SHAFTS AND SHAFT

COMPONENTS
SESSION I
1
2
3
4

Introduction to Shaft Design

Geometric Layout
Strengths and Stresses
Deflection Considerations

SHAFTS AND SHAFT

COMPONENTS
SESSION I
1
2
3
4

Introduction to Shaft Design

Geometric Layout
Strengths and Stresses
Deflection Considerations

Questions to ask

What is a shaft?
For what will we use the shaft for?
What will we attach? How?
Could the shaft handle the stresses?

INTRODUCTION TO SHAFT DESIGN

Material selection
Geometric layout
Strengths and stresses

1 starting point

2 local geometry

Static
Variable

Deflection considerations

Bending deflection
Torsional deflection
Slopes at bearings and elements
Shear deflection of short shafts

3 global geometry

Vibrations

Design

Whats next after this

design?

SHAFTS AND SHAFT

COMPONENTS
SESSION I
1
2
3
4

Introduction to Shaft Design

Geometric Layout
Strengths and Stresses
Deflection Considerations

GEOMETRIC LAYOUT
Requirements

Configurations

Concerns: (1) axial layout, (2) axial loads, (3) torque transfer

GEOMETRIC LAYOUT
Axial Layout
Guidelines:
axial layout = f(component layout)

As much as possible, components are between bearings

Pulleys and sprockets are often mounted outboard
Cantilever length should be kept short
Two bearings are usually satisfactory
For long shafts and/or many-component shafts, more than
two bearings are necessary but alignment is sensitive
Shafts should be as short as possible
Axial space is desirable: for lubrication and disassembly
Components should be placed near bearings
Axial location must be secure unless otherwise required
Shaft shoulders can provide axial location of components

GEOMETRIC LAYOUT
Requirements

Configurations

Concerns: (1) axial layout, (2) axial loads, (3) torque transfer

GEOMETRIC LAYOUT
Axial Loads
Guidelines:

For transmission of loads to the shaft, shoulders are

needed.
If axial loads are low, shoulders can be:
Retaining rings in grooves
Sleeves between components
Clamp-on collars
If axial loads are very low, shoulders can be omitted. In this
case, press fits, pins, or collars with setscrews, can maintain
axial location.
Usually, only one bearing should carry the axial load, to
allow greater tolerances on shaft length dimensions. This is
particularly important for long and multi-component shafts.

GEOMETRIC LAYOUT
Requirements

Configurations

Concerns: (1) axial layout, (2) axial loads, (3) torque transfer

GEOMETRIC LAYOUT
Torque Transfer
Guidelines:

Torque transfer requires appropriate machine elements:

splines, keys, pins, setscrews, P&S fits
These elements are designed to fail before the shaft!
For mid-to-high levels of torque: keys are usually used
(Dis)assembly is easy because of its slip fit
Keys provide angular orientation: useful in some cases
For high levels of torque: splines are usually used
They can be used for high degree of slip fit (for axial motion)
All the rest are used for low levels of torque
Early in the design process, these elements should be
selected appropriately for the ease of undertaking
subsequent design analyses

GEOMETRIC LAYOUT
Requirements

Configurations

Concerns: (1) axial layout, (2) axial loads, (3) torque transfer

GEOMETRIC LAYOUT
Assembly and Disassembly*
Guidelines:

Largest useful diameter is at the center of the shaft

The gearbox itself must position the shaft into its bearings
and the bearings into the frame, this is accomplished by
providing access at one end
For press-fitting, it should not be down a long length of the
shaft: this needs extra diameter change
For disassembly, considerations are needed for:
Accessibility of retaining rings
Space for bearing pullers
Openings in the housing for press fitting

GEOMETRIC LAYOUT
Requirements

Configurations

Concerns: (1) axial layout, (2) axial loads, (3) torque transfer

SHAFTS AND SHAFT

COMPONENTS
SESSION I
1
2
3
4

Introduction to Shaft Design

Geometric Layout
Strengths and Stresses
Deflection Considerations

SHAFTS AND SHAFT

COMPONENTS
SESSION I
1
2
3
4

Introduction to Shaft Design

Geometric Layout
Strengths and Stresses
Deflection Considerations

STRENGTHS AND STRESSES

Critical Locations
Outer surfaces
Locations of large bending moment
Where torques are present
Where stress concentrations exist

Axial stresses are neglected unless they are deliberately

applied. If they only came from helical gears and tapered
cylindrical bearings, they are negligibly small compared to
bending and torsion.

STRENGTHS AND STRESSES

Since shafts are usually solid and round:

von Mises stresses for combined loading:

STRENGTHS AND STRESSES

For the DE-modified Goodman criterion:

For design purposes where d is unknown:

Similar equations are provided in the book for other fatigue failure criteria.

STRENGTHS AND STRESSES

For testing failure against yielding (Langer):
where

Stress Concentrations

STRENGTHS AND STRESSES

Stress Concentrations

STRENGTHS AND STRESSES

STRENGTHS AND STRESSES

STRENGTHS AND STRESSES

STRENGTHS AND STRESSES

STRENGTHS AND STRESSES

STRENGTHS AND STRESSES

STRENGTHS AND STRESSES

STRENGTHS AND STRESSES

STRENGTHS AND STRESSES

STRENGTHS AND STRESSES

SHAFTS AND SHAFT

COMPONENTS
SESSION I
1
2
3
4

Introduction to Shaft Design

Geometric Layout
Strengths and Stresses
Deflection Considerations

SHAFTS AND SHAFT

COMPONENTS
SESSION I
1
2
3
4

Introduction to Shaft Design

Geometric Layout
Strengths and Stresses
Deflection Considerations

DEFLECTION CONSIDERATIONS
deflection = f(stiffness, geometry)
stiffness = modulus of elasticity
modulus of elasticity of steels is fairly constant.

deflection f(geometry)
Process:

Design according to stresses and reasonable estimates

Perform deflection analysis
Check linear and angular deflections and slopes at:

Shaft components
Shaft supports

Balance strength and deflection considerations

Do not include fillets, grooves, and keyways and just use
the gross geometric dimensions

DEFLECTION CONSIDERATIONS

For unsatisfactory sections:

What if both y and dy/dx are unsatisfactory?

Determine the limiting condition (y or dy/dx)

DEFLECTION CONSIDERATIONS

DEFLECTION CONSIDERATIONS

DEFLECTION CONSIDERATIONS