DRUG EDUCATION: Abuse and Prevention

PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG (MIND ALTERING)

Drug that influences a persons perception, emotions and behavior.
DRUG ABUSE
Use of a drug that is not allowed by ones social group (appears in the list of the dangerous or forbidden drugs)
DRUG MISUSE
Refers to the use of a drug to appoint of which use is significantly detrimental to a persons physical health and psychological
functioning in any important area of life.
DRUG DEPENDENCE
Compulsive behavior brought about by drug abuse; it can either be physical or psychological
a.
b.

Physical Dependence - occurs when the body becomes so accustomed to functioning in the presence of the drug, that it
cannot function anymore in its absence.
Psychological Dependence - reliance on the drug to achieve or maintain a particular psychological state or mood. User feels
that he cannot go on anymore without the drug.

ILLEGAL TRAFFICKING
The illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration, dispensation, manufacture, sale, trading, transportation, distribution,
importation, exportation and possession of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical.
PUSHER
Any person who sells, trades, administers, dispenses, delivers or gives away to another, on any terms whatsoever, or
distributes, dispatches in transit or transports dangerous drugs or who acts as a broker in any of such transactions.
SELL
-

Any act of giving away any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical whether for money or any
other consideration.

TRADING
Transactions involving the illegal trafficking of dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals using
electronic devices such as, but not limited to, text messages, email, mobile or landlines, two-way radios, internet, instant
messengers and chat rooms or acting as a broker in any of such transactions whether for money or any other consideration in
violation of Republic Act No. 9165.
USE
-

Any act of injecting, intravenously or intramuscularly, of consuming, either by chewing, smoking, sniffing, eating, swallowing,
drinking or otherwise introducing into the physiological system of the body, and of the dangerous drugs.

Classifications of Drugs
A. DEPRESSANTS ( DOWNERS )
- drugs that act on the nervous system promoting relaxation and sleep.
1.
-

SEDATIVES - manufactured for medical purposes to relax the central system.

Include barbiturates which are a group of drugs used in the treatment of anxiety, tension, sleeplessness and illness in which
seizures and convulsion occurs.
Large does may cause unconsciousness and death.

2.
-

TRANQUILIZERS
Prescribed to reduced anxiety and tension caused by stressful situations and emotional problems.
Include valium and Librium
Affect the way the mind and muscles work together as well as the way the mind sees things.

3.
-

ALCOHOL
Suppresses nerve impulse
Results in distorted perception, slurred speech, loss of muscular coordination, cessation or heartbeat and breathing.

4.
-

NARCOTICS
Referred to as opiates
Include opium, morphine, codeine and heroin
May result to drowsiness, euphoria, impairment of mental and physical performance, nausea, vomiting and sweating,
respiratory depression, coma and death.

B. STIMULANTS (UPPERS)
- drugs use to increase mental activity, relieve fatigue. Increase alertness and offset drowsiness.
- act on the Central Nervous System to produce excitation, alertness. wakefulness and reduce hunger.
- all these effects are short-lived since when the action of the stimulant wears out, extreme exhaustion follows
- once caught in the addictive cycle of stimulants for a certain period of time, the likelihood of a psychological breakdown is increased
and paranoid thinking and aggressive feelings become very frequent.
1. CAFFEINE

Present on coffee, tea, soft drinks, chocolate

Too much intake can result in nervousness, irritability and insomnia

2.
-

NICOTINE
Found in tobacco
Creates an increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, dilated pupils and increased salivation

3.
-

COCAINE
Most potent stimulant of natural origin (from coca leaves)
Long term use leads to physical and mental deterioration, losing weight, becoming extremely suspicious (cocaine psychosis)
and hallucinations.

4.
-

SHABU (ice, meth)

poor mans cocaine
Laboratory produced substance with the official name of Methamphetamine Hydrochloride
White, odorless crystal or crystalline powder with bitter taste
It can be injected as well as inhaled by the user

5.
-

AMPETHAMINE (speed)
Over a long period of time, a general sense of suspicious appears which can lead to a full blown paranoia
Taken in large quantity, can cause so much stimulation of the central nervous system that convulsion and death can occur
hence the phrase speed skills

6.
-

ECSTACY (e-pill)
Synthetic drug composed of methylene dioxy methamphetamine or MDMA.
Called the hug drug because of its empathogenic effects, lower inhibitions and causes feelings of will being and closeness to
others. This is why people on ecstasy like to touch each other a lot.
Causes spontaneous activity of the retina, so users often see afterimages of ghosts of things seen before, on top what they
seen in the present.
Causes synesthesia (color are heard and sound seen)
E-users report burnout symptoms (muscle pain, sluggishness, mental and physical lethargy)
Regular users have poorer short term memories and have symptoms of premature senility

C. HALLUCINOGENS (PSYCHEDELICS)
- are a group of drugs that create profound perceptual distortions and alter mood
- can produce delusions and hallucinations
- induce a state of excitation of the central nervous system, shown by changes in mood
- disorient of the senses of direction, distance and time of a person
- a person may speak of hearing colors and seeing sound
1.
-

MARIJUANA
Most common hallucinogen found in weed, cannabis
Cannabis or commonly known as "Marijuana" or "Indian Hemp" or by its any other name. Embraces every kind, class, genus,
or specie of the plant Cannabis sativa L. including, but not limited to, Cannabis americana, hashish, bhang, guaza, churrus
and ganjab, and embraces every kind, class and character of marijuana, whether dried or fresh and flowering, flowering or
fruiting tops, or any part or portion of the plant and seeds thereof, and all its geographic varieties, whether as a reefer, resin,
extract, tincture or in any form whatsoever.

Effects may consists of;

- feelings of euphoria and general well-being
- more vivid and intense sensory experiences
- increase feelings of self importance
- impairment of memory
- heavy use decreases the production of testosterone (affect sexual activity and sperm count)
- affects immunity system

2. LSD (acid)
- Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
- most powerful of the psychedelics
- may result in panic, complete personality changes, paranoia, recurrence
and accidental death
- perceptions of colors, sounds and shapes are altered so much that even
the simplest experience such as looking at the knots in the wooden tablecan seem exciting and moving
3.
-

PCP (angel dust)

Phencyclidine
causes strong hallucinations
large does may cause paranoid and destructive behavior and in some cases
users become violent toward themselves and others

4. MORNING GLORY SEEDS

- reactions are similar to those resulting from LSD heavenly blues, flying
dancers and pearly gates

D. INHALANTS
- refers to solvent (gasoline, transmission fluid, paint thinner and rugby),
aerosols ( shoeshine compounds, insecticides, spray paints) and
anesthetics (nitrous oxide, ether and chloroform)
- produce heart failure and immediate death
The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) (Filipino: Kawanihan ng Pilipinas Laban sa Droga) is the lead anti-drugs law
enforcement agency, responsible for preventing, investigating and combating any dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential
chemicals within the Philippines. The agency is tasked with the enforcement of the penal and regulatory provisions of Republic Act No.
9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.
PDEA is the implementing arm of the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB). The DDB is the policy-making and strategy-formulating body in
the planning and formulation of policies and programs on drug prevention and control. PDEA and DDB are both under the supervision
of the Office of the President.
The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 or Republic Act No. 9165 is a consolidation of Senate Bill No. 1858 and House
Bill No. 4433. It was enacted and passed by the Senate of the Philippines and House of Representatives of the Philippines on May 30,
2002 and May 29, 2002, respectively. It was signed into law by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on January 23, 2002. This Act
repealed the Republic Act No. 6425, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, as amended, and providing funds for its
implementation. Under this Act, the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) remains as the policy-making and strategy-formulating body in
planning and formulation of policies and program on drug prevention and control. It also created the Philippine Drug Enforcement
Agency (PDEA) under the Office of the President, which serves as the implementing arm of the DDB, shall be responsible for the
efficient and effective law enforcement of all the provisions on any dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals as
provided in this Act.
This table lists all PDEA Director Generals, their dates of service, and under which administration they served.
Director General
Gen. Anselmo S. Avenido Jr. (Ret. PDDG)
Gen. Dionisio R. Santiago (Ret. GEN)
Gen. Jose S. Gutierrez Jr. (Ret. PCSUPT)

Term
2002 2006
2006 2011
2011 present

Administration
Arroyo
Arroyo, Aquino III
Aquino III

Unlawful Acts and Penalties

Sec. 4. Importation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals.- .The penalty of life imprisonment to
death and a ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon
any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall import or bring into the Philippines any dangerous drug, regardless of the quantity and
purity involved, including any and all species of opium poppy or any part thereof or substances derived therefrom even for floral,
decorative and culinary purposes.
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred
thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless
authorized by law, shall import any controlled precursor and essential chemical.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Sec. shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized under this Act, shall
import or bring into the Philippines any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical through the use of a
diplomatic passport, diplomatic facilities or any other means involving his/her official status intended to facilitate the unlawful entry of the
same. In addition, the diplomatic passport shall be confiscated and canceled.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Sec. shall be imposed upon any person, who organizes, manages or acts as a "financier"
of any of the illegal activities prescribed in this Sec. .
The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand
pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who acts as a
"protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions under this Sec. .
Sec. 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled
Precursors and Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell,
trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute dispatch in transit or transport any dangerous drug, including any
and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity and purity involved, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions.
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred
thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless
authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any
controlled precursor and essential chemical, or shall act as a broker in such transactions.
If the sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution or transportation of any dangerous drug and/or controlled
precursor and essential chemical transpires within one hundred (100) meters from the school, the maximum penalty shall be imposed
in every case.
For drug pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners, couriers and messengers, or in any other capacity
directly connected to the dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemical trade, the maximum penalty shall be
imposed in every case.
If the victim of the offense is a minor or a mentally incapacitated individual, or should a dangerous drug and/or a controlled precursor
and essential chemical involved in any offense herein provided be the proximate cause of death of a victim thereof, the maximum
penalty provided for under this Sec. shall be imposed.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Sec. shall be imposed upon any person who organizes, manages or acts as a "financier"
of any of the illegal activities prescribed in this Sec. .
The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand
pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who acts as a
"protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions under this Sec.

SEC.11. Possession of Dangerous Drugs. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand
pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall
possess any dangerous drug in the following quantities, regardless of the degree of purity thereof:
(1) 10 grams or more of opium;
(2) 10 grams or more of morphine;
(3) 10 grams or more of heroin;
(4) 10 grams or more of cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride;
(5) 50 grams or more of methamphetamine hydrochloride or "shabu";
(6) 10 grams or more of marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil;
(7) 500 grams or more of marijuana; and
(8) 10 grams or more of other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDA) or "ecstasy",
paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA), trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA), lysergic acid diethylamine (LSD), gamma hydroxyamphetamine
(GHB), and those similarly designed or newly introduced drugs and their derivatives, without having any therapeutic value or if the
quantity possessed is far beyond therapeutic requirements, as determined and promulgated by the Board in accordance to Sec. 93,
Article XI of this Act.
Otherwise, if the quantity involved is less than the foregoing quantities, the penalties shall be graduated as follows:
(1) Life imprisonment and a fine ranging from Four hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000.00), if the quantity of methamphetamine hydrochloride or "shabu" is ten (10) grams or more but less than fifty (50) grams;
(2) Imprisonment of twenty (20) years and one (1) day to life imprisonment and a fine ranging from Four hundred thousand pesos
(P400,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00), if the quantities of dangerous drugs are five (5) grams or more but less
than ten (10) grams of opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride, marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil,
methamphetamine hydrochloride or "shabu", or other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to, MDMA or "ecstasy", PMA, TMA,
LSD, GHB, and those similarly designed or newly introduced drugs and their derivatives, without having any therapeutic value or if the
quantity possessed is far beyond therapeutic requirements; or three hundred (300) grams or more but less than five (hundred) 500)
grams of marijuana; and
(3) Imprisonment of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from Three hundred thousand pesos
(P300,000.00) to Four hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00), if the quantities of dangerous drugs are less than five (5) grams of
opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride, marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil, methamphetamine hydrochloride or
"shabu", or other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to, MDMA or "ecstasy", PMA, TMA, LSD, GHB, and those similarly designed
or newly introduced drugs and their derivatives, without having any therapeutic value or if the quantity possessed is far beyond
therapeutic requirements; or less than three hundred (300) grams of marijuana.

MEMORY
MEMORY process of storing and retrieving information
Process central to learning and thinking
Memory Process
ENCODING
- formation of memory;
- the act of attending to
new behavior

STORAGE
- retention of memory

RETRIEVAL
- recalling of
information

Stage Model of Memory

1. Sensory Memory registers information from the environment and exists for sight,
sound, taste, smell and touch.
Registers a large amount of information and holds it for a very short period of time.
Iconic memory refers to the sensory register for visual images. Icons in

iconic memory typically fade after about one second.

Example; remembering a scene in a movie, remembering peoples name
memory refers to the sensory register for auditory items. Echoes
in echoic memory can last up to three or four seconds.
Example; the sound of the bell, spoken words.
Individuals with eidetic imaginary commonly called photographic memory go
far beyond recognizing recently seen pictures; they have automatic
long term, detailed, and vivid images of virtually everything they have

Echoic

2. Short-term Memory - called the working or active memory

- holds only a limited amount of information, an average of 7
items for only a short period of time.
3. Long-term Memory - process of storing almost unlimited amounts of information over
a long period of time.
- depends partly on how information is encoded.
Basic Types of Memory
1. Episodic memory it is the memory for particular events (episodes) of ones own life;
what happened, when and where. Example; joining speech contest
2. Semantic memory - this is the memory that concerns the meaning of words and
concepts. Example; igloo, courage
3. Procedural memory (skill memory) - it involves how to do things.
Example; skill in solving quadratic equation
Memory Disorders
1. Amnesia - it is a disorder involving loss of memory.
Two types of amnesia
a. Retrograde amnesia - it is a loss of memory for events prior to some critical brain injury. Often, a person will be unable to
remember anything that occurred in the months, or even years before the injury. In most cases the memories return
gradually but recovery is seldom complete.
b. Anterograde amnesia - it is a loss of memory for any event that occurs after a brain injury.
c. Traumatic amnesia - memory loss caused by a hard blow to the head. People who lose their memory as the result of a car
accident may have traumatic amnesia. People with traumatic amnesia may experience a brief loss of consciousness, or
even go into a coma. In the majority of cases the amnesia is temporary - how long it lasts usually depends on how severe
the injury is. Sports scientists say that amnesia is an important indicator of concussion.
d. Prosopamnesia - the person cannot remember faces. People can either acquire prosopamnesia, or be born with it.
e. Childhood amnesia (infantile amnesia) - the patient cannot recall events from early childhood. Experts say this type of
amnesia may be associated with language development. Others say it is possible that some memory areas of the brain
were not fully mature during childhood.
2. Aphasia - it is the impairment in the ability to use or remember language. In right-handed individuals, aphasia typically results from
damage to the left hemisphere of the brain.
Types of Aphasia
a. Anomic aphasia - it is a memory disorder marked by inability to recall the name of objects.
Example; when shown a picture of a fork, an anomic aphasia cannot say fork. But the person may say something like,
you eat with it, or I have one at home. And of course the person can use a fork properly when eating.
b. Wernickes aphasia - it is a memory disorder marked by the inability to locate an item precisely in a long-term storage.
The people often substitute the class of the item for the items correct names.
Example; if you showed a picture of a chair to someone with this disorder, the person couldnt say chair at all and might
well use some made-up term like chossi instead. But the person also might substitute a name from the class of objects
like chairs and say stool rather than chair
c. Brocas aphasia - it is a memory disorder in which the person cannot recall the shape or sound of an item, even
though he may recognize the item as being familiar. Thus, the person might say tssair rather than chair. This patient
seems to have little memory of the shape of the word or the number of syllables it has.
Remembering - it is the ability to retrieve stored information and bring it into
consciousness.
Strategies for Remembering
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Recall - it is the ability to retrieve information from long-term memory with few cues.
Recognition - is a measure of memory based on the ability to select correct information among the options provided.
Relearning - is a measure of memory based on the length of time it takes to relearn forgotten material.
Chunking - is perceiving related items as larger unit or cluster. Example; a list of words such as airplane, train, bus, couch,
table, chair, guitar, trumpet - are easy to remember when chunked into the 3 categories of modes of transportation, furniture,
and musical instrument.
Rehearsal - involves some kind of process either saying the information aloud or repeating it to yourself.
Mnemonic (memory tricks) was derived from the Greek word mneme which means memory. Mnemonic devices, then are
memory aids that allow one to make better use of the cognitive capacities he has. Example; to remember to pick some ice
cream, bread and milk from grocery, just imagine a gigantic ice cream cone, soaking in milk and surrounded with slices of
bread.

Forgetting - failure to retrieve the information

Theories of Theory

1.
2.

Trace Decay Theory - assumes that learning leaves mark (trace) on the brain. With the passage of time this trace decays
when it is not rehearsed and once decay has occurred memory dies out or fades away.
Interference Theory - states that items never fade away, but what is responsible for forgetting is the confusion among
different items stored in our memory which is caused by interference.
a.
b.

3.

Proactive - occurs when an old information (learned earlier) blocks or disrupts the remembering of related new
information (learned later).
Retroactive - occurs when new information (learned later) blocks or disrupts the retrieval of related old information
(learned earlier).

Repression - a person may intentionally block memories of an embarrassing of frightening experience.