Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Sem/Session : I/2016-2017
Week 2
Title : Atomic Structure & Bonding
Outlines
Learning Objectives
Mass (g)
Charge (C)
Proton
1.673 10-24
+ 1.602 10-19
Neutron
1.675 10-24
Electron
9.109 10-28
- 1.602 10-19
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Cu
63.54
He
Li Be
Na Mg
Cl Ar
K Ca Sc
Se
Br Kr
Rb Sr
Te
Cs Ba
Po
Ne
Xe
At Rn
Fr Ra
6
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Cu
Atomic weight, A
63.54
ATOMIC
MODELS
CLASSICAL
MECHANICS
QUANTUM
MECHANICS
electron structure
BOHRS
MODEL
WAVE MECHANICAL
MODEL
Modification made to
Rutherford postulate
model.
electron position
electron energy
electron configuration
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Electrons orbiting an atom could only exist at certain energy levels (i.e. distances) from
the nucleus discrete orbitals
Energies of electrons are quantized: electrons can have only specific energy values.
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orbital
s orbital
(l=0)
s orbital
(l=0)
n=2
p orbital
(l=1)
n=3
n=1
Figure 2.6: Energy level and subshell
Energy level/shell
n=2
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As n increase, orbital become larger means electrons has higher energy and less
tightly bound to the nucleus.
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(a) spherical
(b) polar
(c) cloverleaf (l = 2)
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The number of energy states for each subshell is determined by magnetic quantum
number, m.
eV
Electron energy
level
-1.5
Energy
For an s subshell, there is a single state. Why? Because there is only one way in which
a sphere (l = 0) can be oriented in space.
4d
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
N-shell n = 4
M-shell n = 3
-3.4
2p
2s
L-shell n = 2
-13.6
1s
K-shell n = 1
Orbital/
subshell
State
Energy
level/shell
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(a)
Specifies the value for the spin moment of the electron, which must be oriented up
or down.
The two values possible are (+ ) and (- ) for each of the spin orientations.
Pauli exclusion Principle : each electron state can hold no more than two electrons,
which must have opposite spins.
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Fe (Z = 26)
electron configuration is
1 s
# of electrons
4d
4p
n=4
3d
Energy
Orbital
letters or
subshell
Principal
Quantum
Numbers
Highest energy
state
4s
3p
3s
n=3
2p
2s
n=2
1s
n=1
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Method of arrangement:
5s
5p
5d
5f
4s
4p
4d
4f
3s
3p
3d
2s
1s
2p
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END OF
PART 1
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Why?
Valence (outer) shell usually not filled completely.
example: Carbon C
atomic number, Z = 6
band. Those electrons form an electron sea, which binds the charged nuclei in place.
B. SECONDARY BONDING OR VAN DER WAALS BONDING
1. Fluctuating induced dipole
2. Polar induced dipole
3. Permanent dipole
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Normally atoms are neutral BUT to gain stability they have to either:
1.losing one or more valence electrons
positively charged ions (cation)
2.gain one or more valence electrons
negatively charged ions (anion)
Due to its electronegativity;
1.Metallic elements tend to lose electrons (highly electropositive)
2.Non-metallic elements tend to gain electrons (highly electronegative)
The resulting charged will attract each other to form ionic bonding .
Ionic bonding is termed as nondirectional: magnitude of the bond is equal in all
directions around an ion.
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Ionization energy, E+
Energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom
Alkali metal minimum E+ because of single valence electron
For example; Sodium (Na) requires 496 kJ/mol or 5.14 eV/atom to ionize it to Na+
2.
Electron affinity, EEnergy change when a neutral atom attracts an electron to become a negative ion
For example; Chlorine (Cl) release energy of 349 kJ/mol or 3.6 eV/atom
Therefore electron affinity for Cl- is -3.6eV/atom with regards to neutral free
atom
Large number for energy released indicates stable negative ion
3.
Electronegativity
The ability of an atom in a molecule to draw bonding electron to itself
Higher electronegativity, higher potential to receive electron
Na = 0.9 electropositive but for Cl = 3.0 electronegative
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Stable configuration are assumed by two or more elements sharing their electrons.
It occurs because the atoms in the compound have similar tendency to gain electrons.
Commonly occurs when two non metals bond together; for e.g. non-metallic molecules
such as Cl2,H2, F2, etc. or molecules containing dissimilar atoms like CH4, HNO3, H2O etc.
Multiple Bonds:
1. Each pair of electrons shared between two atoms, a single covalent bond is formed.
2. Some atoms can share multiple pairs of electrons, forming multiple covalent bonds.
(double bond, triple bond)
Covalent bond is directional: between specific atoms in the direction between 1 atom
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and another that participates in the electron sharing.
2.1
3.0
This pair of atoms has a large difference in electronegativities.
Electrons will spend almost all their time around the Chlorine atom (but not strong
enough to pull electron to form ions) and virtually no time around the Hydrogen atom.
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Chlorine has a slight negative charge and Hydrogen carries a slight positive
charge
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3.0
3.0
This means that neither atom claims more share of the pair of electrons, so they spend equal
time around each.
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Representation of a methane
molecule, with the blue sphere
signifying carbon and the four red
spheres signifying hydrogen
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diamond
graphite
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where
(X XB)
A
4
1 e
x (100 %)
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Hydrogen
secondary
bonding
Chlorine
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example: liquid H2
asymmetric electron
clouds
secondary
bonding
H2
H2
H H
H H
secondary
bonding
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END OF
PART 2
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