Thermodynamics I

Chapter four
Energy analysis of closed systems
MAE 3310 001

MAE 3310 001

Moving Boundary Work

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

The expansion and compression work in a piston-cylinder device

= = =

Chapter 4

MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK

Quasi-equilibrium process

ENERGY BALANCE FOR

CLOSED SYSTEMS

()

A process during which the system remains

nearly in equilibrium at all times
is positive expansion
is negative compression

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

The boundary work done

during a process depends on
the path followed as well as
the end states

The net work done during a

cycle is the difference between
the work done by the system
and the work done on the
system

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 4

MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

Moving Boundary Work

During actual expansion and compression processes of gases, pressure

and volume are often related by =
Polytropic process (npolytropic exponent)

When for ideal gas ( = )

2

1

2+1 1+1
+1

2 1
1

Isothermal process (n=1)

2
1
1

2
1

Isobaric process (n=0)

= 0

= 0 2 1

2 2 1 1
1

MAE 3310 001

Problems

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

Calculate the total work, in KJ, produced by

the isothermal process of the figure when the
system consists of 3 kg of oxygen.
(4-6)

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK

A piston-cylinder device initially contains 0.07m3 of nitrogen gas at 130 kPa

and 120. The nitrogen is now expanded polytropically to a state of 100
kPa and 100. Determine the boundary work done during this process.
(4-7)

ENERGY BALANCE FOR

CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS

A mass of 5 kg of saturated water vapor at 300 kPa is heated at constant

pressure until the temperature reaches 200 . Calculate the work done by
the steam during this process.
(4-10)

INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES

A piston-cylinder device contains 0.15 kg of air initially at 2 MPa and 350

. The air is first expanded isothermally to 500 kPa, then compressed
polytropically with a polytropic exponent of 1.2 to the initial pressure, and
finally compressed at the constant pressure to the initial state. Determine
the boundary work for each process and the net work of the cycle.
(4-24)

INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Problems

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

A piston-cylinder device initially contains 0.07m3 of nitrogen gas at 130 kPa

and 120. The nitrogen is now expanded polytropically to a state of 100
kPa and 100. Determine the boundary work done during this process.

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Problems

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

A mass of 5 kg of saturated water vapor at 300 kPa is heated at constant

pressure until the temperature reaches 200 . Calculate the work done by
the steam during this process.

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Problems

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

A piston-cylinder device contains 0.15 kg of air initially at 2 MPa and 350 .

The air is first expanded isothermally to 500 kPa, then compressed
polytropically with a polytropic exponent of 1.2 to the initial pressure, and
finally compressed at the constant pressure to the initial state. Determine
the boundary work for each process and the net work of the cycle.

MAE 3310 001

Energy Balance for Closed Systems

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

Energy balance

Energy balance in the rate form

Energy balance per unit mass

Energy balance in differential form

General form

Recommended
+ =

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

MAE 3310 001

Energy Balance for Closed Systems

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

For a constant-volume process (e.g., rigid tank)

0 2 1 = 2 1
= 2 1
For a constant-pressure process (e.g., piston-cylinder)

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

0 2 1 = 2 1
= 2 + 0 2 1 + 0 1
= 2 + 2 2 1 + 1 1
= 2 1

MAE 3310 001

Problems

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

Saturated water vapor at 200 is isothermally condensed to a saturated

liquid in a piston-cylinder device. Calculate the heat transfer and the work
done during this process, in KJ/kg.
(4-34)

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Saturated water vapor in a closed system is condensed by cooling it at

constant pressure to a saturated liquid at 40 kPa. Determine the heat
transferred and the work done during this process, in kJ/kg.
(4-37)

Refrigerant-134a at 600 kPa and 150 is contained in a spring-loaded

piston-cylinder device with an initial volume of 0.3 m3. The refrigerant is
now cooled until its temperature is -30 and its volume is 0.1 m3.
Determine the heat transferred to and the work produced by the
refrigerant during this process.
(4-43)

0.8-kg of saturated liquid R-134a with an initial temperature of -5 is

contained in a well-insulated, weighted piston-cylinder device. This device
contains an electrical resister to which 10 volts are applied causing a
current of 2 amperes to flow through the resistor. Determine the time
required for the refrigerant to be converted to a saturated vapor, and the
final temperature.
(4-45)

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Problems

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

Saturated water vapor at 200 is isothermally condensed to a saturated

liquid in a piston-cylinder device. Calculate the heat transfer and the work
done during this process, in KJ/kg.

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Problems

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

Saturated water vapor in a closed system is condensed by cooling it at

constant pressure to a saturated liquid at 40 kPa. Determine the heat
transferred and the work done during this process, in kJ/kg.

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Problems

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

Refrigerant-134a at 600 kPa and 150 is contained in a spring-loaded

piston-cylinder device with an initial volume of 0.3 m3. The refrigerant is
now cooled until its temperature is -30 and its volume is 0.1 m3.
Determine the heat transferred to and the work produced by the
refrigerant during this process.

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Problems

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

0.8-kg of saturated liquid R-134a with an initial temperature of -5 is

contained in a well-insulated, weighted piston-cylinder device. This device
contains an electrical resister to which 10 volts are applied causing a
current of 2 amperes to flow through the resistor. Determine the time
required for the refrigerant to be converted to a saturated vapor, and the
final temperature.

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

Specific Heats

the energy required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one
degree as the volume is maintained constant
The change in the internal energy of a substance per unit change in temperature at
constant volume

the energy required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one
degree as the pressure is maintained constant
The change in the enthalpy of a substance per unit change in temperature at constant
pressure
Specific heat is the
energy required to raise
the temperature of a
unit mass of a substance
by one degree in a
specified way.

INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Constant-volume and constantpressure specific heats cv and cp

(values are for helium gas).

The specific heat of a substance

changes with temperature

MAE 3310 001

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

Ideal Gases

Internal energy and enthalpy change of an ideal gas

How to determine the internal energy and enthalpy changes of ideal

gases

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS

I.

INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES

II.

INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

III.

By using the tabulated u and h data. This is the easiest and most accurate way when tables are
readily available.
By using the cv or cp relations (Table A-2c) as a function of temperature and performing the
integrations. This is very inconvenient for hand calculations but quite desirable for computerized
calculations. The results obtained are very accurate.
By using average specific heats. This is very simple and certainly very convenient when property
tables are not available. The results obtained are reasonably accurate if the temperature interval is
not very large.

Specific heat relations of ideal gases

= + = +
= +
= =

= +

For monatomic gases (helium, argon, etc.), its value is essentially constant at 1.667.
Many diatomic gases, including air, have a specific heat ratio of about 1.4 at room temperature.

MAE 3310 001

Problems

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

1-kg of oxygen is heated from 20 to 120 . Determine the amount of heat

transfer required when this is done during a (a) constant-volume process
and (b) isobaric process.
(4-63)

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK

A spring-loaded piston-cylinder device contains 1 kg of carbon dioxide. This

system is heated from 100 kPa and 25 to 1000 kPa and 300 .
Determine the total heat transfer to and work produced by this system.
(4-74)

ENERGY BALANCE FOR

CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

An ideal gas contained in a piston-cylinder device undergoes an isothermal

compression process which begins with an initial pressure and volume of
100 kPa and 0.6 m3, respectively. During the process there is a heat transfer
of 60 kJ from the ideal gas to the surroundings. Determine the volume and
pressure at the end of the process.
(4-84)

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Problems

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

1-kg of oxygen is heated from 20 to 120 . Determine the amount of heat

transfer required when this is done during a (a) constant-volume process
and (b) isobaric process.

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Problems

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

A spring-loaded piston-cylinder device contains 1 kg of carbon dioxide. This

system is heated from 100 kPa and 25 to 1000 kPa and 300 .
Determine the total heat transfer to and work produced by this system.

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Problems

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

An ideal gas contained in a piston-cylinder device undergoes an isothermal

compression process which begins with an initial pressure and volume of
100 kPa and 0.6 m3, respectively. During the process there is a heat transfer
of 60 kJ from the ideal gas to the surroundings. Determine the volume and
pressure at the end of the process.

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK

Incompressible substance: a substance whose specific volume is

constant (e.g., solids and liquids)

Internal energy changes

ENERGY BALANCE FOR

CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

Solids and Liquids

INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES

= =

= 2 1 =

2 1

*The specific volumes of incompressible

substances remain constant during a process
*The cv and cp values of incompressible
substances are identical and are denoted by c

Enthalpy changes

= +
= + + = +

= + +

INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

The enthalpy of a compressed liquid

@, @ + @ @ @,, @

MAE 3310 001

Problems

Consider a 1000-W iron whose base plate is made of 0.5-cm-thick

aluminum alloy 2024-T6 = 2770 3 = 874 . The base
plate has a surface area of 0.03 m2. Initially, the iron is in thermal
equilibrium with the ambient air at 22 . Assuming 90 percent of the heat
generated in the resistance wires is transferred to the plate, determine the
minimum time needed for the plate temperature to reach 200 .
An ordinary egg can be approximated as a 5.5-cm-diameter sphere. The
egg is initially at a uniform temperature of 8 and is dropped into boiling
water at 97 . Taking the properties of the egg to be
= 1020 3 = 3.32 , determine how much heat is
transferred to the egg by the time the average temperature of the egg rises
to 80 .
An electronic device dissipating 25 W has a mass of 20 g and a specific heat
of 850 J/kg . The device is lightly used, and it is on for 5 min and then off
for several hours, during which it cools to the ambient temperature of 25
. Determine the highest possible temperature of the device at the end of
5-min operating period. Assume the device and the heat sink to be nearly
isothermal. What would your answer be if the device were attached to a
0.5-kg aluminum heat sink? Assume the device and the heat sink to be
nearly isothermal.
(4-88)

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

(4-91)

(4-94)

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Problems

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

Consider a 1000-W iron whose base plate is made of 0.5-cm-thick

aluminum alloy 2024-T6 = 2770 3 = 874 . The base
plate has a surface area of 0.03 m2. Initially, the iron is in thermal
equilibrium with the ambient air at 22 . Assuming 90 percent of the heat
generated in the resistance wires is transferred to the plate, determine the
minimum time needed for the plate temperature to reach 200 .

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Problems

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

An ordinary egg can be approximated as a 5.5-cm-diameter sphere. The egg

is initially at a uniform temperature of 8 and is dropped into boiling
water at 97 . Taking the properties of the egg to be
= 1020 3 = 3.32 , determine how much heat is
transferred to the egg by the time the average temperature of the egg rises
to 80 .

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 4
MOVING BOUNDARY
WORK
ENERGY BALANCE FOR
CLOSED SYSTEMS

SPECIFIC HEATS
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
IDEAL GASES
INTERNAL ENERGY,
ENTHALPY, AND
SPECIFIC HEATS OF
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Problems

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

An electronic device dissipating 25 W has a mass of 20 g and a specific heat

of 850 J/kg . The device is lightly used, and it is on for 5 min and then off
for several hours, during which it cools to the ambient temperature of 25
. Determine the highest possible temperature of the device at the end of
5-min operating period. Assume the device and the heat sink to be nearly
isothermal. What would your answer be if the device were attached to a
0.5-kg aluminum heat sink? Assume the device and the heat sink to be
nearly isothermal.