Div 03 CONCRETE

1.01 LIME
One of the oldest manufactured building materials used as a mortar and plaster by
all the early civilizations:

Egyptians used lime plaster before 2600 B.C.

Greeks used it extensively for mortars and plasters

Romans developed a mixture of lime putty and volcanic ash for the first real
cement.

The carbonates decompose into carbon dioxide, which is expelled, and

calcium oxide (CaO) called quicklime.

Before quicklime can be used, it must first be mixed with water in the process
called slaking or hydration.

The lime has now become calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), known as slaked
lime or hydrated lime.

Hydrated lime mixed with water to make lime putty, is used as an ingredient of
hard-finish coat for two-and three-coat Portland cement plasters. It is also used for
mixing with cement mortar or concrete to:

increase its workability

decrease its permeability to water

reduce cracking due to shrinkage

A type of lime which will set under water is hydraulic lime, used only where
slow underwater setting is required.

1.02 GYPSUM
Gypsum, like lime, was used as a plaster by the Egyptians, Greeks and
Romans.
Plaster from the Greek word for both the raw material and calcined
product. In architectural terminology the words Plaster and gypsum are
often used interchangeably.
1.03 CEMENT

First developed by the Romans by mixing slaked lime with pozzolana

(volcanic ash) which hardened under water.

With the fall of the Roman Empire the art of cement-making was lost and for
several centuries.

In 1756, Smeaton, an Englishman, rediscovered hydraulic cement but it was

not until 1824 that Aspdin, an English bricklayer and mason, invented and
patented Portland cement.

Today, the word cement generally refers to Portland cement which is the
principal type of cement in use.

Portland cement is obtained by finely pulverizing clinker

produced by calcining a proportioned mixture of argillaceous
(silica, alumina) and calcareous (lime) materials with iron
oxide and small amounts of other ingredients.
Types of Portland cement:

slow-setting cement

quick-setting high early strength cement

sulfate-resisting cement for applications where alkaline water and soils occur

white cement (or stainless cement which is free of iron impurities).

2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
Cement should be protected at the building site from injury through contact with
dampness.
They should be stored in shed with a wood floor raised about 300mm (12)
from the ground.
Cement should be used as soon as possible after delivery.
Piles should be limited to twelve sacks in height.
Warehouse set - when the cement is stored in high piles for long periods, there
is a tendency for the lower layers to harden caused by the pressure above.

3. CONCRETE
Concrete is:

a proportioned mixture of cement, aggregate and water.

a plastic mass which can be cast, molded or formed into predetermined

size or shape

upon hydration, becomes stone-like in strength, hardness and durability. The

hardening of concrete is called setting.

when mixed with water and a fine aggregate of less than 6mm () is known
as mortar, stucco or cement plaster.

when mixed with water, fine aggregate and a large aggregate of more than
6mm () in size produces concrete.

when strengthened by embedded steel, is called reinforced concrete.

when without reinforcement, is called plain or mass concrete.

Concrete should be:

Strong ,

Durable, Of uniform quality, and thoroughly sound.

These are obtained through:

careful selection of materials

correct proportioning

thorough mixing

careful transporting and placing

proper curing or protection of the concrete after it is placed

3.03

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE

a. Cement

in reinforced-concrete construction should be high-grade Portland cement

conforming to the standards and approved on tests.

The kind of tests usually made are:

soundness, or constancy of volume

time of setting

fineness

tensile strength

Each bag of cement is equivalent to approximately 1 cu. ft. and weighs 94 lbs.

b. Aggregates are:
inert mineral fillers used with cement and water in making concrete, should
be particles that are durable strong, clean, hard and uncoated, and which are
free from injurious amount of dusts, lumps, soft and flaky particles, shale,
alkali, organic matter loam or other deleterious substances.

Fine aggregates (aggregates smaller than 6mm () in size) consist of

sand, stone screenings or other inert materials of similar characteristics.

Coarse aggregate (aggregate larger than in size) consists of crushed

stones, gravel or other inert materials of similar characteristics.
Coarse aggregates should be well graded in size to a size which will
readily pass between all reinforcing bars and between reinforcement
and forms but not exceed 25mm (1) in size for reinforced beams, floor
slabs, & thin walls.
They may range up to 50mm (2) for less highly reinforced parts of the
structures such as footings, thick walls, and massive work.

Special aggregates, such as cinders, blast furnace slag, expanded shale or

clay, perlite, vermiculite, and sawdust, may produce:

lightweight, nailable concrete

thermal insulating concrete.

c. Water

should be free from oil, acid, alkali, vegetable matter, or other

deleterious substances
should be reasonably clear and clean.
The use of sea or brackish water is not allowed.
Water combines with the cement to form a paste which coats and
surrounds the inert particles of aggregates.

The strength of the mixture therefore depends directly upon the

strength of the paste. If there be an excess of water the paste becomes
thin and weak and its holding power is reduced.

WATER CEMENT RATIO

-

The water-cement ratio is the amount of water used per bag of cement.

This usually varies from 5 to 7 gallons, with 6.5 gallons as average for
ordinary job conditions. The less water used in mixing, the better the quality of
concrete.
-

The ideal mix is one that is plastic and workable.

WATER CEMENT RATIO

Assumed 28-day
Compressive strength

Maximum water-cement
ratio

Pounds of water
per 100 lbs. of
cement

(lbs. per sq. inch)

U.S. gallons of water per

sack Cement of 94 lbs.

2,000

7.00

62.0

2,500

6.50

57.5

3,000

5.75

51.0

3,750

5.00

44.5

3.04 SLUMP TEST

-

used for measuring the consistency of a concrete mix.

Consistency may be defined as the state of fluidity of the mix

In this
a mix
or
height

B
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et

C
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TO
la
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s
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e
d
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sl
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p

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P

TA
B
LE

T
O
O
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R
Y

N
o
s
l
u
m
p

test the
tendency of
to slump,
reduce its
due to
gravity
action, is

measured. The apparatus consist of metal cone, the bottom opening being
200mm (8) in diameter, the top opening being 100mm (4), and the height
exactly 300mm (12).

The following table gives the permissible slump for various types of concrete in
relation to their uses:
CONSISTENCY (SLUMP)
Maximum

Minimum

Reinforced foundation walls and footings

125mm (5)

50mm (2)

Plain footings, caissons, and substructure

walls

100mm (4)

25mm (1)

Slabs, beams, thin reinforced walls &

building columns

150mm (6)

Pavements and floor laid on ground

75mm (3)

25mm (1)

Heavy mass construction

75mm (3)

25mm (1)

75mm (3)

3.05 PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE

Briefly stated, the principles of proper proportioning are as follows:
a.

Use good quality materials: Portland cement, water, and aggregate.

b.

Determine the strength of the concrete using the water-cement

ratio. (The strength increases as the water-cement ratio decreases).

c. Determine the consistency of the mix using the slump test using as
dry a mix as practicable.

d. Add correct proportions of aggregates to the cement and water as

will give a mix of the desired consistency.
e. Make a mix thats workable, not harsh.
3.05 PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
The strength of a workable concrete mix depends upon the water-cement
ratio.
The economy of the mix depends upon the proper proportioning of the fine
and coarse aggregates.
There are several methods of proportioning concrete:

a.

a.

Proportioning by arbitrary proportions

b.

Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump test

c.

Proportioning by water-ratio, slump and fineness modulus

Proportioning by arbitrary proportions

Proportioning concrete by the arbitrary selection of the proportions is the oldest, the
most commonly used, the most convenient and the least scientific method.

Enough water is used to give the desired consistency.

f
o
o
t

f
o
o
t

One sack of cement is taken as 1 cu. ft.

In this method, the aggregates are measured by loose volume, that is, its volume as
1
it is thrown into a measuring box.

f
o
o cement to fine aggregate to
Common mixes expressed in proportions by volumes of
t
coarse aggregate are as follows
CONCRETE PROPORTIONS
Class AA

1 : 1.5 : 3

For concrete under water, retaining walls

Class A

1: 2

For suspended slabs, beams, columns,

arches, stairs, walls of 100mm (4)
thickness

:4

Class B

1 : 2.5 : 5

For walls thicker than 100mm (4),

footings, steps, reinforced concrete slabs
on fill.

Class C

1:

For concrete plant boxes, and any noncritical concrete structures.

Class D

1 : 3.5 : 7

3 :6

For mass concrete works.

The proportion is to be read:

Class A : 1 part cement is to 2 parts sand is to 4 parts gravel.
Each part is equivalent to one cubic foot which is the measure of the box
constructed to be 1 foot (12 inches) on each of the three sides.
Each bag of cement is equivalent to approximately one cubic foot.

b.

Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump test

There are two steps to be observed:

Select the amount of water to be added to the cement to give the desired
strength (see Table)
Add just enough mixed aggregate to the water and cement to give a concrete
mix the desired consistency.
It is customary to specify
- the cement in sacks
- the water in gallons per sack of cement and
- the mixed aggregate in cu. ft. per sack of cement.
Proportions of cement to fine aggregate to coarse aggregate may be given if
desired.
c.

Proportioning by water-ratio, slump and fineness modulus

This method is the same as the second except that the proportions of the fine and
coarse aggregate are determined by the fineness modulus method.

For economy, proportion the fine coarse aggregates so that the largest quantity of
mixed aggregate may be used with a given amount of cement and water to produce
a mix of the desired consistency of slump.
3.06 MIXING OF CONCRETE

Reinforced-concrete work should be mixed by machine

Machine-mixed concrete is usually or more uniform quality than that mixed

by hand and is generally less expensive when in large volume.

The strength of concrete is very largely dependent upon the thoroughness of

mixing.
a. MACHINE MIXING
In machine-mixing, the mixing of each batch should continue not less
than one minute after all the materials are in the mixer and whenever
practicable, the length of the mixing time should be increased to 1.5 or 2
minutes. The entire contents of the drum should be discharged before
recharging the mixer. The mixer should be cleaned at frequent intervals
while in use.
Concrete mixers may be divided into two general classes:

Batch mixers into which sufficient materials are placed at one time to make a
convenient size batch of concrete, the whole amount being discharged in
one mass after it is mixed.
Continuous mixers into which the materials are fed constantly and from which the concrete is
discharged in a steady stream.
Concrete mixers may also be classified as:
-

drum mixers
trough mixers
gravity mixers, and
pneumatic mixers.

The drum mixers are the most common type.

b.

HAND MIXING
-

hand-mixing must be done on a water-tight platform.

cement and fine aggregate shall first be mixed dry until the whole is a
uniform color.

water and coarse aggregate shall then be added and the entire mass turned
at least three times, or until a homogeneous mixture of the required
consistency is obtained.

since initial set of concrete takes place 1 to 3 hours after mixing, a batch may
be used anytime before initial set takes place, provided that the mix is
plastic.

Regaging or retempering of concrete that has been allowed to stand more

than hour is not to be permitted.

3.07 TRANSPORTING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE

Fresh concrete should be transported from the mixer as rapidly as

practicable by methods that will permit the placing of the concrete in
the forms before initial set occurs and without loss or separation of
materials.

The delivery of the concrete from the mixer to the forms should be
fairly continuous and uninterrupted.

The time of transportation should not exceed 30 minutes.

The concrete may be transported by means of barrows, buggies,

buckets, cableways, hoists, chutes, belts and pipes.

When chutes are used, the slope should not be more than 1 vertical to
2 horizontal or less than 1 vertical to 3 horizontal. The delivery end of
the chutes shall be as close as possible to the point of deposit.

Before placing concrete, the forms shall be cleaned and inspected,

surfaces wetted or oiled, and reinforcement properly secured.

Concrete should be deposited in approximately horizontal layers in

wall, column and footing forms. They should not be piled up in the
forms which may result in the separation of the cement mortar from
the coarse aggregate.

Concrete should never be allowed to drop freely over 5 ft. for

unexposed work and over 3 ft. for exposed work.

3.08 SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE & TEMPERATURE CHANGES

Shrinkage of concrete due to hardening and contraction from temperature

changes, causes cracks the size of which depends on the extent of the mass.
They cannot be counteracted successfully but they can be minimized by
placing reinforcement so that large cracks can be broken up to some extent
to smaller ones.

In long continuous length of concrete, it is better to place shrinkage or

contraction joints.

3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE

Concrete must be allowed to cure or harden after it is placed.

Hardening is a rather slow process in which the cement and water unite to
form compounds that give strength and durability to the concrete. It
continues as long as the temperatures are favorable and moisture is present.

Three main factors that affect hardening are:

age or time

temperature, and

moisture.

In order that the hardening may proceed favorably, the fresh concrete, for
about 7 days after placing, should be protected from, excessive vibration,
loads, extreme heat or cold, too rapid drying, and contact with impurities
which may interfere with the chemical action.

The strength of the concrete increases with age when the curing conditions
remains favorable.

The increase in strength is rapid during the early ages and continues more
slowly as time goes on. The compressive strength reaches about 60% of its
own maximum value at an age of 28 days and about 80% at an age of 3
months.

Curing consists primarily in keeping the concrete from drying out too rapidly. This
may be done by:
a.
Covering the concrete. Floors shall be covered with paper sacking wetted
down at the edges or with burlap, sand or earth that is kept moist, after the
concrete is hard enough to walk on.
b.
Removal of forms at prescribed time. Forms shall not be removed until
after the time specified.
c.
Sprinkling with water. Beams, columns and walls are sprinkled or sprayed
with water as soon as the forms are removed.
d.

Using curing compounds (see ADMIXTURES).

3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE

Parts of Structure

FOOTINGS

CURING PERIOD or TIME REQUIRED FOR

THE REMOVAL OF FORMS
a. Massive
footings
b. Cantilever
footings

d. 1 day (24 hours)

e. 5 days (120 hours)
f.

5 days (120 hours)

c. Slab footings
WALLS AND
PLASTERS

COLUMNS

a. Massive walls,
30 cms. thick
or more

d. Up to 2 M. high: 1 day (24 hours). Add 1

day (24 hours) for every additional meter
or fraction thereof.

b. Thin walls less

than 30 cms.
Thick

e. Up to 2 M. high: 2 days (48 hours. Add 11/2 days (36 hours) for every additional
meter or fraction thereof

c. Cantilever
walls,
buttresses,
counter forts,
diaphragms.

f.

a. Ratio of height
to least
diameter up to
4

c. 2 days (48 hours)

b. Ratio of height
to least
diameter from
4 to 15.

SLABS

a. 3 to 7 ft. spans
b. Over 7 ft. span

Without loads, same as (b).

d. Add to the above number 1 day (24

hours) for every additional meter or
height or fraction there of but not more
than 28 days (672 hours).

a. 3 ft. span, 5 days (120 hours). Add day

(12 hours) for every additional 1 ft. span or
fraction thereof.
b. 7 ft. span, 7 days (168 hours). Add 1 day
(24 hours) for every additional 1 ft. span or
fraction thereof but not more than 28 days

(672 hours).
BEAMS AND
GIRDERS

a. Sides

c. 3 days

b. Bottoms

d. Up to 14 ft., 14 days (336 hours). Add 1

day for every 1 ft. additional span or
fraction thereof but not more than 28 days
(672 hours).

ARCHES

a. Spandrel walls

d. 7 days (168 hours).

b. Spandrel
arches

e. 14 days (336 hours)

f.

21 days (504 hours)

c. Main arches
BALUSTRADE
S,
COPINGS,ETC
.
R.C. PILES
and R.C.
POSTS

a. Steel & side forms

a. 1 day (24 hours)

a. Sides.

c. 3 days (72 hours)

b. Bottom

d. 14 days (336 hours)

3.10 ADMIXTURES
Substances added to cements, mortars, and concrete for the purpose of
improving or imparting particular properties, such as:

To improve workability of concrete, e.g. hydrated lime

To improve durability by entertainment of air

To accelerate setting or hardening (accelerators) e.g. calcium chloride

To retard setting (retarders).

To improve wear resistance

To impart water-repellant or water-proofing qualities e.g. hydrated lime,

KAOLINE, CELITE

To impart color, MINERAL OXIDES, COLORCON, METALICHROME.

Admixtures may be grouped into three categories:

those for mixing into concrete

those for mixing into mortar

those for surface application or finish.

Admixtures come in powder, paste, and liquid form, and are usually patented
and sold under trademark names.

Concrete admixtures include:

a. Accelerators - to speed up setting time, to develop earlier strength, and to
reduce length of time for protection. Principal ingredients are calcium
chloride. Maximum amount added is 2 lbs. per bag of cement.
Disadvantages: they increase the expansion and contraction of
concrete, reduce resistance to sulfate attack, and increases efflorescence
and corrosion of high tension steels.
b. Retarders - to slow down the hydration of the cement during very hot
weather. Principal ingredients include zinc oxide, calcium lignosulfonate,
derivatives of adipic acid.
Disadvantages: may cause some loss of early strength and will
therefore require careful control and more frequent slump tests, also reduces
the expansion and contraction of concrete.
c. Air-entraining agents - introduce minute air bubbles to greatly increase the
resistance of concrete to freezing and thawing, increase plasticity and reduce
bleeding. Addition of air-entraining admixtures is usually in the proportion of
3 to 6% of the volume of concrete. They are manufactured from such
ingredients as rosin, beef tallow, stereates, foaming agents (soap).
Disadvantages: These require careful control and more frequent slump
tests. They may also cause some loss of strength.
d. Inert, finely divided powders such as powdered glass , silica sand,
stone dust, hydrated lime - are added to improve workability, used as per
manufacturers directions. Hydrated lime is usually in the proportion of 10 to
15% of the cement by volume.
e. Waterproofing (permeability-reducing) compounds - reduce the
capillary attraction of the voids in the concrete or mortar, but while it may
decrease water absorption of the concrete or mortar, it does not render
concrete waterproof. They are manufactured from stearic acid or its

compounds, mainly calcium steareate, and include asphalt emulsions. They

are introduced usually in the amounts of 0.1 to 4.0% of the weight of cement.
f.

Colored pigments are mainly to used to give color to concrete floors. There
are two types:
Dry-cast, broadcast or dust-on, for surface coloring. They are dusted on,
usually in two coats, after all surface water has disappeared. The surface is
then finished with a steel trowel .
Integral colors, for body coloring. Integral color pigments are incorporated
in the mortar topping. They are mixed dry with the cement and aggregate
before water is added. Amount of color pigment required is not more than
10% of the cement by weight, generally 3 to 6 lbs. per bag of cement .

3.11
a.

FORMS
LUMBER FORMS

Lumber used in form construction should only be partially seasoned.

Kiln-dried lumber has a tendency to swell when soaked by the concrete, and this
swelling causes bulging and distortion of the forms.
Green lumber, on the other hand, dries out and shrinks if allowed to stand too long
before the concrete is placed. This tendency of green lumber to check and warp
may, however, be prevented to some extent by keeping the boards thoroughly
saturated with water.
Sizes of lumber frequently used :

b.

2-inch thick for columns, beams and girder bottoms

1-inch thick for floor panels and beam and girder sides

2x4s for struts, posts, shores, and uprights

1 or 2-inch thick for cleats

PLYWOOD FORMS

Works best where a smooth surface is required. The plywood should be waterproof,
Grade A and at least 12mm () thick.
c.

STEEL FORMS

Steel forms may be in the form of pans for concrete joist construction or steel
decking or corrugated steel for concrete slabs and slab-and-joist construction. .

d.

PLASTIC FORMS

Polystyrene forms are now available for concrete work.

4.01
a.

TYPES OF PROCESSED CONCRETE

AEROCRETE

This is a lightweight, expanded structural concrete produced by adding a small

amount of metallic aluminum powder to the mixture of Portland cement and sand of
cinders.
On the addition of water, a gas is generated which expands the wet mix and forms
small air cells throughout the material.
It is used for structural floor and roof slabs, partition blocks for sound proofing, wall
insulation, in rooms of refrigerator plants, lightweight fill on top of structural floor
and roof slabs.
In addition to its light weight, it has excellent fire-resistive qualities.

b.

GUNITE

This is the mixture of sand and cement deposited under high pneumatic pressure
with a machine manufactured under the trade name CEMENT GUN, to which the
required supply of water is added just before the dry constituents emerge from
nozzle.
GUNITE is used for encasing structural steel, when reinforced, for floor and roof
slabs and curtain walls. Ideal for swimming pool construction.

c.

PORETE

A Portland cement concrete to which a chemical foam is added to generate gases in

the process of deposition, resulting in light weight precast or shop-made unit in both
hollow and solid forms. It is manufactured in solid slabs for short spans roofs and
siding of industrial buildings.

d.

HAYDITE

This is processed concrete added with lightweight aggregate .

4.02

AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

Lightweight aggregates have the following advantages:

Reduction of dead loads saves structural steel, reduces bearing on foundation

and cuts cost of concrete forms

High insulating value is provided by numerous dead air spaces .

Rough texture of surfaces have good acoustical properties .

Lightweight allows easier handling of precast slabs and blocks

Lightweight plaster has less tendency to crack and its heat resistance makes
it a good material for fireproofing structural steel

The major disadvantages of lightweight aggregates are a result paradoxically of the

physical qualities which make them weight saving and good insulators :

Porosity requires changes in the usual formulas for water and slump, and
closer supervision of mixing. Very light aggregates tend to float out of the
mortar and some coarse aggregate concrete mixtures require the addition of
a fine aggregate like sand to prevent harsh working and serious bleeding.

As aggregates become lighter they become structurally weaker so the

strength of the matrix must be modified by adding more cement. More
cement is needed, also to wet the greater aggregate surface area, due to
the irregularity of the particles .

The cost of raw aggregates is higher than for gravel, rock, and sand because
of small production facilities and the additional processing that is sometimes
necessary .

Concrete using lightweight aggregate should not weigh more than 75% of
ordinary concrete. Since the aggregates compromise about 50 percent of the
usual mixes, its weight should not be more than 50 percent of that of rock or
gravel aggregates for the same volume. Grade rock, gravel aggregates weigh
a little less than 100 lbs. per cu. ft. thus a good lightweight aggregate should
weigh less than 50 lbs. per cubic foot.

Lightweight aggregates can be divided into four general classifications :

a.

Aggregates of volcanic origin

Pumice, weighing from 25 to 60 lbs.per cu. ft. is well qualified as a

lightweight aggregate when dry and well graded. It is hard to be handled and
mixed without excessive breakdown.

Undesirable feature, however, is its water absorption. This can be mitigated

by wetting the aggregate before it is mixed with cement .

Perlite is composed of stable silicates, and is inert and thus durable for use
as a lightweight aggregate or for insulation. Its disadvantages are its
friability, small particle size, and extreme lightness. The small particle size
requires more cement, while its lightness, from 8 to 16 lbs. per cu. ft.
increases the tendency to float out of the mortar.

Perlite is useful where maximum strength is not required, as in precast slabs

and blocks and in floor fill, fireproofing and plaster .

b.

Micaceous minerals
Vermiculite is a micaceous mineral which expands on application of heat to
as much as 30 times its original volume.

Dried ground ore is subjected to about 1,800 degrees heat for 4 to 8 seconds,
after which it weighs only 6 to 12 lbs. per cubic ft.
It is used as an aggregate in concrete fireproofing steel, for floor and roof fill,
and for acoustic and fireproof plaster.
c.

Expanded shales and clays

d.

Lightweight aggregates from shales and clays require heating the material in
a kiln to a temperature near its fusion point. The material softens and
coalesces to a sticky mass; escaping gases are trapped, forming cellular
structures and expanding the volume of the material about 50%.
By-product Aggregates

Expanded Slag or foamed slags are made by treating molten blast

furnace slag with controlled quantities of water or steam. Some slags are
expanded are expanded in pits in the ground; others are made in machines.
Close control of steam is very important because too much granulates the
slag, yielding soft, friable particles; too little gives a heavy aggregate.

Foamed slag has been used for precast blocks, cast-in-place walls of houses
and for panel filling of steel-framed buildings.

Cinders are composed of the ash components of the coal along with the
various quantities of unburned or partially burned combustible matter.
Cinders containing a minimum amount of combustible material are

satisfactory for use in concrete but are not particularly weight saving.
Lightweight cinders often have unsound physical and chemical properties.
WEIGHT OF AGGREGATE AND CONCRETE BY TYPE OF AGGREGATE
TYPE OF AGGREGATE

Aggregate
Weight per
Cubic Foot
(Lbs.)

Weight per Cubic

Foot of Concrete
Using Aggregate
(Lbs.)

Gravel

120

150

Sand

90-100

150

Crushed Stone

100

145

Crushed Bank Slag

80

110-130

Haydite (Expanded Clay, shale)

40-60

100-120

Foamed Slag

40-60

90-100

Cinders

40-50

110-115

Pumice

30-60

60-90

Diatomite

28-40

55-70

Perlite

6-16

40-65

Vermiculite

6-10

25-50