Canadian Geography 1202

2015 Final Exam Study Guide

Use this as a guide for your final exam preparations. As always, this review is a guide
only. You are still responsible for material covered in class notes, assignments, and tests.
OVERVIEW OF COURSE:
https://www.k12pl.nl.ca/curriculum/10-12/social-studies/can-geog-1202/program-overview.html
UNIT 1 Natural and Human Systems
UNIT 2 Human Population Issues in Canadian Geography
UNIT 3 Economic Issues in Canadian Geography
UNIT 4 Global Issues in Canadian Geography
REVIEW OF SYSTEMS THINKING
WHAT LACK OF SYSTEMS THINKING IS?

Systems Thinking is the belief that the different parts that make up a system can best be
understood by looking at them in relation to each other and to other systems, rather than in
isolation. SYSTEMS THINKING HELPS US UNDERSTAND HOW NATURAL AND
HUMAN SYSTEMS INTERRELATE AND INFLUENCE EACH OTHER

Page

What is Systems Thinking? (Read text page 69)

It is not infrequent when you will find people giving more importance and attention to the 'parts'
that they alone are concerned with, while not realizing that their 'part' is indeed a part of a larger
system. See cartoon below. The perils of failing to adopt a 'systems view' in this case are
obvious. The boat will sink, inevitably.

UNIT 1 NATURAL AND HUMAN SYSTEMS

TERMS

TEXT
ENCOUNTER
CANADA

Landscape
Place
Absolute location
Relative location
Latitude
Longitude
Grid
Equator
Prime Meridian

TEXT PAGES 46-57

QUESTIONS/UNDERSTANDING

Identify and describe each natural system?

Using a specific example, explain how
natural systems interact with one another?
Given a natural event, describe its impact on
all natural systems?
NATURAL SYSTEMS INTERACT WITH
ONE ANOTHER AND ARE
INTERDEPENDENT.

Natural Systems
BLAH
Biosphere
Lithosphere
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere

TEXT PAGES 58-63

HUMANS HAVE DEVELOPED SYSTEMS

TO MEET OUR NEEDS AND WANTS.

TEXT PAGES 370-381

TEXT PAGES 64-75

TEXT PAGES 76-99

SYSTEMS
THINKING HELPS
US UNDERSTAND
HOW NATURAL
AND HUMAN
SYSTEMS
INTERRELATE AND
INFLUENCE EACH
OTHER.

How does human activity influence natural

systems?
How can humans meet their needs and wants in
a sustainable way?
Identify and describe the interactions between
human and natural systems?
Identify and describe the causes and
consequences of interactions between human
and natural systems?
Explain how systems thinking may be used to
understand interactions between natural systems
and human systems?

System Thinking
Sustainable
Climate
Vegetation
Water
Soil
Ecological Footprint

Identify and describe each human system?

Page

Human Systems
CITEE
Communication
Infrastructure
Transportation
Energy
Economic

Ecozones
Natural Features (land
forms, water forms,
climate, soil,
vegetation, wildlife)
Human Features
(infrastructure)
Ecosystems
Transition Zone

TEXT PAGES 100-109

Terrestrial
Marine
Montane Cordillera
Prairie
Boreal Shield
Mixedwood Plains
Southern Arctic
Atlantic
Needs
Wants
Human activity
includes :
resource use,
settlement,
communication,
transportation and
recreation.
Stakeholders
Sustainability

TEXT PAGES 110-153

TEXT PAGES 110-153

NEGATIVE
CONSEQUENCES
SOMETIMES
RESULT FROM
HUMANENVIRONMENTAL
INTERACTION.
THEREFORE,
INDIVIDUUALS
MUST ASSUME
RESPONSIBILITY
AND WORK TO
MINIMIZE ADVERS
EFFECTS ON THE
ENVIRONMENT.

TEXT PAGES 76-88

Climate Systems
Climate Graphs
Maritime Cimate
Continental Climate

UNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS
CANADA CONTAINS MANY DIVERSE
ECOZONES.
Ecozones are multi-factor regions and can be
described in terms of natural features and
sometimes include human features.
Ecozones are a function of varied interactions
among factors such as climate, soil, vegetation
and water
Ecozones vary in terms of biodiversity; and
contain a variety of ecosystems and have
boundaries and transitional areas.
Canada contains 20 ecozones:
(15 terrestrial and 5 marine)
Which ecozone do you live?
What are the benefits and challenges of living
in each ecozone?

How do humans use resources to meet their

needs and wants?
How do ecozones influence human activity?
How does human activity affect ecozones?
How do we know the influence that human
activity has on an ecozone?
Are there examples of better of better ways for
humans to continue to meet their needs and
wants while having a smaller ecological
footprint? Explain.
Why do some individuals make more
environmentally conscientious decisions than
others? What policies should governments
enact to help create a more sustainable future?
Should individuals be held accountable for
making choices that have highly negative
environmental consequences? Explain
Know how to construct climate graphs.
Know how to interpret climate graphs.
Know the difference between climate types
What factors influence Canadas Climate?
(p.78-79)

UNIT 2 HUMAN POPULATION ISSSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY

TEXT ENCOUNTER
CANADA

Page

TERMS

Natural Change
Natural Increase
Natural Decrease
Net Migration
Actual Change (AC)
Population Pyramids
See Right

UNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS

TEXT PAGES 168-181

Demography is the numerical study of the
characteristics, trends and issues of population.
Natural Change = Births - Deaths
Natural Increase = More Births than Deaths
Natural Decrease = More Deaths than Births
Net Migration = Immigration - Emigration
AC = (Births + Immigrants) (Deaths+
Emigrants)
Expanding Population Pyramids

Very High Birth Rate = broad base

Very High Death Rate = sharp taper
Short Life Expectancy = narrow top

High Birth Rate = broad base

High Death Rate = thicker middle
Slightly longer Life Expectancy = widening
top
Stationary Population Pyramid

Low Birth Rate = narrow base

Low Death Rate = broadening top
Longer Life Expectancy = wider top
Contracting Population Pyramid

Low Birth Rate = even narrower base

Demography
Population Density
Population Change
Population
Distribution

TEXT ENCOUNTER
CANADA

Page

TERMS

Low Death Rate = broad top

Longer Life Expectancy = wider top
Population
Population Density
Population
Distribution

TEXT PAGES 156-167

TEXT PAGES 182-195

Demographic information is important

because it is used to identify trends and
issues that will affect Canadians.
Identify ways in which various human and
natural systems, such as economic,
infrastructure, transportation, biosphere,
hydrosphere and lithosphere might be affected
by changes in population?

Migration
Immigration
Emigration
Push Factors
Pull Factors

TEXT PAGES 182-195

Canadas population has increased and has

become more diverse over time. This has
had consequences for both natural and
human systems.
Why do people migrate?
Who lived in Canada at various points in its
history? What are some of the push-pull
factors related to the peopling of Canada?
What impact does increased migration have on
natural and human systems?
Canada has a complex population dynamic
that will pose challenges and opportunities
in the future.

TEXT PAGES 348-369

TEXT PAGES 208-235

What areas of Canada have the highest/lowest

populations?
What factors are most significant in
determining where people decide to live?
Is it better to live in a region with high or low
population? Why?
What are some of the positive/negative effects
of urbanization?
Urban life has both challenges and
opportunities.
Know some of the issues affecting urban areas:
Service availability (infrastructure,
communication and transportation
linkages, human resources)
Population concerns (poverty, crowding
and employment)
Environmental impact (pollution, loss
of arable land)

Land Use
Designations
Commercial
Industrial
Residential
Recreation
Transportation
Institutional

TEXT PAGES 196-207

Most Canadians live in urban centers

located mainly in Southern regions. This is
largely due to climate, employment,
resources and services.

Page

Urban area
Rural area
Census Metropolitan
Area (CMAs)
Urbanization
Urban Sprawl
Resource-based
Communities

Quality of life (green spaces, crime,

standard of living)
If you were a city planner, how could the issues
listed above be improved?
Life in rural areas has a variety of
challenges and opportunities.
Know some of the issues affecting rural areas:
Service availability (maintaining
infrastructure, and providing medical
services)
Population concerns (declining Tax
base)
Environmental impact (impact of
resource activities)
Quality of life (pace of life)
Is it better to live in an urban center or a rural
center? Why?
UNIT 3 ECONOMIC ISSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY

Renewable Resource
Nonrenewable
Resource
Flow Resource
GDP
Stakeholders
Sustainable

UNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS

TEXT PAGES 351-363

Economic geography is important because it

helps make better decisions around the
production, distribution, and consumption of
goods, and services that fulfill peoples needs
and wants.

TEXT PAGES 236-249

Economics is the study of how individuals and

societies use their limited resources to meet
their unlimited needs and wants.
Our unlimited wants out weigh the resources
available which make all levels of society make
decisions.
What are examples of economic activities in
your community?

TEXT PAGES 250-311

TEXT PAGES 312-327

Because of our dependence on natural

resources it is important that we use these
resources in a way that meets our current
needs without jeopardizing the future.
Which resources (agriculture, fishery,
forestry, mining and water) are most
important for each territory and province?
Why?
How would Canadian society be different if
we no longer had either/or agriculture,
fishery, forestry, mining and water?

Economy
Trade
Imports
Exports
Balance of Trade
(Imports Exports)
Economic
Diversification
Primary Sector
Secondary Sector
Tertiary Sector
Quaternary Sector

TEXT ENCOUNTER
CANADA

Page

TERMS

Management System

Should the wealth generated by a resource in

one region be shared with other regions?
What values should be used to guide the
development/use of resources?
How can systems thinking be used to
understand and improve our way of living on
planet Earth?

UNIT 4 GLOBAL ISSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY

TERMS
Globalization

TEXT ENCOUNTER
CANADA

UNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS

TEXT PAGES 382-395

What are the causes of globalization? (Cheap

transportation and communication costs).

Global Village
How does globalization affect Canada?
Human Development
Index (HDI) - life
expectancy
(longevity), literacy
rates (knowledge),
Standard of Living
(GDP).

There are both positive and negative

consequences to globalization.
One benefit is that Canadian consumers
enjoy lower priced goods and Canadian
businesses are able to increase profits.
One negative consequence is Canadian jobs
have been lost as manufacturers have moved
operations to countries with lower labour
costs.

Developed World
Developing World

Do the benefits of globalization outweigh the

negative consequences? Why?

Newly Industrialized
Countries
UNESCO

How does quality of life in Canada compare to

other countries?

World Heritage Sites

How do Canadas labour costs differ globally?

Global Issues

How has globalization affected people living in

developing/ developed countries?

Child Labour
Climate change
Poverty
World Hunger
Free Trade

How significant is Canadas contribution to the

global village?

Human Rights

What does UNESCO Stand for? What does it

represent globally?

Multiplier Effect

Why should we be concerned about global

issues?
How does tourism benefit the economy?
Tourism

TEXT PAGES 396-417

Canada makes significant contributions to

Page

Is Canada making a meaningful contribution to

the global village? How?

Is globalization exploiting less developed

countries?

the global village.

NAFTA
Tariff
Trading Partners

Why has tourism become such an important

aspect of the Canadian economy?
Where do Canadas imports come from and
where do our exports go?

Imports
The U.S. Canadas biggest trading partner.
Exports
FRIENDS Page 403
Free Trade
Fair Trade

Why is NAFTA significant?

What are some challenges associated with
NAFTA?

Peace Keeping
Humanitarian Relief

Do developed countries, such as Canada, have

an obligation to assist developing countries?
What is Canadas future in the global village?

United Nations (UN)

Canada Makes a difference (p412)

Identify some Canadian values that are
represented in this section of text.

Who are some examples of Canadians serving

and protecting the Global Community? (p. 414)

Page

CIDA Canadian
International
Development Agency

Canadas Reasons for trading goods and

services (p.406-407).