Rate of Reaction

Inorganic Chemistry experiment

Made by:
Joshua Ryan
Kevin Reviro
Mandy Nathalie
Sebastian Marco

XIA4 / 18
XIA4 / 20
XIA4 / 21
XIA4 / 27

SANTA LAURENSIA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Jl. SUTERA UTAMA NO 1 ALAM SUTERA
SERPONG UTARA, TANGERANG SELATAN
2016/2017

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Purpose:
This experiment is done to learn about the factors that affect rate of Chemical
reactions that are temperature and concentration of compound mixed. By conducting
this experiment, we will be able to know how those factors can affect the rate of
reactions.
Materials and Apparatus:
Materials
1.

2.

N2S2O3

3.

H2O

HCl

Apparatus
1.

Dropper

4.

Thermometer

pipette

2.

Spiritus burner

5.

Stopwatch

3.

Beaker glass

6.

Measuring cylinder

Procedure:
A. CONCENTRATION
1. Wash and dry all the apparatus that are involved in making the reaction.
Prepare the materials as well.
2. Make a mark using pen on a paper
3. Measure 1 mL of Sodium Thiosulfate (2M) in a measuring cylinder and add
H2O until the volume of solution becomes 10mL
4. Pour the solution into a beaker glass
5. Measure 1 mL of Hydrochloric acid (2M) in a measuring cylinder
6. Put the beaker containing N2S2O3 and H2O above the paper u marked, make
sure it covers the mark that you made
7. Start the stopwatch while pouring the HCl into the beaker glass
8. Stop the stopwatch and take notes of the time needed for the reaction to
completely cover the mark that you made
9. Repeat the whole process for the other volumes of N2S2O3 and H2O
B. TEMPERATURE
1. Wash and dry all the apparatus that are involved in making the reaction.
Prepare the materials as well.
2. Make a mark using pen on a paper
3. Measure 5 mL of Sodium Thiosulfate (1M) in a measuring cylinder and pour it
into a beaker glass
4. Measure 2 mL of HCl (1M) in a measuring cylinder
5. Heat the beaker glass containing N2S2O3 using a spiritus burner until it reaches
the required temperature (measure temperature using thermometer)
6. After it reached a certain temperature, stop heating it and put the beaker glass
above the mark that youve made on a paper
7. Start the stopwatch while pouring the HCl into the beaker glass
8. Stop the stopwatch and take notes of the time needed for the reaction to
completely cover the mark that you made
9. Repeat the whole process for the other temperature of N2S2O3

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1

Rate of reaction

The rate of a reaction is the speed at which a chemical

reaction happens.

If

reaction

has

low

rate,

that

means

the molecules combine at a slower speed than a reaction with a high rate.
Some reactions take hundreds, maybe even thousands, of years while others
can happen in less than one second. The rate of reaction also depends on the
type of molecules that are combining. If there are low concentrations of an
essential

element

or

compound,

the

reaction

will

be

slower.

There is another big idea for rates of reaction called collision theory.
The collision theory says that as more collisions in a system occur, there will
be more combinations of molecules bouncing into each other. If you have
more possible combinations there is a higher chance that the molecules will
complete the reaction. The reaction will happen faster which means the rate of
that reaction will increase.
2.2

Factors that affect rate

Temperature: When you raise the temperature of a system, the
molecules bounce around a lot more. They have more energy. When they
bounce around more, they are more likely to collide. That fact means they are
also more likely to combine. When you lower the temperature, the molecules
are slower and collide less. That temperature drop lowers the rate of the
reaction. To the chemistry lab! Sometimes you will mix solutions in ice so that
the temperature of the system stays cold and the rate of reaction is slower.
Concentration: If there is more of a substance in a system, there is a
greater chance that molecules will collide and speed up the rate of the reaction.
If there is less of something, there will be fewer collisions and the reaction will
probably happen at a slower speed. Sometimes, when you are in a chemistry
lab, you will add one solution to another. When you want the rate of reaction
to be slower, you will add only a few drops at a time instead of the entire
beaker.
Pressure: Pressure affects the rate of reaction, especially when you
look at gases. When you increase the pressure, the molecules have less space
in which they can move. That greater density of molecules increases the
number of collisions. When you decrease the pressure, molecules don't hit
each

other

as

often

and

the

rate

of

reaction

decreases.

Pressure is also related to concentration and volume. By decreasing the

volume available to the molecules of gas, you are increasing the concentration
of molecules in a specific space. You should also remember that changing the
pressure of a system only works well for gases.
2.3

Sodium Thiosulfate
The

chemical

formula

of

sodium

thiosulfate is Na2S2O3 and its molar mass is 158.11

g/mol. It is also available as its pentahydrate salt
(Na2S2O3.5H2O), with a molar mass of 248.18
g/mol. It is an ionic compound composed of two
sodium cations (Na+) and the negatively charged
thiosulfate anion (S2O3-), in which the central sulfur atom is bonded to three
oxygen atoms and another sulfur atom, all through single and double bonds
with resonance character. The solid exists in a monoclinic crystal structure.
Sodium thiosulfate is a white crystalline solid which is odorless and
highly water soluble. It has a density of 1.667 g/mL
and a melting point of 48.3C. Sodium thiosulfate is
a neutral salt which readily dissociates in water to
give sodium and thiosulfate ions.
Sodium thiosulfate is used in several pharmaceutical preparations and
also has various medical properties. It is an important antidote used for
treating cyanide poisoning. Apart from its medical uses, it also has
applications in water treatment, neutralizing bleach, leather tanning, gold
extraction, photographic processing, and chemical heating pads.
2.3

Hydrochloric acid

TAMBAHIN YAAA
Analysis
HCl + sodium thiosulfate
2HCl(aq) + Na2S2O3(aq)

sodium chloride + sulfur dioxide + sulfur + water.

2NaCl(aq) +
SO2(g) + S(s) + H2O(l)

In the reaction of HCl and sodium thiosulfate

CHAPTER 3
DATA
FIRST EXPERIMENT (CONCENTRATION)
Volume of H2O

Volume of HCl

Time

(1M)
1 mL

9 mL

(2M)
1 mL

5 min 08 s

2 mL

8 mL

1 mL

3 min 48 s

3 mL

7 mL

1 mL

2 min 12 s

4 mL

6 mL

1 mL

1 min 45 s

Volume of N2S2O3

SECOND EXPERIMENT (TEMPERATURE)

Temperature of

Volume of N2S2O3

Volume of HCl

Time

N2S2O3 (2M)

30C

(2M)
5 mL

(2M)
2 mL

11,4 s

35C

5 mL

2 mL

9s

40C

5 mL

2 mL

6,6 s

45C

5 mL

2 mL

5,3 s

CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION
4.1

Analysis
A. Concentration

HCl + sodium thiosulfate

sodium chloride + sulfur dioxide + sulfur + water.

2HCl(aq) + Na2S2O3(aq)

2NaCl(aq)

SO2(g)

+ S(s) + H2O(l)

As you can see at the equation above, a reaction between HCL and sodium
thiosulfate/ Na2S2O3

will produce sodium chloride/NaCl, sulfur dioxide/SO2,

sulphur/S, water/H2O.
The rate of this reaction can be measured by how much the product solid
sulfur (S(s)) is formed. The solid sulfur makes the colourless solution go cloudy
(yellow in colour). This reaction is usually carried out in a flask placed on a piece of
white paper. The white paper has a black star on it. At the beginning of the reaction,
the cross can easily be seen through the solution in the flask. As the solution in the
flask becomes more and more cloudy, the star gets harder to see. You can measure the
time from the start of the reaction until the cross can no longer be seen. This is a way
of measuring the time of the reactant reach the equilibrium. The reaction rate can be
measured by divided change of concentration by the time taken to reach the
equilibrium.
To obtain the products, it needs chemical reaction. The speed at which
a chemical reaction happens is called the rate of reaction. The less time it takes
to react, the greater the rate of reaction because its according to
formula of the rate of reaction.

This experiment is testing how the rate of reaction is affected when

concentration is changed. The theory is said that increasing the concentration can
increase the rate of reaction by increasing the rate of molecular collisions. The
collision theory says that as more collisions in a system occur, there will be more
combinations of molecules bouncing into each other. If you have more possible
combinations there is a higher chance that the molecules will complete the reaction.
The reaction will happen faster which means the rate of that reaction will increase.
It was proved in this experiment, as you can see in the table above the higher
concentration of sodium thiosulfate in the solution the less time it will takes for the
system to turn into equilibrium.

4.1

Conclusion

Concentration is one of the factors of the rate of reaction. The theory is

said that increasing the concentration can increase the rate of reaction by
increasing the rate of molecular collisions.

It proves the collision theory. The collision theory says that as more
collisions in a system occur, there will be more combinations of molecules
bouncing into each other. If you have more possible combinations there is a
higher chance that the molecules will complete the reaction. The reaction will
happen faster which means the rate of that reaction will increase.