Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1.
September
RATIONAL NUMBERS.
A Rational number is any number that can be expressed as the quotient
of
1 3
,
2 4
The set of all rational numbers is usually denoted (for quotient). Natural
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.1
Unit 01
September
All the rational numbers can be shown in a number line. To do this we generally
divide each segment using the theorem of Thales.
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.2
Unit 01
September
2.
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS.
An Irrational number is a number that cannot be written as a simple fraction.
NUMBER .
(pi)
is
an
irrational
number.
The
value
of
is
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.3
Unit 01
2.2.
September
of length is equal to 2:
= 12 + 12 = 2
The computer says that 2 = 1.414213562373095048801688724. .. , but
this is not the full story! It actually goes on and on, with no pattern to the numbers.
You cannot write down a simple fraction that equals 2 .
How can we prove that 2 is an irrational number? The proof that 2 is indeed
PROOF:
Lets suppose 2 were a rational number. Then we can write it as a quotient of
2 =
We also suppose that is the simplest fraction, that is, a and b have no common
factors. Squaring on both sides gives:
Axel Cotn Gutirrez
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.4
Unit 01
September
2
2
2
2 = 2 = 2 22 = 2 2
number, then = 2 + 1.
2 ,
2 = 22 2
Therefore, and are both even numbers. This is a contradiction because we
Many square roots, cube roots, etc. are also irrational numbers. If is not a
3, 11, 15, 10
MATH VOCABULARY: Pythagoras theorem, Diagonal, Square, To Prove, Proof, Proof
by contradiction, Simplest fraction, Even number, Odd number, Square root, Cube root.
Axel Cotn Gutirrez
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.5
Unit 01
2.3.
September
number:
=
5 + 1
2
This number is called , the Golden number (or the Golden ratio).
If you divide a line into two parts so that: The whole length divided by the
longest part is equal to the longest part divided by the smallest part, then you will have
the golden number.
In this case we say that a and are in the Golden ratio. The golden ratio
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.6
Unit 01
September
A rectangle, in which the ratio of the longest side to the shortest is the golden
ratio, is called Golden rectangle. A golden rectangle can be cut into a square and a
smaller rectangle that is also a golden rectangle.
Some artists and architects believe the golden ratio makes the most pleasing
and beautiful shape. Many buildings ant artworks have the Golden Ratio in them, such
as the Parthenon in Greece, but it is not really known if it was designed that way.
MATH VOCABULARY: Pentagon, Side, Golden ratio, Golden number, Length, Geometry,
Rectangle, Shape.
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.7
Unit 01
2.4.
September
THE NUMBER e.
The number e is a famous irrational number, and one of the most important
numbers in mathematics. It is often called Eulers number, after Leonhard Euler. The
first few digits are:
.
There are many ways of calculating the value of , but none of them ever give
3.
REAL NUMBERS.
The set of the rational numbers and the irrational numbers is called the set of
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.8
Unit 01
September
a special point called the origin in both directions towards infinity. Also associated with
the line is a unit of length. The origin corresponds to the number . A positive number
corresponds to a point away from the origin to the right, and a negative
number corresponds to a point on the line away from the origin to the
left.
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.9
Unit 01
September
This horizontal line is called the Real number line. Any point on the number line
is a real number and vice versa, any real number is a point on the number line. To plot
irrational numbers like , we use the Pythagoras theorem. For irrational numbers
4.
often dont need to write all the figures in a number, as an approximate one will do.
The population of Villanueva de la Serena is 28,789. Since populations change
frequently, we use a rounded number instead of the exact number. It is better to
round up and say 29,000.
To round a number to a given place:
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.10
Unit 01
September
round off using significant figures. The first non-zero digit in a number is called the
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.11
Unit 01
September
first significant figure it has the highest value in the number. When rounding to
significant figures, count from the first non-zero digit.
54.76 55 ( 2 )
0.00405 0.0041 ( 2 )
6.339 6.34 ( 3 )
0.000000338754 0.000000339 ( 3 )
dp and sf are abbreviations for decimal places and significant figures. When
a measurement is written, it is always written to a given degree of accuracy. The real
measurement can be anywhere within half a unit.
A man walks 23 km (to the nearest km). Write the maximum and minimum
distance he could have walked.
Because the real measurement has been rounded, it can lie anywhere between
22.5 km (minimum) and 23.5 (maximum).
Another way of approximating a number is called Truncating a number, is a
method of approximating a decimal number by dropping all decimal places past a
certain point without rounding.
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.12
Unit 01
September
5.
APPROXIMATION ERRORS.
Absolute and Relative error are two types of error. The differences are
important.
Absolute error is the amount of physical error in a measurement, period. Given
some value and its approximation , the Absolute error is:
= = =
Relative error gives an indication of how good a measurement is relative to the
size of the thing being measured. The Relative error is:
= =
=
=
||
||
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.13
Unit 01
September
0.1
=
= 0.002
|v| 50
6.
INTERVALS.
An Interval is a set formed by the real numbers between, and sometimes
including, two numbers. They can also be non-ending intervals as we are going to see.
It can also be thought as a segment of the real number line. An endpoint of an interval
is either of the two points that mark end on the line segment. An interval can include
either endpoint, both endpoints, or neither endpoint.
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.14
Unit 01
September
The Open interval (, ) is the set of real numbers between and , excluding
and .
The Closed interval [, ] is the set of real numbers between and , including
and .
The Left half-open interval (, ] is the set of real numbers between and ,
including but not a.
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.15
Unit 01
September
The Right half-open interval [, ) is the set of real numbers between and ,
including but not .
The Infinite intervals are those that do not have an endpoint in either the
positive or negative direction, or both. The interval extends forever in that
direction.
Examples:
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.16
Unit 01
September
"Intersection" which means "has to be in both". Think "where do they overlap?". The
Intersection symbol is "".
Example: (, 6] (1, ). The first interval goes up to (and including) 6. The second
interval goes from (but not including) 1 onwards.
The Intersection (or overlap) of those two sets goes from 1 to 6 (not including
1, including 6):
MATH VOCABULARY: Union, Intersection.
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.17
Unit 01
September
7.
PERCENTAGES.
7.1.
7.2.
9
100 = 2.16
100
Percentages are used in real life to show how much an amount has increased
or decreased.
To calculate a Percentage increase, work out the increase and add it to the
original amount.
To calculate a Percentage decrease, work out the decrease and subtract it from
the amount.
Alan is paid 940 a month. His employer increases his wage by 3%. Calculate
the new wage Alan is paid each month.
Increase in wage = 3% of 940 = 0.03 940 = 28.20
Alans new wage = 940 + 28.20 = 968.20
A new car costs 19 490. After one year the car depreciates in value by 8.7%.
What is the new value of the car?
Depreciation = 8.7% of 19 490 = 0.087 19490 = 1695.63
New value of car = 19490 1695.63 = 17 794.37
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.18
Unit 01
September
% =
% =
In a sale all prices are reduced by 16%. A pair of trousers normally costs 82.
What is the sale price of the pair of trousers?
= 82
100 16
= 82 0.84 = 68.88
100
MULTIPLE PERCENTAGES.
Sometimes we need to calculate Multiple percentages simultaneously. We
During Christmas, a phone shop prices up 21%. On January, during sales, prices
fell 19%. Before Christmas a phone cost 645. How much cost in January?
January cost = 645
100 + 21
100 19
= 632.16
100
100
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.19
Unit 01
8.
September
SIMPLE INTEREST.
You earn Interest when you invest in a savings account at a bank. However, you
pay Interest if you borrow money for a mortgage. The original sum you invest is called
the principal.
Simple interest is money you can earn by initially investing some money (the
principal). A percentage (the interest) of the principal is added to the principal, making
your initial investment grow!
To calculate simple interest, use the interest rate to work out the amount
earned. If simple interest is paid for several years, the amount paid each time stays the
same, because the interest is paid elsewhere and the principal stays the same.
=
= ; = ; = ; =
Usually:
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.20
Unit 01
9.
September
COMPOUND INTEREST.
The addition of interest to the principal sum of a loan or deposit is called
= ;
= ;
= ;
= ;
=
2,000 is invested at 6.5% compound interest. Find the principal after 15 years.
A = 2,000 1 +
0,065 115
If you have a bank account whose principal is $1,000, and your bank
compounds the interest twice a year at an interest rate of 5%, how much money do
you have in your account at the year's end?
0,05 21
A = 1,000 1 +
= 1,000 (1,025)2 = $1,050.63
2
Mathematics 4 ESO
1.21