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Abstract
Combustion of gaseous and liquid fuel in meso-scale tubes with wire mesh was studied experimentally.
For C3H8/air mixtures, the ame can be stabilized near the mesh inside the tube without external heating
even for smaller tube than the classical quenching diameter by heat recirculation from the burned gas to
the unburned gas through heat conduction in the wall and mesh. The mesh enhances heat transfer from
the heated wall to the unburned gas. For tubes larger than the classical quenching diameter, the ame can
be stabilized inside the tube even outside the ashback limit by the heat recirculation. Within a specic range
of ow velocity, the ame propagates at relatively high speed and extinction occurs near the mesh, but the
ame can be stabilized near the mesh if the condition is gradually shifted from another condition with a
stabilized ame. Therefore, the mesh can act as a combustion inhibitor or an enhancer. The two types of
burning behavior are discussed based on two steady-state ames; normal ame and weak ame predicted
by other researchers. Next, combustion of electro-sprayed ethanol/n-heptane mixtures inside a meso-scale
tube with d = 3.5 mm with a single mesh and double meshes was studied. The ame can be stabilized near
the mesh without external heating. If droplets passing through the mesh directly interact with the ame, heat
loss and asymmetric ame shape occurs. The ame stabilization region with double meshes is larger than that
with a single mesh and comparable to that for gaseous fuel combustor except for the wall wetting region.
2012 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Meso-scale combustion; Heat recirculation; Flame stabilization; Premixed ame, Electrospray
1. Introduction
In the last two decades, micro- and meso-scale
combustion as a component of micro-power
Corresponding author. Address: Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1
Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755 8611, Japan. Fax: +81
836 85 9101.
E-mail
address:
mmikami@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
(M. Mikami).
1540-7489/$ - see front matter 2012 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2012.05.064
Please cite this article in press as: M. Mikami et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.proci.2012.05.064
,U
d
Please cite this article in press as: M. Mikami et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.proci.2012.05.064
70
(a) Flame at
tube end
(b) Flashback
60
(a) d=5.4 mm
(2)
50
40
30
(4)
20
(3)
10
0
0.6
d=3.5 mm
d=3.5 mm
d=3.5 mm
d=2.5 mm
d=5.4 mm
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Flame stabilization
limit inside tube
(b) d=3.5 mm
Flashback limit
Blowoff limit
(1)
50
40
(2)
30
20
(4)
(3)
(5)
10
0
0.6
(6)
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Equivalence ratio
70
60
(6)
0.8
70
d=3.5 mm
(5)
Equivalence ratio
60
Flame stabilization
limit inside tube
Flashback limit
Blowoff limit
(1)
Flame stabilization
limit inside tube
(c) d=2.5 mm
Blowoff limit
50
(1)
40
30
(2)
(3)
20
10
0
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Equivalence ratio
Fig. 4. Burning mode map for C3H8/air mixture in
meso-scale tubes with wire mesh for dierent inner
diameter d.
Please cite this article in press as: M. Mikami et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.proci.2012.05.064
Table 1
Burning modes at the tube end and near the mesh inside
the tube for dierent regions in U/ plane.
Region
At tube end
Near mesh
inside tube
(1)
Flame stabilization
No ame
stabilization
(2)
Flame stabilization
Flame
stabilizationa
(3)
Blowo
Flame
stabilizationa
(4)
Flashback ! ame
stabilization near mesh
Flame
stabilization
(5)
Flashback ! extinction
near mesh
Flame
stabilizationa
(6)
Flashback ! extinction
near mesh
No ame
stabilization
a
Flame stabilization near the mesh is attained if the
condition is gradually shifted from Region (4).
Please cite this article in press as: M. Mikami et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.proci.2012.05.064
Mesh
Tube end
Mesh
Tube end
Flame stabilization
near mesh
Extinction
near mesh
6
4
U=17.1 cm/s
U=21.5 cm/s
2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time [s]
Fig. 5. Flame propagation, stabilization and extinction
behavior inside a tube with wire mesh for dierent ow
velocities U for d = 3.5 mm and / = 1.00.
30
U=17.1 cm/s
U=21.5 cm/s
20
Extinction
near mesh
Flame stabilization
near mesh
U=17.1 cm/s
10
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time [s]
Fig. 6. Temporal variations of ame speeds relative to
the tube and unburned gas inside a tube with wire mesh
for dierent ow velocities U for d = 3.5 mm and
/ = 1.00.
Please cite this article in press as: M. Mikami et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.proci.2012.05.064
Liquid
fuel
Spray
Flame
VC
VE
Air
Spray
Flame
5 mm
10 mm
VC
VE
Air
Spray
Droplet evaporation
and mixing region
Combustion region
Flame
ID
3.5 mm
10 mm
5 mm 3 mm
Capillary, VC
Mesh Glass tube
Ring extractor, VE
Mesh collector, ground
(c) =0.75
(d) = 0.85
(e) = 1.0
(f) = 1.5
Type C (with double meshes and without external heating),
QF=1.0 mL/h
Please cite this article in press as: M. Mikami et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.proci.2012.05.064
60
50
Liquid fuel,
double meshes
Gaseous fuel
40
Wall
wetting
limit
30
20
10
0
0.4
Liquid fuel,
single mesh
0.8
1.2
1.6
Equivalence ratio
Fig. 9. Flame stabilization limit inside a meso-scale tube
(d = 3.5 mm) with wire mesh for ethanol/n-heptane
spray in air. The result for C3H8/air mixture is also
shown.
gas for / = 0.90 was measured by a gas chromatography system (GC2014AF/SPL, Shimazu),
for a reference. CO/CO2 ratios were 0.71% for
QF = 1.2 mL/h and 1.0%1.1% for QF = 0.8, 1.0
and 1.4 mL/h. CO/CO2 ratio had a larger value
of 3.3% for QF = 0.75 mL/h, which is near the
ame stabilization limit inside the tube.
4. Conclusions
Combustion of gaseous and liquid fuel in
meso-scale tubes with wire mesh was studied
experimentally. For C3H8/air mixtures, the ame
can be stabilized near the mesh inside the tube
without external heating even for d = 2.5 mm,
which is less than the classical quenching diameter. For d = 3.5 mm and 5.4 mm, which are close
to and larger than the classical quenching diameter, respectively, the ame can be stabilized inside
the tube even outside the ashback limit. These
types of ame stabilization are caused by ame
wall interaction, i.e., heat recirculation from the
burned gas to the unburned gas through heat conduction in the wall and mesh. The mesh enhances
heat transfer from the heated wall to the unburned
gas. The heat recirculation eect is more remarkable for d = 3.5 mm and 2.5 mm. Within the ashback limit, at relatively high ow velocity, the
ame rst propagates at very low speed, gradually
accelerates as the ame approaches to the mesh
and nally is stabilized near the mesh. Within a
specic range of ow velocity, the ame propagates at relatively high speed and extinction
occurs near the mesh, but the ame can be stabilized near the mesh if the condition is gradually
shifted from another condition with a stabilized
ame. Therefore, the mesh can act as a combustion inhibitor or an enhancer. The two types of
burning behavior are discussed based on two
steady-state ames; normal ame and weak ame,
predicted for propagating ame in a tube with
amewall interaction [16].
Next, combustion of electro-sprayed ethanol/
n-heptane mixtures in air inside a meso-scale tube
with d = 3.5 mm with a single mesh and double
meshes was studied experimentally. The ame
can be stabilized near the mesh without external
heating. Since a single mesh plays roles as droplet
collector and ame holder, the mesh enhances
heat recirculation to the unburned gas from the
burned gas, but droplets passing through the mesh
directly interact with the ame, resulting in heat
loss and asymmetric ame shape. The ame stabilization region with double meshes is larger than
that with a single mesh and comparable to that for
gaseous fuel combustor except for the wall wetting
region. The direct interaction between droplets
and ame is avoided by using double meshes
because the mesh roles as droplet collector and
ame holder are separated.
Please cite this article in press as: M. Mikami et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.proci.2012.05.064
Acknowledgement
This research was subsidized by Grant-in-Aid
for Scientic Research (C) (21560217).
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Please cite this article in press as: M. Mikami et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.proci.2012.05.064