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Abstract
The Attepe district consists of Precambrian, LowerMiddle Cambrian, Upper CambrianLower Ordovician and
Mesozoic formations. It contains several iron deposits and occurrences. Three types of iron-mineralizations can be
distinguished in the area; (i) Sedimentary Fe-sulde in Precambrian bituminous metapelitic rocks, and Fe-oxides in
Precambrian metasandstones (SISO), (ii) vein-type Fe-carbonate and oxides composed of mainly siderite, ankerite and
hematite including barite in LowerMiddle Cambrian metacarbonates of the Caltepe Formation (HICO), (iii) karstic
Fe-oxides and hydroxides essentially in the LowerMiddle Cambrian metacarbonates and the unweathered Fecarbonates (KIO). The latter type is more widespread and located at the upper parts of the most important mineable
iron deposits like Attepe deposit.
Oxygen-, carbon-, sulfur- and strontium-isotope studies have been performed on siderites and barites in the veintype ores, and on calcites in the recrystallized Caltepe Limestones to investigate the sources and formation mechanism
of primary ore-forming constituents. The d13C values of siderites and calcites in limestones of the Caltepe Formation
range from 10.10% to 8.20%, and from 0.8% to 2.30%. Both carbonate minerals show d18O values between
17.5018.30% and 16.2023.00%, respectively. The d13C and d18O isotopic variations do not indicate any direct or
linear relations between siderites and limestones. However, it is possible that the carbon and oxygen isotopic
compositions of carbonate minerals could be changed to some extent, when limestones were subjected to hydrothermal
processes or thermal alterations during metamorphism.
The isotopic values of barites display 32.4038.30% for d34S and 12.2014.70% for d18O. The strontium isotope
ratios (0.7171690.718601) of barites and the sulfur isotope compositions of barites and pyrites suggest that there are
no direct linkages of ore-forming compounds neither with a magmatic source nor with sedimentary pyrite formations
in the Precambrian bituminous shales of the Attepe formation.
According to the eld observations and the stable isotope data, siderites and ankerites should be formed by
interaction between iron-rich hydrothermal uids and Caltepe limestones, whereas isotope ratios of barites indicate
that they were formed by mixing of sulfur-rich meteoric waters and deeply circulated hydrothermal solutions.
r 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Attepe iron deposits; Barite; Siderite; Carbonate host rocks; C, O, S and Sr isotopes; Turkey
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1. Introduction
The Attepe mining district located in the west of the
Eastern Taurus Belt comprises the most important
iron deposits and mines in the KayseriAdana Region
(Fig. 1).
Archaelogic data indicate that historical usage of
the iron in Anatolia went back to 2500 BC, covering
the Hittite, Lydia, Roman, Byzantinian and nally
Ottoman civilization periods (Kutlay, 1971; Cihnioglu
et al., 1994). In the Attepe Region, a few ancient
mining remnants were also found by geologists and
mine workmen, but the major iron production in the
Attepe district was initiated in the late 1970s, especially
between 1977 and 2005, about 30 million tons of ore,
with grades of 4058% Fe, has been mined. This
corresponds to about 30% of the total Turkish iron
Fig. 1. Simplied geological map of the Attepe mining district; locations of the iron deposits and occurrence (after Kupeli, 1991).
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3. Isotope geochemistry
3.1. Sampling and analytical techniques
A total of 51 samples representing barite, siderite,
ankerite, pyrite in ore bodies, and calcite minerals in the
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3.2. Results
3.2.1. C- and O-isotope results of carbonates
Oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of the
Caltepe limestone, siderite and ankerite samples are
listed in Table 1 and plotted in Fig. 2. The siderite
samples have d13C isotopic values varying between
10.10% and 8.20% (with an average of 8.80%),
whereas limestone samples have d13C values ranging
from 0.80% to 2.30% (with an average of 0.56%). The
mean values of the d13C of carbonate minerals from the
Attepe Region points to a lightmoderate composition
for siderites and to a moderate composition for calcites.
The d18O values of the limestone and siderite samples
from the Attepe iron district vary from 16.20% to 23%
with a mean value of 19.10%, and from 17.50% to
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Table 1. Carbon and oxygen isotope results of the Caltepe limestone, siderite, ankerite and whole rock samples from the Attepe
iron district
Sample
Whole
rock
Location
d13C%
(PDB)
Mineral
Location
d13C%
(PDB)
d18O% (VSMOW)
ATPY-1
ATPY-2
EDY-1
EDY-2
UY-1
MDY-1
DY-1
K1.Y2
K1.Y3
MDY-2
MDY-3
ATPY6
ATPY7
Mean
ATPY-4
1
1
7
7
5
8
3
2
2
8
8
1
1
20.20
18.70
18.80
19.10
20.30
23
16.18
17.90
20.50
17.70
16.90
16.80
21.90
19.08
14.60
AUS-1
AUS-2
AS-1
AS-2
AS-3
AS-4
AS-6
AS-8
AS-11
DS-1
DS-2
DS-3
DS-4
KS-1
Mean
Siderite
Siderite
Siderite
Siderite
Siderite
Siderite
Siderite
Siderite
Siderite
Siderite
Siderite
Siderite
Siderite
Siderite
n 14
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
2
0.60
0.80
0.90
0.60
1.20
2.30
1.10
0.60
1.80
0.30
1.66
0.70
0.80
0.56
15.90
9.70
10.10
8.80
8.70
8.70
8.90
8.40
8.90
8.20
8.60
8.50
8.50
8.70
8.30
8.80
17.60
17.50
17.90
18
17.90
18
18.30
18
18
18.30
18.20
18.20
18.30
18.30
18.04
ATPY3
Limestone
Limestone
Limestone
Limestone
Limestone
Limestone
Limestone
Limestone
Limestone
Limestone
Limestone
Limestone
Limestone
n 13
Graphitic
schist
Phyllite
13.30
13.50
KA-1
8.10
23.40
ATPY5
Phyllite
14
14.60
KA-2
6.80
22.84
KAY5
Schist
13.30
14.60
Mean
Sideritic
ankerite
Sideritic
ankerite
n2
7.45
23.12
1: Attepe iron deposit; 2: Kzl iron deposit; 3: Degirmendere iron deposit; 5: Uyuzpnar iron deposits; 6: Kartalkaya iron deposit; 7: Elmadag iron
deposit; 8: Magaradere iron deposit.
Fig. 2. Plot of the carbon and oxygen isotope results of the siderites from the Attepe iron district.
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3.3. Discussion
3.3.1. Signicance of the C- and O-isotope results of
carbonates
The carbonates of magmatic-hydrothermal origin
were believed to have d13C values around 5% to
Sulfur and oxygen isotope compositions of the barite and pyrite samples from the Attepe iron district
Samples
Mineral
Locations
d34S (CDT)
d18O (SMOW)
87
B2
B3
B5
B10
B15
KB1
KB2
EB5
EB9
EB12
EB13
KAB1
KAB2
KAB5
UB2
DB1
Barite
Barite
Barite
Barite
Barite
Barite
Barite
Barite
Barite
Barite
Barite
Barite
Barite
Barite
Barite
Barite
T
T
T
T
T
2
2
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
5
3
32.40
34.70
34.80
34.30
34.80
35.50
36.60
35.90
36.20
37.80
38.30
34.60
35.70
34.50
36.60
35.30
13.70
13.60
14.10
13.50
13.40
13.70
13.70
14.70
13.30
13.20
13.20
12.20
12.80
12.70
12.90
13.20
0.718601713
0.718216713
0.718241713
0.717169712
0.718550710
0.718371712
Mean
n 16
35.50
13.37
ATP1
ATP2
Pyrite
Pyrite
23
22.30
Mean
n2
1
1
Sr/86Sr
22.65
T: Magaradere iron occurrence; 2: Kzl iron deposit; 7: Elmadag iron deposit; 6: Kartalkaya iron deposit; 5: Uyuzpnar iron deposit; 3:
Degirmendere iron deposit; 1: Attepe iron deposit.
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Fig. 3. Plot of the oxygen and sulfur isotope values of the barite samples from the Attepe iron district on a d18O versus d34S
diagram, (B: Magaradere iron occurrence; EB: Elmadag iron deposit; KAB: Kartalkaya iron deposit; KB: Kzl iron deposit; UB:
Uyuzpnar iron deposit; DB: Degirmendere iron deposit).
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4. Conclusions
References
Data for stable isotope ratios of carbonate, sulfate
and sulde minerals from the Attepe iron district
provide a new approach to the probable sources of
ore-forming compounds and formation mechanisms.
The Sr isotope data reect no direct relation to
magmatic uids of a probable magmatic intrusion
beneath this part of the Taurides. The nearest igneous
intrusion, the Karamadaz Pluton at Yahyal (Kayseri
Central Turkey) and the Horoz Granitoid at the Pozant
(Adana Southern Turkey) intruded during Lower
PaleocenEocene time are located 40 and 90 km from
the study area, respectively. This conrms that the
hydrothermal convection caused by these intrusions did
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Uneconomic barites in all deposits, here used only for
the genetic tracing of the iron deposits have high d34S
and d18O values and no direct relation with either a
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ions. In addition to
4
these, the ore-forming compounds of barites could be
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Variations in carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of carbonate minerals may have resulted from
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The Precambrian and Upper CambrianLower Ordovician rocks comprising black shales, schists, quartzites
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Siderites and ankerites are considered to be formed via
replacement of Caltepe limestones by mixing of hot
iron-rich saline hydrothermal uids with oxidized
meteoric waters.
Acknowledgments
This work is a part of the project supported by the
Scientic Research Project Division (BAP, 200315) of
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