Don Marc Angelo A.

Razon
POMSEM1
Review of Related Literature Outline
I.

II.

III.

Discussion on Open Government Data Systems and Media Freedom

[Independent Variable]
a. The Dynamics of Open Government Data (Helbig, Cresswell,
Burke, Luna-Reyes, 2012)
i. Releasing of government data for public access improves
the performance of government agencies and urges people
to be interested in the governments affairs
ii. Open government data systems needs to release data not
just for the sake of publicizing it. Government data must be
presented in such a way that information presented will be
meaningful and it can be used by the citizens.
b. The Big Data Opportunity: Making Government Faster, Smarter,
and More Personal (Yiu, 2012)
i. For open government data systems to be efficient, an
advance analytics team must be assembled so that there
will be an office in change of processing information into
understandable and useful data for everyone.
ii. Governments must also adapt the Code for Responsible
Analytics to ensure that everyone in the analyze theme are
following ethical standards in processing information
c. Freedom of the Press 2014 (Freedom House, 2014)
i. Countries in sub-Saharan Africa are identified with low
media freedom due to their governments effort to control
the content of news. This contributed to the global decline
in media freedom.
ii. Authoritarian states like China and Russia are successful in
controlling locally printed newspapers and broadcast
media. They are also successful in controlling foreign news
sources.
Discussion of Political Awareness [ Causal Mechanism]
a. The Political Environment and Ballot Proposition Awareness
(Nicholson, 2003)
i. There is a positive correlation between media coverage
and ballot proposition awareness because as media covers
an issue more, the public interest regarding the issue
increases and this consequently leads to higher ballot
proposition awareness. Political awareness in promoted.
Discussion on Voter Turnout [Dependent Variable]
a. Rational Theories of Voter Turnout: A Review (Geys, 2006)
i. Rational choice theory is an ineffective theoretical
framework in understanding voter turnout.

IV.

ii. Peer pressure from social groups can encourage people to

vote. Belonging to a social group that encourages voting
will pressure people to exercise their suffrage in order to fit
and to feel like the individual is doing ones part in the
group.
Previous literatures tackling the relationship of the variables
a. Media Freedom, Political Knowledge, and Participation (Leeson,
2008)
i. Media freedom is positively associated with higher political
knowledge.
ii. As media freedom decreases, citizens are less likely to
believe information from the media.
iii. Countries with low media freedom tend to have citizens
with poorer political knowledge, lower political
participation, and lower voter turnout compared to
countries with high media freedom.
b. The Effects of Information to Voter Turnout: Evidence from a
Natural Experiment (Lassen, 2005)
i. There is a positive relationship between the citizens
information level and propensity to vote during elections
ii. Copenhagen citizens served as the sample and they were
informed of the effects of decentralization. The empirical
test proved that being informed of the issue and the
propensity to vote are statistically dependent to one
another with the latter being and effect of the former.

REFERENCE
Freedom House (2014). Freedom of the Press 2014. Freedom House.
Retrieved from
https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/freedom-press-2014
Geys, B. (2006). Rational Theories of Voter Turnout: A Review. Political
Studies Review, 4,
16-35. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&
source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCoQFjACahUKEwiDqbT8
zK_IAhVEL6Y
KHTcGD4g&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wzb.eu%2Fsites%2Fdefault
%2Ffiles%2F
personen
%2Fgeys.benny.328%2Fpolstudrev_4_1.pdf&usg=AFQjCNF8jUnE5Af32Z2
Fzt41-bK8zMQzGA&sig2=i1J123mVqQloTlqMgYZV9w
Helbig, N., Cresswell, A., Burke, B., & Luna-Reyes, L. (2012) The Dynamics of
Opening
Government Data. Center for Technology in Government. Retrieved
from
http://www.ctg.albany.edu/publications/reports/opendata
Lassen, D. (2005). The Effects of Information to Voter Turnout: Evidence from
a Natural
Experiment. American Journal of Political Science, 49, 103-118.
Retrieved from www.sites.duke.edu/niou/files/2011/06/lassen.pdf
Leeson, P. (2008). Media Freedom, Political Knowledge, and Particpation.
Journal of
Economic Perspectives, 22, 115-169. Retrieved from
https://www.aeaweb.org/
articles.php?doi=10.1257/jep.22.2.155
Nicholson, S. (2003). The Political Environment and Ballot Proposition
Awareness.
American Journal of Political Science, 47, 403-410. Retrieved from
www2.gsu.edu/
~polsnn/ajps_ballotaware.pdf

Yiu, C. (2012). The Big Data Opportunity: Making Government Faster,

Smarter, and
more Personal. Policy Exchange. Retrieved from
www.policyexchange.org.uk%
2Fimages%2Fpublications%2Fthe%2520big%2520data
%2520opportunity.pdf&usg=AFQjCNHptiP9YtXEwwqzpMYuaGitJ9PhlA&s
ig2=I_PCxZG9rJz8-h7bXkBWuw