TRACY DE ROCA ENGLISH PT

REVIEWER
POINTERS:
Grammar
o Misplaced Modifiers
o Dangling Modifiers
o Parallelism
Literature
o Mythology
o Background of the Trojan War
o The Iliad
o What I Have Lived For
o God Sees The Truth But Waits
o On Doors
Writing
o Conciseness
MISPLACED MODIFIERS
Modifies the wrong word
Example
o Misplaced modifier:
She served sandwiches to the
children on paper plates.
o Correction:
She served the children
sandwiches on paper plates.
o Misplaced modifier:
She saw a puppy and a kitten on
the way to the store.
o Correction:
On the way to the store, she saw
a puppy and a kitten.
DANGLING MODIFIERS
Modifies a word not clearly stated in
the sentence
Example
o Dangling modifier:
Scrubbing the tile grout with
bleach and an old toothbrush,
the mildew stains began to fade.
o Correction:
As Michael scrubbed the tile
grout with bleach and an old
toothbrush, the mildew stains
began to fade.
o Dangling modifier

Slathering the popcorn with

melted butter, the calorie count
skyrocketed.

o Correction:
The calorie count skyrocketed as
he slathered the popcorn with
butter.
PARALLELISM
Identify the parallel parts
o Same nature
Identify the structure of the said
parts
o Adjectival phrases, infinitives,
gerund phrases, etc.
Identify the function of the
structure
o OP, DO, PN, etc.
Example
Sentenc Parallel Structu Functio
e
parts
re
n
Bowling
Tighteni Gerund
OP
is a good ng the
phrases
sport for leg
tightenin muscles
g the leg
muscles Teaching
and
control
teaching
control.
Every
Running Gerund
OP
night
errands
phrases
after
school,
Deliverin
Eddie
g parcels
helped
his
Waiting
father by for
running
custome
errands, rs
deliverin
g
parcels,
and
waiting
for
custome

rs.
The
doctor
advised
my
father to
stop
smoking,
to get
more
rest, and
to
engage
in light
activities
.

God of the sky, thunder and

justice
Rain god
King and most powerful
Supreme ruler
Poseidon
Neptune
God of the sea and earthquakes
Earth-shaker
Hades
Pluto
God of the underworld
God of wealth
King of the dead
Hera
Juno
Goddess of marriage and married
women
Queen of the gods
Hestia
Vesta
Goddess of the hearth (symbol of
home)
Athena
Minerva
Goddess of the arts of warfare
Protector of civilized life
Signifies wisdom, purity, and
reason

To stop
smoking

Infinitive
phrases

DO

To get
more
rest

To
engage
in light
activities

MYTHOLOGY
Myth- uses fantasy to express ideas
about life that cant be expressed in
realistic terms
Purpose
o Scientific- explanations of things in
nature
o Literary- entertainment
o Religious- gives meaning to things
in life
Why we study myths
o Depict and reveal behavior and
problems common to human beings
o Reflect the attitudes, priorities, and
values of the culture that produced
them
Chaos
o Gaea- mother earth
o Uranos- father heaven
Titans- most important
Cronus- rebelled against
Uranos
Hecatoncheires- 100 hands, 50
heads
Cyclops- single-eyed
o Cronus and Rhea ruled until Zeus
overthrew
Mt. Olympus- physical mountain in
Thessaly
o Zeus
Jupiter

o Apollo
God of archery
Musician of the gods
God of truth and light
God of healing
Best representation of the Greeks
o Ares
Mars
God of war
Most disliked among the gods in
Olympus
o Artemis
Diana
Goddess of wild things
Goddess of the moon
Lady of the hunt
o Aphrodite
Venus

 Goddess of love and beauty

o Hermes
Mercury
Messenger of the gods
Divine herald
God of commerce, speed and
trade
o Hephaestus
Vulcan
God of fire and the forges
Blacksmith to the gods
Making implements needed by
the gods
Ages
o Golden age- endless abundance
and prosperity, died of peaceful
deaths
o Silver age- foolish and immature,
refused to worship gods
o Bronze age- violent
o Age of heroes- just and heroic
o Iron age- times of strife
Creation of Men
o Epimetheius
After thought
Gave creatures various qualities
o Prometheus
Forethought
Made man stand upright
Gave them fire
o Pandora
First woman
Two main divisions in the
underworld
o Erebus- where the dead pass when
they go
o Tartarus- main division
**The dead are brought across the point
where the River Acheron (River of Ivoc)
pours in the River Cocytus (River of
Lamentation) by an aged boatman
named Charon
BACKGROUND OF THE TROJAN WAR
Marriage of Peleus and Thetis
o Peleus- mortal king of Phthia and
of the Myrimidons
o Thetis- sea nymph daughter of
Zeus

o Eris- goddess of discord who wasnt

invited
o Golden apple- competition among:
Athena- Zeuss daughter
Hera- Zeuss wife and queen
Aphrodite- goddess of love and
beauty
The Judgment of Paris
o Paris- torch to set the whole city on
fire
Athena- victory in war
Hera- power over nations
Aphrodite- most beautiful
woman in the world
Marriage of Helen
o Helen- face that could launch a
thousand ships and daughter of
Leda and Zeus
o King Tyndareus
Reputed father of Helen
Chose Menalaus
The Elopement of Paris and Helen
o Oenone, Paris wife in Mt. Ida
warned him not to go to Sparta
o Was a guest at Menalaus and
Helens palace
o Menalaus left and returned with
Helen gone because her and Paris
left
Gathering of the Greeks
o Menalaus asks those who swore to
the oath to help him find Helen
Unwillingness of Odysseus
o He doesnt believe the war should
be waged because Helen is
unfaithful
o He is fated to be away from his
family
Disguise of Achilles
o Thetis tried to get Achilles out of
the war because she knows he is
bound to die in Troy
o She makes him dress as a woman in
the court of King Lycomedes
o His cover was blown when jewelry
and a dagger was presented to him,
and he paid attention to the dagger
Agamemnons impiety
o He got his army together

o Greek army couldnt sail at the Port

of Aulis
Agamemnon killed a hare which
was an important animal to
Artemis
Kalchas- Greek prophet
Agamemnons daughter,
Iphygenia should be offered
Agememnon sent a letter to
his daughter saying she needs
to come because she has an
arranged marriage with
Achilles
When she got there, she was
brought to the altar to be
killed
The War Begins
o Trojans- Aphrodite, Ares, Apollo,
Artemis, and Zeus
o Greeks- Poseidon, Hera, and
Athena
o King Menalaus enlists Agamemnon
and declares war against Troy
Background of The Trojan War
Quiz
o Zeus- he is the first to be asked by
the three contending goddesses to
judge who among them deserves
the coveted title.
o Artemis- she is the immortal who
caused the problem that prevented
the Greeks from sailing to Troy.
o Tyndareus- Helens foster father
o Eris- caused the contest in the
wedding
o Oenone- she is the nymph who
served as Paris wife in Mt. Ida
o Aphrodite- the one responsible for
the attraction between Paris and
Helen
o Athena- she promised Paris victory
over the Greeks
o Thetis- she prevented her son
Achilles from joining the war in Troy
o Zeus- Helens biological father
o Peleus- father of the greatest
warrior among the Greeks
o Iphygenia- royal maiden sacrificed
at the port of Aulis

o Calchas- consulted by the Greeks

to know the cause of their problem
at the port.
o Achilles- Greek soldier who
pretended to be a woman to evade
going to Troy
o Hera- offered Asia and Europe for
Paris to choose her for the title
o Thetis- tried to make her son
immortal by dipping him in the
River Styx
o Odysseus- Greek king who did not
believe a war should be fought
because of an unfaithful woman
o Clytemnestra- sister of the most
beautiful woman
THE ILIAD
Greeks: Achaeans, Danaans, Argives
Agamemnon
-King of Mycenae
-Commander in
Chief of Achaean
Army
Menalaus
-King of Sparta
-Brother of
Agamemnon
Achilles
-Leader of
Myrimidons
-Greatest soldier
among Greeks
Kalchas
-Chief prophet of
Achaeans
Patroclus
-Squire of Achilles
Ajax
-The Greater
-King of Salamis
-The Bulwark of
Achaeans
Odysseus
-King of Ithaca
-Military Strategist
Nestor
-King of Phylos
-Oldest King among
Argives
Diomedes
-Prince of Argos
-Wounded 2
immortals
Trojans: Dardarians
Priam
-Aged king of Troy
Hecuba
-Queen of Troy
Hector
-Valiant prince of
Troy

Paris (Alexander)
Astyanax

-Prince of Troy
-Young son of
Hector and
Andromache
Aeneas
-Son of Aphrodite
and Achilles
-Second prince of
Trojans
Andromache
-Hectors wife
Desiphobus
-Brother of Hector
-Impersonated by
Athena to deceive
Hector
Sarpedon
-Son of Zeus
-King of Lycia
-Ally of Troy
Polydamas
-Wise and good
counselor of Hector
Trojan war- 10 years
Homeric conventions
o Invocation to the muse
o In medias res
o Statement of theme of epic
Tracing Achilles Anger
o Distribution of war prizes
Agamemnon- Chryseis
Achilles- Briseis
o Chryses ransoming his
daughter
Pleads Agamemnon to return
daughter in exchange of gifts
Agamemnon refused
Chryses prays and Apollo sends a
plague
Agamemnon gives back Chryseis
in exchange of Bryseis
Books
o 1- The Quarrel of Achilles and
Agamemnon
Pestilence
Giving back of Chryseis
Getting Bryseis in return
o 2- Catalogue of Ships
Zeus sends a false dream to
Agamemnon
Calls for an assembly of Greek
leaders
o 3- Battle of Paris and Menalaus
Paris challenges Menalaus

Menalaus accepts, but Paris folds

Hector convinces Paris to fight
Menalaus
Whoever wins, gets Helen
Black and white sheep to close
the deal
Aphrodite saves Paris from
Menalaus and transports him to
the palace
4- Breaking of Truce
Zeus instructs Athena to start
fighting between Greeks and
Trojans
Athena convinces Pandarius to
kill Menalaus with the promise of
glory from Trojans
Athena deflects the arrow to just
wound Menalaus
Fighting resumes after this
5- Aristeia of Diomedes
Diomedes, Prince of Argos is
aided by Athena who warns him
not to shoot any immortal except
Aphrodite
Diomedes kills Pandarius
Aphrodite saves her son from
spear
Aphrodites hand was wounded
by Diomedes
Apollo protects the wounded
Aeneas
Diomedes wounds Ares by
stabbing him in the stomach
6- Hector returns to Troy
Hector tells his mother to offer
the finest rob to Athena
Hector says goodbye to his wife
and son
7- Ajax duels with Hector
Athena and Apollo suggest that
Hector challenges the Greeks
Ajax and Hector= draw
Fighting ended at night
8- The Side of Battle Turns
Zeus calls for an assembly and
tells the gods not to interfere
Zeus uses golden scales to
determine the events of the day

Athena and Hera depart for the

battlefield, but was stopped by
Zeus
9- Embassy of Achilles
Agamemnon gathers Greek
leaders and suggests they sail
home
Agamemnon sends Odysseus and
Ajax to ask Achilles to fight with
them
Achilles refuses
10- Marauding Through The
Night
Both send spies to each others
camps
Diomedes volunteers and
chooses Odysseus as his
companion
11- Agamemnons Day of Glory
Agamemnon experiences his
aristeia
Push Trojans back to city walls
Zeus tells Hector that after
Agamemnon is wounded, victory
will be with him
12- The Trojans Storm the
Rampant
Trojans divided into 5 companies
Sign of Zeus appears which is a
high flying eagle with a snake
Hector breaks the wall
13- The Battle of The Ships
Poseidon descends
Hector leads the Trojans
14- Hera Deceives Zeus
Hera seduces Zeus to make Zeus
fall into deep sleep
Poseidon helps Achaean troops
Ajax wounds Hector with a
boulder
15- The Achaean Armies at Bay
Zeus wakes up
Apollo awakens Hector and gives
him new strength
Ares and Apollo join Hector in the
battlefield
16- Patroclus Fights and Dies
Patroclus takes Achilles place by
wearing his armor

He lead the Myrimidons

Sarpedon, son of Zeus is killed
Patroclus pursues to the city
where Apollo hits him in the back
then killed by Hector
17- Menalaus Finest Hour
A battle for Patroclus armor and
body
Menalaus defends Patroclus body
from Trojans and kills Europhobus
Hector strips Patroclus body of
Achilles armor
18- The Shield of Achilles
Achilles mourns of Patroclus
death
Thetis requests Hephaestus to
prepare new armor for Achilles
19- Achilles Arms for Battle
Achilles calls for an Assembly
where he and Agamemnon make
peace
Achilles prepares
20- Olympian Gods in Arms
Zeus gathers the gods and tell
them that they can help
Achilles and Aeneas fight, but
Poseidon takes Aeneas away
Achilles fights Hector, but Apollo
intervenes by hiding Hector in a
mist
21- Achilles Fights The River
Trojans retreat to the city
Achilles captures 12 Trojans
whom he will sacrifice at
Patroclus funeral
River Xanthus tries to drown
Achilles
Hephaestus makes the river boil
to stop it from fighting
22- The Death of Hector
Priam and Hecuba plead Hector
to enter the walled city
Zeus determines the fate of the
two by using golden scales
Athena disguises herself as
Hectors brother to deceive him
Achilles killed Hector and paraded
Hectors body

o 23- The Funeral Games for

Patroclus
Patroclus ghost appears to
Achilles asking to be buried
immediately
The following were played:
Wrestling
Foot race
Fight with armor
Archery
Javelin throwing
o 24- Achilles and Priam
Each day, Achilles fastens
Hectors body and drags him
three times around Patroclus
burial
Apollo uses his power to prevent
damage to Hectors body
The gods pity Hectors body and
consider stealing the body
Hera, Poseidon and Athena refuse
Priam decides to go to Achilles
Zeus sends Hermes as a solder to
guide Priam
Priam pleads Achilles
Priam sleeps in Achilles tent, but
Hermes says not to sleep among
the enemy
Priam and Idaeus steal Hectors
body and leaves
Book 1 and 24 Quiz
o In medias res- in the middle of
things
o Kalchas- priest consulted by the
Greeks
o Protection- what the priest asked
for before giving information
o Achilles- who the priest asked
protection from
o Agamemnon disrespected his
priest- reason for Apollos plague
o The priest links him to bad
prophecies- why Agamemnon calls
the priest an evil seer
o To avoid death of the whole
Greek army- why Agamemnon is
forced to give up his war prize
o Chryseis- Agamemnons war prize
o Bryseis- Achilles war prize

o Promised more gifts to

Agamemnon- what Achilles did to
appease Agamemnon
o Agamemnons demand that his
prize be replaced- how conflict
between Agamemnon and Achilles
started
o To win back Menalaus honorwhy Achilles went back to Troy
o He will take his prizeAgamemnons threat to Achilles
o To emphasize the difference in
their position- why Agamemnon
wants to personally take Achilles
prize
o Athena- reason why Achilles
refrains from striking Agamemnon
WHAT I HAVE LIVED FOR
Bertrand Russel
Three passions
o Longing for love
Sought first
Brought ecstasy
Relieves loneliness
Lead him to heaven
o Knowledge
Equal passion for love
To understand hearts of men
Why stars shine
He did not know on Earth
o Pity
Back down to Earth
Back to the real world
We all suffer from different
sufferings/hardships
GOD SEES THE TRUTH BUT WAITS
Town of Vladimir
Ivan Dmitritch Aksyonof- young
merchant
o Had two shops and a house of his
own
Gave up drinking when became
married
When he was about to go to the
Nizhny Fair, his wife said not to go

because she had a bad dream about

him
o Returned from town
o Hair became grey when cap was
taken off
After travelling halfway, met a
merchant and stayed at the same inn
Aksyonof woke before dawn and left
He rested and an official questioned
him
Found a bloodstained knife in his
things
The merchant he was with was dead
Sent to the mines in Siberia with other
convicts
26 years- imprisonment
Was called Grandfather and The
Saint
Was made a spokesman and was
asked to judge matters
Makar Semyonitch- one of the new
convicts
Aksyonof knew Makar was the one
who killed the merchant
Makar was digging a hole to escape
The tunnel was found by an officer the
next day and asked Aksyonof if he
knew anything
Aksyonof didnt tell anything
Makar confessed and asked for
forgiveness
Aksyonof had no desire to leave
prison, but hoped for his last hour to
come

Makar confessed to officials

When the order to be released came,
he was already dead.
ON DOORS
Opening and closing of doorsmost significant actions of a mans life
Many kinds of doors
o Glass doors- not a door, but a
window
**But the symbol and mystery resides in
its quality of concealment.
Doors
o Hides what lies inside
o Keeps the heart in suspense
o Symbol of privacy, retreat, minds
escape
Opening of doors- mystical act
o Moving into a new moment
o Highest glimpses of mortal
gladness
o Brings relief in sadness
o Changes and redistributes human
forces
Closing of doors- far more terrible
o Confession of finality/end
o Degrees of sadness in closing
doors
Slammed- confession of
weakness
Gently shut- most tragic gesture
o Irrevocable
CONCISENESS
(Refer to AS or summative)