Brent Joshua Angeles

20135787821

History of Cloning
1938 the first idea of cloning: Hans Spemann proposes a fantastic
experiment to replace the nucleus of an egg cell with the nucleus of another cell
and to grow an embryo from such an egg
1952 an attempt to clone a Rana pipiens frog: Robert Briggs and Thomas
King; the scientists collect the nucleus from a frog egg cell with a pipette and
replace it with the nucleus taken from a cell of a frog embryo; the experiment is not
successful;
1970 a Xenopus laevis frog: John B. Gurdon is successful: he clones a frog, but
its development only reaches the stage of tadpole. Despite attempts, he never
manages to obtain an adult specimen. For many years, his achievement
is questioned, especially in light of unsuccessful attempts to clone mammals;
1981 Karl Illmenese and Peter Hope clone a mouse. They take the nucleus
not from an adult specimen, but from a mouse embryo;
1994 Neal First tries to clone a sheep. He takes the nucleus from
an embryonic cell. He obtains a sheep embryo that develops 120 cells;
1995 two sheep are cloned (Moran and Megan). These had been the first
animals cloned from differentiated cells obtained by means of a pioneering method
of nuclei transfer. However, the cells from which the nucleus was taken did not
come directly from another living animal, but from a cell culture. The ones who
achieved that were Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell;
1996 the first mammal cloned from a cell taken from an adult animal Dolly the
sheep. Creators: Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell;
1998 the first cloned mouse (it was called Cumulina);

2000 the first cloned rhesus monkey;

2000 the first cloned pig (or even five pigs);
2001 a buffalo and a cow cloned;
2001 a cat cloned (it was called CopyCat);
2002 Konrad Hochedlinger and Rudolf Jaenisch clone mice from T lymphocytes;
MarchApril 2003 a rabbit is cloned in France and Southern Korea;
May 2003 a mule is cloned. It was achieved by the companies Idaho Gem and
Utah Pioneer;
2003 a deer (Dewey), a horse (Prometea) and a rat (Ralph) cloned;
2004 fruit flies cloned;
2004 a group of Korean scientists under the direction of Woo Suk Hwang
announces an alleged cloning of a human embryo. The information proves to be
a fraud;
April 2005 an Afghan hound (Snuppy) cloned;
2007 a wolf cloned; South Korean scientists obtained two female wolves
(Snuwolf and Snuwolffy);
2008 a Labrador dog cloned;
2009 the first animal from an extinct species cloned: Pyrenean ibex. The
animal lived seven minutes. It died of lung malformations;
2009 a camel female cloned (Injaz); Injaz was created from ovarian cells of a
female killed for meat in 2005. The camel cloning programme in Saudi Arabia
enjoys special care of the government.

Clone in biology, a clone is defined as an organism having identical or nearly

identical genetic material. Therefore, clones are not only the organisms obtained
in the laboratory as a result of complex procedures, but also organisms created

in the process of vegetative reproduction, such as bacteria, unicellular organisms,

offshoots and plantlets.
Cloning - the procedure for obtaining organisms with the same genetic information.
How is it done? You need to collect an egg cell from a donor (a female sheep, mouse
or cat). Then you need to carefully remove the nucleus from the cell and collect
another cell from the skin, udder or other tissue from another male or female donor
of the same species (i.e. from another sheep, mouse or cat). This is the animal that
will be cloned. From this cell, you also need to remove the cell nucleus and place
it in the empty egg. The egg obtained in such a way needs to be treated with
a gentle electric shock. The egg should begin to divide and grow into a multicellular
embryo. At this stage, the embryo needs to be implanted into the uterus of a
surrogate mother. If the pregnancy develops normally and the animal is born
we have a clone

Importance of cloning
Cloning is important for many reasons including advances in medicine, producing
livestock faster, improving crops and for the use by police.
Advances in medicine:
In testing of medicines animals models such as mice are used. These mice are
genetically engineered to carry disease-causing mutations in their genes, however,
this process is time-intensive, requires trial-and-error experiments and several
generations of breeding. Cloning would allow scientists to the reduce the time
needed to make transgenic animal models, such as the mice, and the result would
be a population of genetically identical animals ready to use for a study without the
time-intensive process.
Cloning can been seen as important in making stem cells. Stem cells build, maintain
and repair the body throughout an individual's life, as these processes are naturally
occurring they can be manipulated to repair damaged or diseased organs and
tissues. Cloning stem cells to make identical ones as an individual could be used for
medical reasons and for possibly growing whole new organs without the worry of

the stem cells being seen as foreign in the body and the immune system being
triggered. Cloning stem cells from an individual with a disease lets scientists and
researchers understand the disease and develop a treatment for it.
In medicine cloning is used to find out about many genes that cause diseases, this
is also known as gene therapy. Gene therapy is used to find cures for diseases that
are caused by genetics. Scientists are using gene therapy to find cures for cancer
and AIDS.
By using cloning a person is able to find out if he or she has inherited a gene on a
chromosome from an affected parent by a procedure called genetic screening. This
process allows individuals to find out if they have an affected gene or not, if the
individual does have an affected gene then they can use strategies to help prevent
the disease or make the symptoms/disease itself weaker.
Disadvantage of cloning
Disadvantage If a clone is susceptible to disease or changes in environment, then all
the clones will be susceptible.
Disadvantage It will lead to less variation, and less opportunity to create new
varieties in the future.
A Degree of Uncertainty

Many of the repercussions and effects of cloning remain unknown. It is a new world
of science that is still continually be discovered. There is no real way to tell what the
social, mental, and medical consequences may be endured due to cloning.
New Diseases

Cell mutation is a very real possibility with genetic cloning. This may result in new
and more aggressive genetic disease to begin within the human race, creating a lot
of problems. Many people believe that an event like this will be the demise of
civilization.
Organ Rejection Because of Cell Mutation

Although the technique utilizes the cells of the organ of the recipient, there is still a
chance that the cells will mutate. This results to a significant difference on the cell
makeup between the replicated and original organ.

Controversies of cloning
Ethical concerns about cloning may be broadly divided into two categories: concern
about the effect of cloning on animal and human welfare, and objection to the
principle of cloning, ie, to producing an animal by a means other than fertilization.
Currently, cloning is associated with an increase in animal suffering when compared
with production of animals by standard breeding methods. This is due to surgeries
performed to obtain oocytes or transfer embryos, pregnancy losses, sickness and
death of neonates, low-level abnormalities in surviving young, and possible distress
from disease in animals produced as disease models. These concerns are somewhat
mitigated by the fact that most of these findings are not unique to cloning; they are
also associated with other procedures that have been generally accepted as
worthwhile, such as in vitro fertilization and embryo production, oocyte transfer,
and embryo transfer. In addition, the accepted normal fate of many species being
cloned is to be housed for maximal production and then be slaughtered and eaten.
A compelling argument for cloning is that the potential benefits of the procedure to
the understanding of life processes and animal disease, to human health, and to
food production outweigh the cost of the procedure in terms of animal welfare.
Additional concerns rest with the effect of cloning on the entire animal population,
most commonly related to the genetic variation of the species. This is a legitimate
concern in some species and uses, such as in dairy cattle, in which one bull may sire
thousands of offspring. However, this is more related to the technology of semen
freezing and distribution than to the fact that a bull itself was cloned. In companion
animals, it is improbable that the very few pets likely to be cloned will have an
effect on the population in general. In horses, cloning may in fact increase genetic
variation, because a major proposed use is to clone geldings that have been found
to be superior competitors, thus rescuing genetic types that would otherwise have
been lost. Concerns about human health focus mainly on consumption of food
produced from cloned animals. After years of study, the FDA and the European Food
Safety Authority have concluded that consumption of meat or milk from cloned
animals poses no public health risk. Therefore, remaining concerns about
consumption of food from cloned animals is likely based more on principle than on
actual potential for harm. Because cloning is used to produce transgenic animals,

many perceived concerns regarding cloning are actually concerns about transgenic
animals, which present a completely different set of potential hazards to animal and
human health and the environment. European nations have relaxed their position on
use of cloned animals and their progeny in the food chain based on the lack of
evidence of a human health risk and the difficulty in establishing a tracing or
labeling system to identify such meat when coming from outside countries.