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STATEMENTS &
ASSUMPTION
TUTORIAL
By:RAHUL RITURAJ & VIVEK SINGH

2015
We work for humanity
not for money because
your happiness is our
happi ess
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Logical Reasoning

STATEMENT & ASSUMPTION

Statement: It is a formal account of certain facts, views, problems or situations expressed in
words.
Assumption: It is something which is assumed, supposed and taken for granted.

Example:a) Statement: M.S. Dhoni is a fine batsman.

Assumption: INDIA shall win this match. (A fine batsman is likely to help his team to
win the match)
b) Statement: He is working hard.
Assumption: He will be successful. (Those who work hard, they succeed)
In this section, a statement is given which is followed by assumption. We have to assess the
given statement and make logic that whether assumptions are implicit or not. Assumption is
something assumed, supposed and taken for granted.
Statement: Read the study material prepared by XYZ to get a high score in the exam.
ASSUMPTIONS:
I. Study material prepared by XYZ is of good quality.
II. Getting a high score in the exam is desirable.
ASSUMPTION

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An assumption is something which is assumed, supposed and taken for granted. When someone
says something he may not put every aspect of his idea into words. That which is left unsaid or
taken for granted is called an assumption.
IMPLICATION
Implication is something which is implied.
It is the hidden meaning of the statement. Sometimes implications are also taken as assumptions.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ASSUMPTION AND IMPLICATION
An assumption is something on which the statement is based, while implication means the
hidden of statement is something which is derived from and therefore based upon the statement.
While doing problems on statement-assumption one should read each statement very carefully
and whenever find anything pre-supposed or taken for granted, immediately notice it. Misreading
of some facts leads to incorrect answer.
So while reading one should be conscious about words because sometimes a single word's
presence or absence changes the entire meaning of a sentence.

Some informal tips i.e Tricks

Arguments are fundaments of logic

You must be Aware of well established facts
Read like a detective i.e. read facts carefully
Keep the Questions in your mind
learn to identify key words i.e. All , Always , May be, possibility
Do not make Unwarranted Assumptions

Possibility and May be type statement is implicit in most of the cases or in all cases except it is
strictly barded in main sentence
E.g. Statement -All fruits Are not Apple
conclusion - All apples are fruit is a possibilty
(No statement is not implicit as it is direlctly barded in main sentence )
Eg Statement -some fruits Are Apple
conclusion - All apples are fruit is a possibility
(yes it could be a possibilty so conclusion is implicit)

Statement - "LG the largest Selling name with largest range , Air- conditioner" An
advertisement .
Assumptions- 1-LG air conditioner is only one with wide range.
2-people will respond to advertisement
Answer -->Lg have wide range but this doesnt mean only lg has largest range so statement 1 is
not implicit. While statement 2 is implicit because its well established fact people will respond
to (read) advertisements.

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Implicit Assumptions are those which is some how inherited in main sentences. i.e it can be
inferred from Question wala sentence
You may say a built in statement which may or may not appear directly in sentence." Agar hum
conclusion ko relate kar paaye statement se to conclusion implicit ho jaata hai else wo implicit
nhi hoga
Statement - "The girl is too clever to fail in exam"
Assumptions- Very clever girl donot fail in exam.(Yes !! above statement is valid and implicit ;
as its fact a clever girl do not fail , here clever word indirectly means the one who study donot
fail)
Statement - "Go by Aeroplane to reach banglore from Mumbai Quickly" .
Assumptions- 1 - Mumbai and banglore are connected by aeroplane services - There is no other
route from banglore to Mumbai
(it is clear that assumption one is implicit in the statement and assumption two is not implicit
because we know there are many routes to reach banglore from Mumbai and its fact Quickest
route must be by aeroplane )

When assumptions Are invalid?????

Type 1 -- Assumption can be outrightly rejected because they may be contrary to given
staetment.
Statement - "use aluminium the versatile metal for packing" .- an advertisement
Assumptions- Aluiminum is only metal for packing
(Above statement is invalid because aluminium is not only metal use for packing though it is
versatile)***IMPORTANT POINT -- Only Wala conclusion most of the times implicit nhi
hota unlesss statement mein dirctly bola gya ho
Type 2 -- if conclusion gives trival meaning
Statement - "Smoking is injurious to health" .- a notice
Assumptions- Non smoking promotes Health
(Above statement is invalid because statement never says what to eat, a non smoker may be
a liquor addict
Type 3 --if conclusion is drawn from very far fetched long drawn conclusion
Statement - "Religious instruction leads to a curiosity for knowledge" so all teaching should be
done in religious spirit
Assumptions- Curious person are good person
(Above statement is invalid because inference is doesnot says curious person are always become
good person)

Statement: For under water battles only weaponry X should be used.

Assumption: Not all weaponry can function well under water.
We must remember following things while solving question of this section:-

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a) Assumptions are not guess. So, they must be for sure.

b) Assumption itself can be true but they must follow statement and then only they are
implicit.
c) Watch out for the words like only, best, strongest, all, definitely, certainly etc. These
words reduce the chances of a sentence to become a valid assumption.
For Example:Statement:- The rising inflation has brought have to middle class families so the RBI should
make some changes in monetary policies.
Assumptions:
a) Changes in monetary policies are the only option with which RBI is left.
b) Changes in monetary policies will certainly control inflation.
c) Changes in monetary policies will probably control inflation.
Assumption (c) is a valid assumption and others are not.
Watch out the adjectives used in a sentence. It denotes that particular trait of the sentence as
indicated by the adjective.
For Example:Statement:- The beauty of Manisha attracts me so much that every time when I come in Odisha, I
meet her.
Assumptions: Manisha is beautiful
The above assumption is true.
Watch out for conjunctions like hence, therefore, even before, in spite of, despite of, even after,
because, as a result of etc.
For Example:Statement:- There was a scene of panic in the Mela ground even after Delhi Police had made full
proof arrangements.
Assumptions: The arrangements of Delhi police generally avoid any panic situation. (It is a valid
assumption)
Cause and its effect make a valid assumption.
Statement: As suresh does not have desire to go to temple, he cannot be compelled to do so.
Assumptions: For going to the temple, it is necessary to have desire. (It is a valid assumption.)

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In most of the cases, if assumption X is not true, then the opposite of assumption X is True.
Please Remember following facts:1. If some gives donations he is well to-do/not poor
2. If someone appeals he is encouraging
3. If someone promises to pay he has something to pay
4. If i can solve your problem i have the authority/ guts
5. Like a rich man i may be rich or may not be
6. One of the there are many others
7. Most of the people not all
8. If something can make me happy that same thing can make others unhappy.
9. If i leave to attend a meeting i will attend the meeting
10. If i can tell you regarding your problem i have studied in detail
If there is some negative aspect of X and Y things are suggested then,
1.
2.
3.
4.

X needs improvement
Negative aspects of X are harmful
Y will embitter X.
X should follow Y even if there are some side effects.

Advertisements/ notices/ appeals are meant for some desirable effect on its targeted group. All
concerned will go through it.
If there is long-drawn conclusion from the statements, then these can be rejected as valid
assumption.
If you and me, both think same on the same topic, there are many chances that we are similar.
If there is merely restatement of the statement in the assumptionpart, it cannot be a valid
assumption. This restatement work can be done by following methods:1) Merely using different words but the meaning is the same.
2) Changing the voice and the narration and using obversion

GOLDEN RULE ON ASSUMPTION:

RULE :1) KEYWORDS
RULE :2) Existence & Non-existence of the subject
RULE :3) Notice, Appeal & Advertisement

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RULE :4) Comparison

RULE :5) Request, Order, Advice
RULES:
1) Assumption is always Indefinite & Positive.

RULE-1: KEYWORDS
Some keywords like only, each, any, but, all, always, each one, everyone, definitely, usually,
basically, every, any superlative degree, question indicating word (why, these, what), Answer
indicating words (therefore), certainly exist in the assumption that are used, then in most of the
cases the assumption is explicit.
e.g.
Statement: The recent crisis indicates that govt should make every effort to boost export.
Assumption:
a)
b)
c)
d)

Exports are the BEST solution to avoid the recent crisis. (F)
Exports are a reasonably good solution to avoid crisis. (T)
Exports are the ONLY solution to overcome the crisis. (F)
The recent crisis will probably be avoided by boosting export. (T)

Ex :
Statement : You should use computers to increase the efficiency of your office.
I. Only the use of computers can increase the efficiency of office.
II. The use of computers can increase the efficiency of the office.
Assumption II is a valid one but I is not valid.
In the statement it is suggested that computers may be used to increase the efficiency but it is not
said that only computers can increase the efficiency. It is only one of the methods by which the
efficiency can be increased.
Rule: Some words like some, to large extent, many, much, exist in the assumption that
assumption will always be IMPLICT (True).
RULE-2: EXISTENCE / NON- EXISTENCE of the subject

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If in the assumption, there is something which has been mentioned in the statement, then it is
known as existence and if it is not mentioned in statement, then it is non-existence. And most of
the time Non-existence assumption is explicit.
E.g.
Statement: Love marriage mostly ended in divorce.
Assumption:
a)
b)
c)
d)

Love marriage does take place. (T)

There are cases of divorce. (T)
Arrange marriage does take place. (F)
Arrange marriage is better than love marriage. (F) [This assumption is explicit on the
basis of rule of COMPARISON]

Rule-3 : COMPARISON
If there is kind of comparison between two state or countries, then the assumption will be
explicit (false) i.e. Comparison always wrong.
Rule-4: REQUEST/ ORDER/ ADVICE
REQUEST/ ORDER/ ADVICE is consider valid in the case of assumption. If any assumption
showing the word like suggestion, order, request that will always be IMPLICIT (True).
RuleRestatement is never implicit.
Rule-5: ADVERTISEMENT/ NOTICE/ APPEALS
Advertisement : Firms/ Comparison => Highlighted is looked for and expected by the people
Notice: a) Official Notice => Within the office {Effect of its implementation will be beneficial
for the organisation}
b) Public Notice => Government or govt. Bodies {Advice must be beneficial for the
people and its non practice harmful in some way}
Appeal: Govt. Or voluntary Organisation => The reason for issuing it exists
Any assumption that is conveying the message of advertisement , notice, appeal that assumption
will always be implicit(True).
Rule:

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Any assumption that is talking about the social welfare (positive) , govt. policies that assumption
will always be implicit(True).
Rule:
If any assumption is talking about past & future that assumption will always be explicit(False).
1) When two suggestions / events / facts, A and B are connected by the conjuction,
a) A because / as a result of B
Assumption - B leads to A
b) A therefore / hence B
Assumption - A leads to B
c) A even after / inspite of / despite B
Assumption - Usually A does not occur when B occurs.
Ex: The house was robbed inspite of the tight security in that area.
2) Whenever you come across a connotative or connotive phrases note that,
a) "It is true that" can be expressed as
i) It would be correct to say that....
ii) Even the most sceptic men would agree that......
iii) It can be claimed with reasonable degree of truth that.....
b) It is false can be expressed as
i) It is highly misleading to say that.....
ii) Nothing could be farther from the truth that....
iii) It is baseless to say that.....
2) If the statement tells about the existence of something the assumption should be that it
does exists. If it is said that something is absent, the assumption should be that it not
exists.
Statement :The increase in the improved number of educated women.
Assumption : There are educated women in the society.
4) If an adjective is attached (unconditionally) to any subject, it must be assumed that the
subject, does have the quality.
Ex. Statement : The talkative nature of Sheela attracted everybody's attention.
Valid assumption: Sheela is talkative.
5) Suppose a fact / report / observation / study / data 'A' followed by a suggested course of action
B is given. If some negative aspect of A is mentioned,The valid assumptions can be
i) A needs improvement.

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ii) The negative aspects of A are undesirable

iii) B will improve A
iv) The advantages of adopting B far outweigh the disadvantages of net adapting it.
6) Advertisements / notices / appeals
Statements in the form of an advertisement or an official notice or a notice issued in the public
interest or an appeal are often asked in the recent exams.
The following assumptions are valid in these cases.
i) An advertisement / appeal / notice does have some effect.
ii) In the case of an advertisement, that which is being highlighted is looked for and expected
by the people.
iii) In the case of a public - interest notice, it is the duty of those who issue it, to issue such
notices.
iv) In case of a public interest notice, what is being advised must be beneficial for people and its
non-practice harmful in some way.
v) In case of an appeal, the reason for issuing it exists.
vi) In case of an official notice, the effect of its implementation will be beneficial for the
organisation.
KEY POINTS:1) Statement is a part of our speech of which most of the ideas remain unexpressed.
2) Assumption is something in which the reader assume something on the basis of the
given statement.
3) If statement & assumption are not co-related then it is not implicit.
4) Assumption is always positive regarding the completion of the work favouring the
executor.
5) Request / Order / Advise is consider valid in the case of assumption.
TIPS FOR QUICK ANSWER
From the explanations given above you can find that there may be more than one valid
assumption for a statement. In almost all cases they are not mutually exclusive. So if you find
that both the assumptions are valid mark the answer 'both are implicit'. The answer choice
"Either I or II
is implicit" is to be marked only when one assumption excludes the other. This case occurs only
very rarely. So be careful before marking this choice.
In questions with more than two assumptions its combinations like I & II are implicit, II & III are
implicit, I & III are implicit etc. are given as answer choices. If you are sure that assumption III
is not implicit you can eliminate answer choices which contains III thus reducing the number of
answer choices.
Then select answer from the remaining choices.
You can keep in mind some typical examples which will help you while answering questions
in the examination.

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If the given assumption is just contrary to the given statement or if it is not connected with
the given statement then the assumption can be immediately rejected. In some cases the
assumption is a restatement of the given statement. The candidate should be careful in
evaluating this type of assumptions.
Eg Statement : Small things are beautiful.
Invalid assumptions:
I. Big things are not beautiful.
II. Big things are ugly.
III. Small things are not beautiful.
Assumption III is just the contrary of what is given in the statement. More saying of small
things are beautiful does not mean that big things are not beautiful or ugly. So assumptions I & II
are
not implicit.
Directions : In each question below is given a statement followed by two assumptions numbered
I and II. An assumption is something supposed or taken for granted. You have to consider the
statement and the following assumptions and decide which of the assumptions is implicit in the
statement.
Give answer
(1) if only assumption I is implicit;
(2) If only assumption II is implicit;
(3) If either I or II is implicit;
(4) if neither I nor II is implicit
and (5) if both I and II are implicit.
Solved Examples:
1. Statement : Read the study material preprepared by XYZ to get a high score in the exam.
Assumptions :
I Study material prepared by XYZ is of good quality.
II Getting a high score in the exams is desirable.
Ans (5). Both the assumptions are implicit in the statement. It is said in the statement that the
study material prepared by XYZ helps to get a high score, which means that the study material
by XYZ is of good quality thus assumption I is implicit.
Reading the study material is recommended to get a high score in the exam, that is getting a high
score, in the exams is desirable. Hence II is also implicit.
2. Statement : This book is invested to guide the layman to study tailoring in the absence
of a teacher.

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Assumptions :
I. A teacher of tailoring may not be available to everyone.
II. Tailoring can be learnt with the help of a book.
Ans(5). Both the assumptions are implicit.
The book is intended to teach in the absence of a teacher. From this we can enter that the absence
of teacher is a possibility, thus assumption I is valid. Since the book is intended to teach
tailoring, assumption II is also implicit.
3. Statement : Buy pure and natural pearls of company `X' - an advertisement.
Assumption :
I. Artificial pearls can be prepared.
II. People do not mind paying more for pure and natural pearls.
Ans (1). The advertisement tells that the pearls of company X is natural, this means that artificial
pearls may be available in the market. So assumption I is implicit. But the advertisement tells
nothing about the price of the pearls. So II cannot be implicit.
Now, let us solve some question sets of this section.
Options:
Given Answer
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

If only I is implicit
If only II is implicit
If either I or II is implicit
If neither I nor II is implicit
If both I & II are implicit

Q) Statement: Do not enter avoid the risk of getting infected with the ABC disease written
outside the quarantine ward no. 2 (meant only for ABC disease) of a hospital.
Assumption:
1) Disease ABC is contagious.
2) All the patients in ward no.2 suffer from disease ABC.
Explanation: ABC is a contagious disease and all patient of ward number 2 are suffering from
ABC disease, on the behalf of these assumption above condition is given. Ans. (5)
Q) Statement: Like a rich person, I gave generous donations.
Assumption: I) I am a rich person.

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II) I am not a rich person.

Sol. (C) The word like a rich person indicated that I am either a rich person or only acted like a
rich person. So, either I or II assumption is implicit.
Q) Statement: If he is intelligent, he will join the service.
I) To join the service, he must be intelligent.
II) he will join the service.
Sol. (a) The statement declares the criteria of being intelligent for joining the sense. So, I is
implicit but not II.
Q) St: Defence area, no thorough way. A notice on the main gate.
I) People are scared of defense area.
II) Passer by may read the notice and may avoid the area.
Sol/(b) Notice indicates defence areas as places to be used only by authorised person. So, passerby will avoid the area. There is no notice regarding defense area as scaring area. So, only II is
implicit.
Q) St: Ajay is small guy.
I) Ajays father height is 5 feet 6 inches.
II) Any height below 5 feet is considered to be small for males.
Sol. (d) No assumption is relevant with Ajays height.
Q) St: Always use branded cloth to look handsome.
I) People want to look handsome.
II) Only ugly people will use branded cloth.
Sol. (A) Since statement advises the method to look handsome, not the people who will use it,
only assumption I hold.
Q) St: If you want timely completion of the job, distribute all toolboxes among workers,
deputy manager tells to the manager of the site.
I) There is shortage of toolboxes in the company.
II) The interference in ones toolbox by other wrkers reduces the work output.

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Sol. (b) Since deputy manager suggests to distribute all toolboxes, it means there are sufficient
toolboxes but undistributed. So, I is not implicit. II holds because the intention of the suggestion
by DM is that.
Q) St: In spite of bad monsoon during first two months across the country, the government have
not yet declared drought in any state.
I) There is enough water feeding capacity available with government to flight the menace of
drought.
II) Government knows that in the rest period of the monsoon period, there will be good rain.
Sol. (C)
Q) St: Everyone desires to purchase I-phone: statement of a student.
I) I- phones are not need of the hour.
II) Use of I-phone by anyone improves his living standard.
Sol:(d) The student does not mention anything regarding need and utility of I - phone.
Ensure that you remember all the 10 points given below before you start attempting questions on
Statement Assumptions.
Pay attention to keywords, phrases etc. Dont generalize statements.
Understand the difference b/w Implication and assumption. Implication: Deriving
CONCLUSION from statements while ASSUMPTIONS are tacitly understood on which
the statements are based.
An important rule for ASSUMPTIONS question is that subordinate will always follow
instructions of their seniors.
Policies made by government are meant for benifitting the general public and people
participate in them
If instruction to do anything is given assume that the person knows how to do it
If Assumption is followed by 'only', 'all', 'if' etc then assumption is a false one
Advertisements are meant to be read and it is expected that people will follow it
when a Notice is issued to the general public it is assumed that it will have desirous affect
Whenever an advertisement highlights any aspect of product , this means people expect
that change
Of all the tips the most important is :More than logic use your common sense
Problems Area:
Statement: Everybody loves reading adventure stories
Assumption:

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1. Adventures stories are the only reading material.

2. No body loves Reading any other material.
Statement: . "If you want to study account join institute Y",A advice to B.
Assumption:
1. Institute Y provides good account education.
2. B listen to A advice.
Statement: The college administration has instructed all the students to stop using cell phone
within the college premises.
Assumption:
1. The student may stop using cell phone in the college premises
2. The student may continue to use cell phone in the college premises.
Statement: Read the Notice before entering the club
Assumption:
1. People are literate.
2. Club is not for blind person.
Statement: ABC is the only magazine that provides good notes on Reasoning & Mathematics.
Assumption:
1. It will have some effect on those who read .
2. People always wait for latest Notes on reasoning & Mathematics.
Statement: If you are a classical singer we have challenging job for you.
Assumption:
1. we need a classical singer
2. you are a classical singer
Statement: Like a mad man I decided to follow him.
Assumption:
1. I am a mad man.
2. I am not a mad man.

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Statement: All the workers are here by instructed to reach the factory by 8:30 am.
Assumption:
1. Some of the worker will not arrived at the factory in time.
2. Worker will follow the strict warning in the notice
Statement: You can't solve syllogism question without constructing a diagram(Venn).Difficult
question of syllogism need Venn diagram solving, A teacher tells his students.
Assumption:
1. The students are not intelligent.
2. Problem cannot be solved.
Statement: Warning: Cigarette smoking is injurious to health.
Assumption:
1. Non-Smoking promotes health.
2. Reality this warning is not necessary.
Statement: Please do not lean out of the running train.A notice in the railways compartment
Assumption:
1.
2.
3.
4.

The people are likely to pay the attention.

It is the duty of railway to issue such notice.
Leaning out of running train is dangerous.
Not leaning out of running trains ensure safety.

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