O.H.P.

UNIT (OIL HANDLING PLANT):

TYPES OF OIL USED:
The coal used in the boiler needs an additional combustible material initially to
get fired. Oil is used as the supporter to the coal. In the start coal from the coal
mill is blown in the boiler while oil from oil gun is propelled in it. Ignitor produces
the required spark which helps in the combustion.
The two types of oil used are the LIGHT DIESEL OIL & FURNACE OIL.
Light Diesel Oil is used for primary combustion and Furnace oil is used for
secondary combustion.
Light Diesel Oil is used so that the combustion process could be started initially
and by adding Furnace Oil, combustion should be supported.
Both these fractions are obtained through Fractional distillation, is the separation
of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, such as in separating chemical
compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which
several

fractions

of

the

compound

will

evaporate.

It

is

special

type

of distillation. Generally the component parts boil at less than 25C from each
other under a pressure of one atmosphere (atm). If the difference in boiling points
is greater than 25C, a simple distillation is used.
Heavy ends of crude distillation includes Furnace oil, Low sulphur Heavy Stock
(LSHS), Residual Fuel Oil (RFO), Lube oils, Bitumen, Petroleum coke, Paraffin wax,
other

waxes

etc.

Used as an industrial fuel, Furnace Oil (FO) is a dark viscous residual fuel
obtained by blending mainly heavier components from crude distillation unit,
short residue and clarified oil from fluidized catalytic cracker unit. Internationally
Furnace Oil is known as Fuel Oil and is traded in many varieties based on its
specifications of viscosity and sulphur percentage.
The complete combustion of fossil fuel using air as the oxygen source is
summarized in the following chemical reaction:
FUEL + OXYGEN ----- HEAT + WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE

The complete combustion of fossil fuel using air is summarized in the following
chemical reaction:
FUEL + AIR ----- HEAT + WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE +
NITROGEN

6. A.H.P. UNIT (ASH HANDLING PLANT):

In this unit the ash particles are removed from the flue gases coming out of the
boiler/furnace after the burning of coal. Ash is obtained by two ways:
Fly Ash
Bottom Ash

6.1 FLY ASH:

Fly Ash are the ash particles which are mixed with the flue gases, removed using
the ESP, Electro Static Precipitator. Its height and width is selected to suit the
volume of gas to treat. Its length and number of electrically separated fields/
zones are varied according to the collection efficiency requirements.

6.2 FLY ASH REMOVAL:

The flue gases coming out of the boiler are mixed with the AMMONIA (NH 3), so
that the ash particles present will react with ammonia and forms ammonium
sulphate ((NH3)2SO4), which is wet and hence when passed through electrostatic
precipitator, under the influence of the electric field produced due to the
faradays law of induction, attracts these small particles together and forms big
clusters or lumps which are then separated out. These lumps are then sent to the
storage tanks or silos and hence can be USED FOR cement and brick
manufacturing.

6.3 BOTTOM ASH:

Bottom ash are the ash particles, which are the direct ash obtained under the
boilers bottom portion.
6.4 BOTTOM ASH REMOVAL:
Bottom ash is removed by mixing it with the water. This is treated in the
EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT, where this ash mixed water is fed to large tanks
and gravity settling process or natural sedimentation is carried out. This bottom
ash is very heavy and it takes just 18 MINUTES to get settled fully.