ONE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

Assumptions
If our control volume is chosen such that the upstream and downstream boundaries lie in regions
where there are no temperature or species concentration gradients, we can perform a fairly rigorous
analysis with only the following few assumptions:
1. One-dimensional, steady flow.
2. Constant area.
3. Ideal-gas behaviour.
4. Constant and equal specific heats.
5. Negligible body forces.
6. Adiabatic conditions (no heat losses to surroundings).

- For steady one-dimensional flow of a combustible gas that burns to completion, equations relating
initial and final conditions are readily derived from conservation equations.
- Consider a premixed flammable mixture in a long tube ignited from one end. A combustion wave
will travel down the tube starting from the ignition point. If the both ends of the tube are open to
atmosphere, the velocity of the combustion wave would be in the order of one meter per second.

- For most hydrocarbon-air stoichiometric mixtures, this velocity is about 0.4 to 0.6 m/s.
- The velocity of this wave is controlled by the diffusion of heat and active radicals.
- This combustion wave is normally called as aflame. Since it is treated as a fluid flow entity, it may
also be called a deflagration.
- If the tube is closed at one end and it is ignited there, the propagating wave undergoes a transition
from subsonic to supersonic speeds under the right conditions.
-The supersonic wave is called a detonation.
- In detonation, heat and radical diffusion do not control the velocity; rather, the shock wave structure
of the developed supersonic wave raises the temperature and pressure substantially to cause very high
reaction rates and energy release that sustain the wave propagation.
- Although the structure of a detonation wave is highly three-dimensional, we can gain considerable
insight by carrying out a one-dimensional analysis of a detonation wave.

Mass Conservation

Momentum Conservation

Energy Conservation

If we split the total enthalpy to sensible and heat of formation contributions, we can
write:

With constant specific heat assumption

Substituting the above eqn. in energy eqn.

Then the energy eqn. is

Ideal gas assumption yields,

Combining Mass and Momentum eqns.

Plotting P versus 1/, gives the Rayleigh lines,

- Rayleigh line for state 1 fixed by P1 and 1/1.

- Increasing mass flux causes the line steepens.
- In the limit of infinite mass flux, Rayleigh line would be vertical; while at the
opposing limit of zero flux, it is horizontal.

- Two quadrants labelled A and are physically inaccessible.

- This will be used later to help in deciding what final states are possible for
detonation waves.
Rankine-Hugoniot curve is obtained when we require that the energy equation be
satisfied in addition to the continuity and momentum.
Combining mass, momentum & energy eqns. and using ideal gas relations,

We assume that q is a known parameter. Further, we fix the values of P1 and 1/1.
We can now plot P as a function of 1/. The point (P1, 1/1) is known as the
origin of the Rankine-Hugoniot curve

The four limiting Rayleigh lines divide the Hugoniot into five segments.
- Above D: strong detonations
- D-B: weak detonations
- C-E: weak deflagrations
- Below E: strong deflagrations