KIDNEY

1. Each of our kidneys contains approximately one to two million tiny functional units called
_______________.
2. Each nephron consists of the _______________ capsule, the _______________ convoluted
tubule, the loop of _______________, the _______________ convoluted tubule and the
_______________ duct.
3. Each nephron tubule is extensively surrounded by a _______________ network.
4. The blood enters the kidney through the renal _______________ and leaves through the
renal _______________.
5. The _______________ arteriole carries blood to the glomerulus while the
_______________ arteriole carries blood out of the glomerulus.
6. High blood pressure in the glomerulus, which forces the blood plasma into the Bowsons
capsule, is due to:
i.
The renal artery is _______________ and close to the aorta.
ii.
The diameter of the _______________ arteriole is smaller than the diameter of the
_______________ arteriole.

Vein
Short
Distal
Artery
Henle
Efferent
Efferent
Afferent
Afferent
Proximal
Capillary
Nephrons
Bowmans
Collecting

Pelvis
Cortex
Ureter
Kidney
Urethra
Medulla
Renal vein
Renal vein
Renal artery
Renal artery
Adrenal gland
Urinary bladder

Nephron
Renal vein
Renal artery
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Loop of Henle
Collecting duct
Bowmans capsule

Vasa recta
Renal vein
Glomerulus
Renal artery
Loop of Henle
Collecting duct
Bowmans capsule
Distal convoluted tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule

Podocytes
Glomerulus
Afferent aerteriole
Efferent arteriole
Squamous epithelial cell
Proximal convoluted tubule

Nucleus
Nucleus
Microvillus
Microvillus
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
Collecting duct
Ascending limb
Descending limb
From other nephron

URINE FORMATION
1. The three processes involved in the urine formation are _______________,
_______________ and _______________.
2. Ultrafilteration is the process in which the blood _______________ is forced out from the
glomerulus into the Bowmans capsule due to high _______________ pressure.
3. Glomerular filtrate contains _______, ________, ________and _______________ waste.
4. Reabsorption of _______________ and _________ ______ occurs at the proximal
convoluted tubule by _______________ transport.
5. Reabsorption of water occurs at the _______________ limb of theoop of Henle.
6. Secretion of _______________ ions ( ), _______________, and _______________ waste
occurs at the distal convoluted tubule.
7. Urea is excreted, while _______________, some _______________ and
_______________ ions (
) are reabsorbed at the collecting duct.
8. The composition of urine is _______________, _______________, _______________,
_______________ and _______________.

ions
Ions
Urea
Urea
Toxic
Water
Active
Water
Water
Plasma
Toxins
Sodium
Glucose
nutrients
Secretion
Hydrogen
Creatinine
Creatinine
nitrogenous
Descending
Hydrostatic
Amino acids

Podocyte
Endothelium
Basement membrane
Squamous epithelial cell

Microvillus
Endothelium
Mitochondrion
Cuboidal epithelium of
tubule wall
lumen containing
glomerular filtrate

OSMOREGULATION
1. Osmoreceptors in the _______________ constantly monitor the amount of
_______________ in the blood.
2. _______________ released by the posterior lobe of _______________ regulates the
reabsorption of the water by the kidney.
3. When the osmotic pressure in the blood increases, ADH is secreted thus increasing the
_______________ of the _______________ and the _______________ to reabsorb more
water. Consequently, less more concentrated urine is produces.
4. The reverse processes will happen when the osmotic pressure _______________.
5. _______________ is the second hormone that regulates the blood _______________ and
_______________.
6. When the blood osmotic pressure is low, the ________ _______ releases aldosterone. This
stimulates the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct to reabsorb more
_______________ ions (Na+) through _______________ transport, which in turn increases
the blood volume.
7. The most important trigger for aldosterone release in the _______________ mechanism.
8. A system which brings an imbalance back to normal by responding to a condition it
controls is called a _______________ _______________ mechanism.
9. The blood pH is maintained between _______ to ________ to
10. The relative exchange of bicarbonate (HCO3+) and hydrogen ions (H+) between the blood
and the tubules help adjust the _______________ balance of the blood.
11. When the blood pH _______________, hydrogen ions (H+) are secreted into the distal
tubule while bicarbonate ions (HCO3+) are reabsorbed, rsulting in the blood pH returning
to normal.
12. When the blood pH _______________, bicarbonate ions (HCO3+) will be removed from
the blood into the distal tubule. At the same time a few hydrogen ions move into the blood
capillary.
13. Urine pH can vary between ________ and _______ . The normal pH of the urine is
_______________.

ADH
Water
Active
Sodium
Volume
Decreases
Pituitary
Aldosterone
Permeability
Distal tubule
Hypothalamus
Concentration
Adrenal cortex
Collecting duct
Rennin-angiotensin

4.5, 6.0, 7.35,

7.45, 8.2
negative feedback
acid-base
decreases
increases

Hypothalamus
Osmoreceptor
Blood capillary
Site ADH secretion
ADH-synthesising nerve
cell
Posterior lobe of
pituitary gland

Podocyte
Glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
Afferent arteriole
Glomerular capsule
Distal convoluted tubule
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Proximal convoluted tubule

Blood vessel
Adrenal gland
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla

Capillary
Cuboidal epithelium
tubule wall
Lumen containing
glomerular filtrate