u 3n |
arg(u 3t /u 3n )
0.4
0.7
0.9
3.111 18.80
3.116 19.05
1.002
1.021
1.001
0.25
0.46
0.4
2.899 53.76
2.515 42.52
2.961 55.3
2.520 42.12
206
Fig. 2. Waveforms and their WT results of third-harmonic voltage at the generator terminals and neutral when the ground fault locates at = 25% with 100
resistance.
(2)
207
Fig. 3. Waveforms and their WT results of third-harmonic voltage at the generator terminals and neutral when sudden change of the field excitation current
happen on normal condition.
208
Table 3
Maximum protection resistance of new scheme
Sensitivity (k)
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.0
28.9
22.29
18.03
24.52
31.66
The relay hardware is a multi-processor system comprising a master controller and several DSP processors.
The DSP card is designed according to the low-cost principle but provides sufficient computing ability. For example, the TMS320VC33-150 floating-point DSP, which has
16M words program memory space, 34k words RAM, 75
MIPS, and 825 MOPS, will present better computation performance than TMS320F206, which has 64k words program
memory space, 4.5k words RAM, 20 MIPS, and 50 ns cycle time. But the price of TMS320VC33-150 is above three
times of TMS320F206 in China market. At the same time,
TMS320F206 has the good performance and flexibility to
meet the needs of signal processing and control applications
in protection. So it is used in this paper. The relay hardware, described in [9], is a multi-processor system comprising a master controller and one or more microprocessors
(TMS320F206). One of typical relay hardware is as shown
in Fig. 4. And a watchdog has been fitted to the master microprocessor to check its operation. The operation and performance of the proposed scheme are determined by both
hardware and software programs. According to the hardware
design, digital signal processing algorithms are used to filter the third-harmonic voltage and estimated the parameters
required for the relay.
had caught it. This situation was anticipated and indicated that
the new scheme had higher sensitivity and reliability.
5. Conclusion
A new stator ground fault protection principle based on
delta third-harmonic voltage has been introduced. Since the
fault contributed third harmonic voltage at the generator neutral and the terminals are equivalent in a stator ground fault
generator, it can be used to detect the generator stator ground
fault. According to the analysis of the characteristic of phase
angle and magnitude of the -third-harmonic voltage, the
paper proposes a new scheme only based on the phase-angle
comparison. At the same time, the WT results of the voltage
at the generator terminals and neutral, especially the modulus maxima at finer levels, provide sufficient evidence to the
ground fault initiation. Considering only fault contribution
voltages by cancellation of the pre-fault voltages, the scheme
can get higher sensitivity. On basis of that, new stator ground
fault protection scheme is developed and the practical implementation of the protection equipment is also demonstrated.
Test results from the experimental and field conditions also
proven its high sensitivity and selectivity during all operation
conditions.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to express their thanks to the financial support given by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract number 50107007. Experimental and field tests were conducted by Protection Relay
Research Group, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan and Shanghai Feizhou Automation Co. Ltd.
209
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