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Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation

1

Crime scene investigation

Public Record
Personalized Gifts
Investigation - an inquiry,
judicial or otherwise for the
discovery and collection of
facts concerning the matters
involved.
- it is the
process of inquiring, eliciting,
soliciting and getting vital
information, facts,
circumstances in order to
establish the truth.
Criminal Investigator - a
public safety officer who is
tasked to conduct the
investigation of all criminal
cases as provided for and
embodied under the revised
penal code, criminals laws
and special laws which are
criminal in nature.
-a
well trained, disciplined and
experienced professional in

Criminal investigation - it is the collection of facts in order to

accomplish the three fold aims:

1.
2.
3.

3 Fold Aims Of Criminal Investigation

To identify the guilty party
To locate the guilty party
To provide evidence of his guilt

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

6 Cardinal points of investigation

What specific offense was committed
How the offense was committed
Who committed it
Where the offense was committed
When it was committed
Why it was committed
Tools of an investigator in gathering facts
1. Information - data gathered by an investigator
person including the victim himself and
from:
1. public records

and other

the field of criminal

investigation.

2. private records
3. modus operandi file
2. Interview - skillful questioning of witness and
suspects.
3. Instrumentation - scientific examination of real
evidence, application of instruments and
method of physical sciences in detecting crime.

Custodial Investigation investigation conducted by

law enforcement officers after
a person has been arrested or
deprived of his freedom of
action.
Neighborhood
Investigation - one of the
most crucial steps in kidnap
for ransom cases which is
often overlooked. The
objective is to identify and
interview in person all
individuals in the area where
the victim was kidnapped or
last known sighting area
during the window of
opportunity.(last time seen
until the time discovered
missing.

Phases of investigations
1.Phase 1 - identify the suspect through:
1. confession
2. eyewitness testimony
3. circumstantial evidence
4. associate evidence
2. Phase 2 - locate and apprehend suspect.
3. Phase 3 - gather and provide evidence to
establish the guilt of the accused.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Composition/Organization of an investigation team:

Team leader
Investigator/recorder
Photographer
Evidence Custodian
Composite illustrator/Artist

Crime scene - a venue or

place where the alleged
crime/incident/event has been
Equipment of an Investigator
committed.
1.
Police line
2.
Video camera
Corpus delicti - (latin for the
3.
Voice recorder
body of the crime) - used to
describe the physical or
4.
Camera
material evidence that a
5.
Measuring device
crime has been committed.
6.
Gloves
ex. corpse of a murder victim.
7.
Flashlight
8.
Fingerprint kit
Confession - is an express
acknowledgement by the
9.
Evidence bag
accused in a criminal
10.
Evidence tag
prosecution of the truth of his
11.
Evidence bottles/vials
guilt as to the offense charge.
12.
Investigators tickler
Admission - refers to
Investigators Tickler
statement of facts not directly
constituting an
1.
Investigators checklist
acknowledgement of guilt.
2.
Anatomical diagram form
3.
Evidence Checklist
Organized criminal group 4.
Turn-over receipt
a structured group of three or
more persons existing
Standard Methods of Recording Investigative Data:
for a period of time and acting
in concert with the aim of
1.
Photographs
committing one or more
2.
Sketching crime scenes
serious crime or offenses.
3.
Written notes (what you have seen/observed)
4.
Developing and lifting fingerprints found at the crime
Organized crime - a
scene.
combination of two or more
Gathering physical evidence
persons who are engaged in a 5.
criminal or virtual criminal
6.
Plaster cast
activity on a continuing basis 7.
Tape recording of sounds
for the purpose of profit or
8.
Video tape recording of objects
power using gangland style to
9.
Written statement of objects and witnesses.
attain their purpose.

Physical evidence evidenced addressed to the

senses of the court that are
capable of being exhibited,

examined or viewed by the

court. This includes but not
limited to fingerprints, body
fluid, explosives, hazardous
chemicals, soil/burned debris,
bombs, electronic parts used
in the commission of the
crime.

2 Kinds of Information
1. Regular sources - ex. citizen, company records
2. Cultivated sources - ex. paid informant

Victimology/victim
profiling - a detailed account
of the victims lifestyle and
personality, assist in
determining the nature of the
disappearance, the risk level
of the victim and the type of
person who could have
committed the crime.
Complete information
regarding the victims physical
description, normal behavior
patterns, the family dynamics
and known friends and
acquintances should be
obtained as soon as possible.

How circumstantial Evidence Obtained

1. Motive
2. Opportunity
3. Associative Evidence

Miranda vs. Arizona Ernesto Miranda had

confessed to rape and
kidnapping, after two hour
interrogation. Because the
interrogators failed to inform
Miranda of his right to counsel
and remain silent, his
conviction was overturned.
Waterboarding - refers to
the practice of strapping a
suspect to a board with his or
her head lowered, then the
face is covered and water is
poured over it causing the
suspect to gag and
experience the sensation of
drowning.
Chinese water torture interrogation technique,
repeatedly dripping water on
the forehead of the suspect.
The goal is to drive the
suspect to near insanity
thereby obtaining a
confession.
Serial Killer - is someone
who murders 3 or more
people with "cooling off"
periods in between.
Police Blotter - is an 18" x

Interrogation or questioning witness or suspect who is

reluctant to divulge or reveal information with the goal of extracting
a confession or obtaining information while an Interview is simple
questioning of a person who cooperate with the investigator.
How the Suspect is Identified
1. Confession or Admission - is a declaration of an
accused acknowledging his guilt.
2. Eyewitness testimony
3. Circumstantial evidence

Types of Interview
1. Informal (on the scene interview) - conducted by
police/investigator at the crime scene to get
description of criminal if seen.
2. Formal - interview conducted by the investigator
assigned to the case.
Types of Formal Interview
1. Normal - for willing or cooperative witness.
2. Group/Pretext Interview - for hostile witness or
witness who refuse to cooperate.
3. Follow Up - additional interview in addition to vital
points if necessary.
Qualifications of Interviewer
1. Salesman
2. Actor
3. Psychologist
Requisites of an Interview
1. Establish rapport
2. Forcefulness of personality
3. Breadth of interest
Setting of Interview
1. Background Interview - time and place of
interview are not a consideration except for busy
person.
2. Routine Criminal Cases - interview should be
carefully planned. Busy person can be interviewed
at night, privacy is important.
3. Important Criminal Cases - should be conducted in
places other than the subjects home/office to
prevent him/her feeling confident. Investigator
should get interviewees respect.
4. Appropriate Time - General rule - (ASAP) as soon
possible while facts are fresh in the memory of
interviewees.
Methods of Crime Scene Search
1. Strip method - the area is blocked out in the form
of a rectangle. The searchers (3 person is good)
proceed slowly at the same pace along paths
parallel to one side of the rectangle.
2. Double Strip Search Method - modification of the
strip search method. The rectangle is traversed
first parallel to the base then parallel to a side.

12" logbook with hard bound

cover that contains the daily
register of all crime incident
reports, official summary of
arrests and other significant
events reported in a police
station. A separate police
blotter shall be maintained for
offenses requiring
confidentiality like violence
against women and children
and those cases involving a
child in conflict with the law to
protect their privacy pursuant
to RA 9262 (anti violence
against women and children
act of 2004) and RA 9344
( juvenile justice and welfare
act of 2006).

3. Spiral Search Method - The searchers (3 person is

good) follow each other along the path of a spiral
beginning on the outside and spiraling in towards
the center.
4. Zone Search Method - one searcher is assigned
to each subdivision of a quadrant and then each
quadrant is cut into another set of quadrants.
5. Wheel Search Method - the area is considered to
be approximately circular. The searchers gather at
the center and proceed outward along radii or
spokes. Procedure is repeated several times
depending on the size of the circle and the number
of searchers.

strip search method

double strip search method

Actus Reus - proof that a

criminal act has occurred.
Sketch - a rough drawing or
painting, often made to assist
in making a more finished
picture.

spiral search method

Types of Sketches
1. Floor plan (Birds Eye View)
2. Elevation Drawing
3. Exploded View
4. Respective Drawings
Allan Pinkerton - a Scottish
american detective who
created the Pinkerton National
Detective Agency, the first
detective agency in the
US.Pinkerton foiled a plot to
assassinate President Lincoln.
Rouges Gallery - is a police
collection of pictures or
photographs of criminals and
suspects kept for
identification purposes.A
compilation of descriptions,
methods of operation having
places and names of criminal
and their associates.
Mugshot - is a photographic
portrait taken after one is
arrested.

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wheel search method

zone search method

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