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Nguyn dynasty
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The Nguyn dynasty (Vietnamese: Nh Nguyn; Hn-Nm: ,

Nguyn Dynasty

Nguyn triu) was the last ruling family of Vietnam.[1] Their rule lasted

Page information

a total of 143 years. It began in 1802 when Emperor Gia Long

Wikidata item

ascended the throne after defeating the Ty Sn dynasty and ended in

Cite this page

1945 when Bo i abdicated the throne and transferred power to the

House of Nguyn

Empire, Kingdom[a]
Protectorate of France (from 1885)

Democratic Republic of Vietnam. During the reign of Emperor Gia

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Long, the nation officially became known as Vit Nam (), but from

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the reign of emperor Minh Mng on, the nation was renamed i Nam

Printable version

(, literally "Great South"). Their rule was marked by the increasing

In other projects
Wikimedia Commons

18021945

influence of French colonialism; the nation was eventually partitioned

into three, Cochinchina became a French colony while Annam and
Tonkin became protectorates which were independent in name only.

Languages

Contents

Bn-lm-g
etina

1 Origins

Deutsch

2 Birth of the dynasty

Espaol

3 French protectorate

Franais

4 World War I

5 World War II

Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano

6 Collapse of the dynasty

7 Succession and heads of dynasty

Nederlands

8 List of Nguyn emperors

Norsk bokml

9 Lineage

Polski

10 See also

Portugus

11 Notes

12 References

13 External links

Trke

Origins

Ting Vit

[ edit ]

For more information, see Nguyn lords and Trnh lords.

Edit links

The Nguyn family had been one of the major families in Vietnamese
history, dating back to the days of the HeroEmperor L Li. Due to a
civil war and the weakness of the Later L dynasty, the Nguyn and
the Trnh (another of the major families) joined together in opposition
to the Mc. Nguyn Kim, the leader of this alliance, was assassinated
in 1545 by a servant of the Mc. Kim's son-in-law Trnh Kim, killed
the eldest son of Nguyn Kim and take over the alliance. In 1558,
Nguyn Hong, the second son of Nguyn Kim was given lordship

Flag of the Nguyn dynasty

Top: from 1802 to 1878
Bottom: from 1920 to 1945

Anthem
ng dn cung

over the southern, newly conquered

provinces of middle and the South of
Vietnam. He ruled from the city of Hu
for the rest of his life and established
the dominion of the Nguyn lords in

Vietnam in 1829 under the Nguyn dynasty

Capital

Hu

Languages

Vietnamese, French
(after 1887)

Religion

Neo-Confucianism,
Buddhism, Catholicism

Government
Emperor
18021820
19261945

Monarchy

the southern part of the country. While

the Nguyn lords, like the Trnh, paid
tribute to the L Emperor, the reality
was they ruled, not the king. Nguyn
Hang and his successors continually
expanded their territory by making
L Li's tortoise-borne
memorial stele

Kampuchea as protectorate, and by

invading Laos, Champa and many
small countries in the area. The

Nguyn lords styled themselves as "lord" (Cha in Vietnamese).

Birth of the dynasty

[ edit ]

Gia Long (first)

Bo i (last)

History
Coronation of Gia
Long
French invasion
Japanese invasion
Abdication of Bo
i

1 June 1802
1 September 1858
22 September 1940

Currency

Vn (Sapque), Tin

30 August 1945

Today part of

It was Nguyn Phc Nguyn (or Lord Si),

Nguyn Hong's son, who started the Nguyn

Vietnam
Laos
Cambodia
China

Phc family name. 200 years later, Nguyn

Phc Khot was the first ruler of the line who styled himself King ( Vng in Vietnamese), as the
Trnh lords began to do so in the North.
Gold lng (Tael)
of T c

Nguyn Phc nh finally united Vietnam for the second time in 300 years. He started a dynasty
and styled himself Emperor (Viet: Hong ) Gia Long. After Gia Long, other rulers of the
dynasty would soon run into problems with Catholic missionaries and, subsequently, the
involvement of Europeans in Indochina. The Qing Jiaqing Emperor of China refused the
Vietnamese ruler Gia Long's request to change his country's name to Nam Vit, instead the
Jiaqing Emperor changed the name instead to Vit Nam.[2]
His son Minh Mng was then faced with the L Vn Khi revolt, when native Christians and
their European clergy tried to overthrow him and install a grandson of Gia Long who had
converted to Roman Catholicism. This was only the start, as frequent revolts were launched by

Flying dragon. Phi

long (coin) of Minh
Mng, 1833

the missionaries in an attempt to Catholicize the throne and the country. Conversely [3] Minh
Mng is also noted for the creation of public lands as part of his reforms.[4]
Minh Mang enacted the final conquest of the Champa Kingdom after the centuries long Cham
Vietnamese wars. The Cham Muslim leader Katip Suma was educated in Kelantan and came
back to Champa to declare a Jihad against the Vietnamese after Emperor Minh Mang's
annexation of Champa.[5][6][7][8] The Vietnamese coercively fed lizard and pig meat to
Cham Muslims and cow meat to Cham Hindus against their will to punish them and
assimilate them to Vietnamese culture.[9]
Minh Mang sinicized ethnic minorities such as Cambodians, claimed the legacy of

The uniform of
Literature mandarin (left)
and Military mandarin
(right).

Confucianism and China's Han dynasty for Vietnam, and used the term Han people
(Hn nhn) to refer to the Vietnamese.[10][11] Minh Mang declared that "We must hope that
their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated, and that they will daily become
more infected by Han [Sino-Vietnamese] customs."[12] These policies were directed at the
Khmer and hill tribes.[13] The Nguyen lord Nguyen Phuc Chu had referred to Vietnamese
as "Han people" in 1712 when differentiating between
Vietnamese and Chams.[14] The Nguyen Lords established n
in after 1790. It was said "Hn di hu hn" (" the
Vietnamese and the barbarians must have clear borders") by
the Gia Long Emperor (Nguyn Phc nh) when differentiating

Ng Mn () is the main
gate to the imperial city of the
Nguyn Dynasty.

between Khmer and Vietnamese.[15] Minh Mang implemented

an acculturation integration policy directed at minority nonVietnamese peoples.[16] Thanh nhn or ng nhn
were used to refer to ethnic Chinese by the Vietnamese while

Vietnamese called themselves as Hn dn and Hn nhn in Vietnam during the

1800s under Nguyn rule.[17]
"Trung Quc" was used as a name for Vietnam by Emperor Gia Long in 1805.[18]

Clothes of the
mandarin during
Nguyn dynasty,
National Museum of
Vietnamese History,
H Ni.

Due to its dominance during the 19th century Vietnam regards Cambodia and Laos as vassal
tributary states. [19]

This article contains Vietnamese

text. Without proper rendering

support, you may see question marks,
boxes, or other symbols instead of ch
nm, ch Hn and ch quc ng.

The Nguyen dynasty implemented and spread Chinese style

clothing.[20][21][22][23][24][25]

Trousers have been adopted by White

H'mong.[26] The trousers replaced the traditional skirts of the females of

the White Hmong.[27] The tunics and trouser clothing of the Han Chinese
on the Ming tradition was worn by the Vietnamese. The Ao Dai was
created when tucks which were close fitting and compact were added in

History of
Vietnam

the 1920s to this Chinese style.[28] Trousers and tunics on the Chinese
pattern in 1774 were ordered by the Vo Vuong Emperor to replace the
sarong type Vietnamese clothing.[29] The Chinese clothing in the form of
trousers and tunic were mandated by the Vietnamese Nguyen
government. It was up to the 1920s in Vietnam's north area in isolated
hamlets wear skirts were worn.[30] The Chinese Ming dynasty, Tang

2879258 BC Hng Bng dynasty

28791913 BC Early Hng Bng
19121055 BC Mid-Hng Bng
1054258 BC Late Hng Bng
257179 BC Thc dynasty
207111 BC Triu dynasty

dynasty, and Han dynasty clothing was ordered to be adopted by

Vietnamese military and bureaucrats by the Nguyen Lord Nguyn Phc

111 BC40 AD 1st Chinese domination

4043 Trng Sisters

Khot (Nguyen The Tong).[31]

43544 2nd Chinese domination

In 1841 a rant on how Confucian the Vietnamese were compared to the

544602 Early L dynasty

Qing "On Distinguishing Barbarians" was written in response to the Qing

602938 3rd Chinese domination

using the sign "Vietnamese Barbarians' Hostel" for the Nguyen

939967 Ng dynasty

dynasty diplomat and ethnic Han Chinese L Vn Phc

.[2][32]

It

argued that the Qing did not subscribe to all neo-Confucianist texts from
the Ming and Song which were learned by Vietnamese.[33] A single

968980 inh dynasty

9801009 Early L dynasty
10091225 Later L dynasty
12251400 Trn dynasty

civilization which was identical was regarded to be shared by Vietnam

14001407 H dynasty

and the Qing by the Vietnamese, who viewed themselves as having an

14071427 4th Chinese domination

Emperor and their own country as a "Middle Kingdom" with the essential

14071413 Later Trn dynasty

argument that Vietnam "are Chinese, not barbarians" in his rant over the

14281788 Later L dynasty

barbarian label in

1841.[34]

Highland tribes and other non-Vietnamese

ethnicities living near or within Vietnam were referred to as "barbarian" by

15271592 Mc dynasty
15451787 Trnh lords
15581777 Nguyn lords

the Vietnamese Imperial court, anything was barbarian if it was not

17781802 Ty Sn dynasty

"Chinese" in the eyes of the Vietnamese who had copied Chinese culture

18021945 Nguyn dynasty

and governmental system and this was illustrated by the hostel

18581945 French Indochina

incident.[35]

"Hostel for the An Nam Barbarians" was written on the hostel

in Fujian when Ly Van Phuc came to China to conduct diplomacy for the
Nguyen.[36] In the essay he mentions the distinction between Yi and Hua
and mentions Zhao Tuio, Wen, Shun and Taibo.[37][38] Professors Kelley
and Woodside wrote on Vietnam's Confucianism.[39]
Emperors Minh Mng, Thiu Tr and T c, were opposed to French
involvement in the country and tried to reduce the growing Catholic
community in Vietnam at that time. The imprisonment of missionaries
who had illegally entered the country was the primary pretext for the
French to invade and occupy Indochina. Much like what had occurred in

1945 Empire of Vietnam

From 1945 Republic
19451976 North Vietnam
19551975 South Vietnam
From 1976 Unification of Vietnam
Further subjects
Champa dynasties (1921832)
Historical capitals
Prehistoric and ancient cultures
List of monarchs
Country's names
Economic history
Military history

Qing China, there were also numerous incidents involving other

v t e

(European) nations during the 19th century.

The last Nguyn Emperor to rule with complete independence was T c. After his death, there was a succession
crisis as the regent Tn Tht Thuyt orchestrated the murders of three emperors in a year. This allowed the French to
take direct control of the country and eventually gain complete control of the monarchy. All emperors since ng Khnh
were chosen by the French and had only a symbolic position.

French protectorate

[ edit ]

Further information: Cochinchina Campaign, Tonkin Campaign, Sino-French War, Trng nh, and French
Indochina
Napoleon III took the first steps to establishing a French colonial influence in Indochina. He approved the launching of a
naval expedition in 1858 to punish the Vietnamese for their mistreatment of European Catholic missionaries and force
the court to accept a French presence in the country. An important factor in his decision was the belief that France
risked becoming a second-rate power by not expanding its influence in East Asia. Also, the idea that France had a
civilizing mission was spreading. This eventually led to a full-out invasion in 1861.
By 1862 the war was over and Vietnam conceded three provinces in the south, called by the French Cochinchina,
opened three ports to French trade, allowed free passage of French warships to Kampuchea (which led to a French
protectorate over Kampuchea in 1863), allowed freedom of action for French missionaries, and gave France a large
indemnity for the cost of the war. France did not however intervene in the Christian-supported Vietnamese rebellion in
Bc B, despite the urging of missionaries, or in the subsequent slaughter of thousands of Christians after the rebellion,

suggesting that although persecution of Christians was the prompt for the
intervention, military and political reasons ultimately drove colonialism in Vietnam.
France completely conquered in 1885 the rest of Vietnam. They also promoted the
further occupation and development of the Mekong Delta region by the
Vietnamese. The Nguyn Dynasty nominally ruled the French protectorates of
Annam and Tonkin, which were, like Cochinchina, constituent territories of French
Indochina. France added new ingredients to the cultural stew of Vietnam. The

Capture of Nam nh, 1883

French added Catholicism and a writing system based upon Latin letters (see
Vietnamese alphabet). The spelling used in this transliteration of Vietnamese
surprisingly was Portuguese because the French relied upon a dictionary
compiled earlier by a Portuguese cleric.

World War I

[ edit ]

Main article: Vietnam during World War I

While seeking to maximize the use of Indochina's natural resources and
manpower to fight World War I, France cracked down on all patriotic mass
North Vietnamese(Tonkin)
kowtowing to French soldiers in 1884.
Painting in La guerre du Tonkin
(published in Paris, 1887) by L. Huard

movements in Vietnam. Indochina, mainly Vietnam, had to provide France with

70,000 soldiers and 70,000 workers, who were forcibly drafted from the villages
to serve on the French battlefront. Vietnam also contributed 184 million piasters
in the form of loans and 336,000 tons of food.

These burdens proved all the heavier as agriculture was hard hit by natural disasters
from 1914 to 1917.
Lacking a unified nationwide organization, the Vietnamese national movement, though
still vigorous, failed to take advantage of the difficulties France was experiencing as a
result of war to stage any significant uprisings. In May 1916, the sixteen-year-old
emperor, Duy Tn, escaped from his palace in order to take part in an uprising of
Vietnamese troops. The French were informed of the plan and the leaders arrested and
executed. Duy Tn was deposed and exiled to Runion Island in the Indian Ocean.
Elephant army of Nguyn
dynasty

World War II

[ edit ]

Main articles: Vietnam during World War II and Empire of Vietnam

Nationalist sentiments intensified in Vietnam, especially during
and after the First World War, but all the uprisings and tentative
efforts failed to obtain any concessions from the French
overseers. The Russian Revolution which occurred at this time
had a tremendous impact on shaping 20th century Vietnamese
history.
The sequels to the Second World War: for Vietnam, the

Flag of the
Nguyen dynasty
(180285)

explosion of World War II on 1 September 1939 was an event

as decisive as the French taking of Nng in 1858. The Axis
French army siege the Sn
Ty citadel, 16 December
1883.

power of Japan invaded Vietnam on 22 September 1940,

attempting to construct military bases to strike against the
Allies in Southeast Asia.

In 19411945, a communist resistance movement called the Viet Minh developed under the
leadership of Ho Chi Minh. From 1944 to 1945 there was a famine in northern Vietnam in

Flag of the
Nguyen dynasty
(18851890)

which over one million people starved to death. In March 1945, realizing the allied victory was
inevitable, the Japanese overthrew the French authorities in Vietnam, imprisoned their civil
servants and proclaimed Vietnam "independent" under Japanese "protection" with Bo i as
emperor.

Collapse of the dynasty

[ edit ]

Japan surrendered on 15 August, triggering a revolt by the Vietminh. After receiving a "request"
for his resignation, Bo i abdicated on 30 August and handed power over to the Vietminh.
Bo i was named "supreme counsellor" to the new government. Bo i left shortly
afterward since he did not agree with the policies of the Vietminh and went into exile in Hong
Kong. Following the return of the French in October, the French-Indochina War (194654) was
fought between France and the Vietminh.

Flag of the
dynasty, 1920 17
April 1945; also was a
flag of the Empire of
Vietnam since 11
March to 17 April
1945.

Succession and heads of dynasty

[ edit ]

Further information: State of Vietnam and State of Vietnam referendum, 1955

In 1948, the French persuaded Bo i to return as " Chief of State" (Quc Trng) of the
"State of Vietnam" (Quc Gia Vit Nam) set up by France in areas over which it had regained
control, while a bloody war with the Viet Minh under Ho Chi Minh continued. Bo i spent
much of his time during that conflict enjoying a good life either at his luxurious home in Lt
(in the Vietnamese Highlands) or in Paris, France. This came to end with the French defeat at

Emperor's flag of
the Empire of
Vietnam, from April to
August 1945

in Bin Ph in 1954.
The French negotiated with the U.S. to divide Vietnam. It was divided into North Vietnam going
to the Viet Minh and South Vietnam going to a new government. Bo i's prime minister, Ng
nh Dim, overthrew him in a 1955 referendum that, by most accounts, was flagrantly rigged.
Not only did an implausible 98 percent of voters support Diem's proposal for a republic, but the
number of votes for a republic far exceeded the number of registered voters. Diem then
assumed the position of President of the Republic of Vietnam (Vit Nam Cng Ha), once
more ending Bo i's involvement in Vietnamese affairs this time permanently.
Bo i went into exile in France, where he died in 1997 and was buried in Cimetire de

National flag of
the Empire of
Vietnam, which was a
Japanese puppet
state, 17 April 1945
30 August 1945

Passy. Crown Prince Bo Long succeeded on the death of his father Emperor Bo i as
Head of the Imperial House of Vietnam, 31 July 1997. He was in turn succeeded by his brother Bo Thng on 28 July
2007.

List of Nguyn emperors

[ edit ]

Imperial crown of Nguyn emperors

The following list is the emperors' era names, which have meaning in Chinese and Vietnamese. For example, the first
ruler's era name, Gia Long, is the combination of the old names for Saigon (Gia nh) and Hanoi (Thng Long) to show
the new unity of the country; the fourth, T c, means "Inheritance of Virtues"; the ninth, ng Khnh, means
"Collective Celebration".
Emperors of Nguyn dynasty (18021945)
Temple

Posthumous

Personal

name

name

name

Lineage Reign

Regnal

Royal

name

Tomb

Events

Khai Thin

Th T

Hong o
Lp K Thy
Thng Thn
Vn Thnh V
Tun c Long
Cng Ch Nhn
i Hiu Cao
Hong

Nguyn

Nguyn

1802

Phc

lord

20

nh

1802

20

Thin Th Vietnam's last dynasty, named the

Gia

lng

Long

unified the whole country, founder of

country as Vietnam for the first time

Th Thin
Xng Vn

Ch Hiu

Thnh

Thun c

Vn V Minh
on Sng

Nguyn
Phc

son

1820
41

Kiu

1820
41
Minh

Hiu Lng

annexed the remaining of the Champa

kingdom, renamed the country i
Nam, suppress religion

Mng

Thut i
Thnh Hu
Trch Phong
Cng Nhn
Hong

Thiu Thin

Long Vn Ch

Thin Thun

Nguyn

Hin T Hiu Khoan

Phc

son

1841
47

Minh Du on Tuyn

1841

47

Xng

Thiu

Lng

Tr

Vn Tr V
Cng Thnh
Trit Chng
Chng Hong

Th Thin

Hanh Vn Ch

Dc

Thnh t

Nguyn

Tng

Hiu Th Kin

Phc Th

son

1847
83

n Nhn

1847

83

Khim

Lng

faced the French invasion and cede

Cochinchina to France.

Khim Cung
Minh Lc Du
Vn Anh
Hong

Cung
Tng

Hu Hong

nephew

1883

Dc

An Lng

Gin

Thiu c Ch

Tng

Hiu Uyn Du
Ngh Hong

uncle

Nguyn

(son of

Phc

Thiu

Thng

Tr)

1883

1883
Hip
Ha

nephew

ThreeDay

(son of

Nguyn

older

1883

Phc

brother

84

Ho

of Hip

1883
84
Kin

Four-Month Emperor, ruled during a

Bi Lng

period of turmoil

Phc

Ha)

Nguyn

older

1884

Phc

brother

85

Minh

was dethroned after 1 year because

1884

Thonac

85

Cemetery, continued the rebellion until was

Hm

France

Nghi

Hong Lit

Nguyn

older

1885 1885

stratagem piles the West, but

captured in 1888 and forced to exile to
Algeria

Emperor

1883

Cnh

Thng Thit

Phc

Tng

Mn Hu

Bin

brother

89

89

T Lng

pro-Western

ng

Thun Hong

Khnh

cousin

Nguyn

(son of

1889

Phc

Dc

1907

Chiu

c)

Nguyn

Phc

1907
Thnh

An Lng

Thi

1889

son

1907
16

1907
16
Duy

Hong

An Lng

Tn

Closely collaborated with the French

regime and was effectively a puppet

Hong
Tng

T i Gia

cousin

Vn Thnh

Nguyn

(son of

1916

Minh Thn Tr

Phc

ng

25

Nhn Hiu

Tun

Khnh)

1916
25
Khi

political figurehead for French colonial

ng Lng

nh

Thnh Knh Di

rulers. He was very unpopular with the

Vietnamese people. The nationalist
leader Phan Chu Trinh accused him
of selling out his country to the French
and living in imperial luxury while the

M Tha Lit

people were exploited by France.

Tuyn Hong

Created the Empire of Vietnam under

Japanese occupation during World
War II, then abdicated and transferred
power to the Viet Minh in 1945, ending
the Vietnamese monarchy. Later

Nguyn

Phc

son

Thin

1926
45

removed as head of state of the State

1926

Cimetire

of Vietnam, changing it into a republic

45

de Passy,

with President Ngo Dinh Diem as head

Bo

France

of state. Bao Dai remained unpopular

amongst the Vietnamese populace as

he was considered a political puppet
for the French colonialist regime, for
lacking any form of political power, for
his cooperation with the French and for
his pro-French ideals.

1. Following the death of Emperor T c, and according to his will, this Emperor ascended to the throne on 19
July 1883. However, he was dethroned and imprisoned three days later, after being accused of deleting one
paragraph from T c's will. He had no time to announce his dynastic title (era name); hence his was named
after his residential palace as Dc c.
2. Crown Prince Bo Long succeeded on the death of his father, Emperor Bo i, as Head of the Imperial House
of Vietnam on 31 July 1997.
3. Prince Bo Thng following the death of his brother, Crown Prince Bo Long, succeeded as head of the Nguyn
dynasty on 28 July 2007.

Lineage

[ edit ]
1
Gia Long
18021819
2
Minh Mng
18201840
3

Thiu Tr
18411847

T c

Thoi Thi Vng

Kin Thi Vng

18471883

Hip Ho
1883

Dc c

ng Khnh

Hm Nghi

Kin Phc

1883

18851889

18841885

18831884

10

12

Thnh Thi

Khi nh

18891907

19161925

11

13

Duy Tn

Bo i

19071916

19261945

Note:
Years in the table are their reigning years.
See also: Family tree of Nguyn Lords
Royal house

Nguyn dynasty
Founding year: 1802
Deposition: 1945

See also

Preceded by

Dynasty of Vietnam

Ty Sn dynasty

1 June 1802 30 August 1945

Vacant
Monarchy abolished
Republic declared

[ edit ]

French Indochina
List of Vietnamese dynasties
Vietnam during World War I
Nguyn Trng T served Emperor T c

Notes

[ edit ]

a. ^ Member of the Imperial Chinese tributary system (18031885)

References

[ edit ]

1. ^ Li, Tana; Reid, Anthony (1993). Southern Vietnam under the Nguyn . Economic History of Southeast Asia Project.
Australian National University. ISBN 981-3016-69-8.
2. ^

a b

Alexander Woodside (1971). Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese

Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century

. Harvard Univ Asia Center. pp. 120. ISBN 978-0-674-93721-5.

Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Woodside1971" defined multiple times with different content
(see the help page).
3. ^ Jacob Ramsay -Mandarins and Martyrs: The Church and the Nguyn Dynasty in Early ... 2008 "This book is about the
rise of anti-Catholic violence in early nineteenth-century Vietnam under the Nguyn Dynasty, and the profound social and
political changes it created in the decades preceding French colonialism."
4. ^ Choi Byung Wook Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mng (18201841) : 2004 Page 161 "These authors
identify the creation of public land as the most important result of land measurement, and they judge that project to have
been a significant achievement of the Nguyen dynasty, writing: "Minh Mang clearly did not want southern ..."
5. ^ Jean-Franois Hubert (8 May 2012). The Art of Champa

. Parkstone International. pp. 25. ISBN 978-1-78042-964-9.

6. ^ "The Raja Praong Ritual: A Memory of the Sea in Cham- Malay Relations"
original

. Cham Unesco. Archived from the

on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.

7. ^ (Extracted from Truong Van Mon, "The Raja Praong Ritual: a Memory of the sea in Cham- Malay Relations, in Memory
And Knowledge Of The Sea In South Asia, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Monograph Sries
3, pp, 97111. International Seminar on Martime Culture and Geopolitics & Workshop on Bajau Laut Music and Dance,
Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences and the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya, 23-24/2008)
8. ^ Dharma, Po. "The Uprisings of Katip Sumat and Ja Thak Wa (18331835)"

. Cham Today. Retrieved 25 June 2015.

9. ^ Choi Byung Wook (2004). Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mng (18201841): Central Policies and Local

Response . SEAP Publications. pp. 141. ISBN 978-0-87727-138-3.

10. ^ Norman G. Owen (2005). The Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History

. University of Hawaii Press.

pp. 115. ISBN 978-0-8248-2890-5.

11. ^ Zottoli, Brian A. (2011). Reconceptualizing Southern Vietnamese Hi story from the 15th to 18th Centuries: Competition
along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambod

(PDF) (A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan). p. 14. Archived from the original

on

|archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help).

12. ^ A. Dirk Moses (1 January 2008). Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World
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