Department of architecture

Dire dawa institute of technology

Dire dawa city, Ethiopia

Park design

Project report
In partial fulfillment of course requirements for

Arch 5502 a coordinated design project 4

Student name:

Abubeker fedlu

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Abstract
The aim of this research is to create a better understanding about the quality of urban greenery and open space and parks
by running a analysis on selected city Dire Dawa in order to come up with a certain conclusion about public parks and their
benefit for the city, to analyse in what ways architectural quality of public parks could contribute to and affected the users and the
aesthetic quality of urban image in Dire Dawa. In order to accomplish this, certain private and public parks are chosen in the
research location Dire Dawa, with a certain choosing criteria and to evaluate the design quality of these public park quality related
literature and principles are prepared and is analysed in relation to the park design and construction code of the case
city, Dire Dawa. Different methods, materials and techniques are implemented to collect the necessary data that is needed to
make the research legitimate and to insure its validity. These includes site survey, questionnaires and interviews with related
professionals, end users and occupants of parks, plus the use of different devices which are necessary to the research. The
gathered data is analysed in relation with the literature and building design and construction code of the city, Adama. This
includes evaluation of the parks and the regulation to the existing open space and parks. Finally, findings of the research are based
on the analysed data is presented and a general conclusion is made out of the findings followed by procedural and technical
recommendations.

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Acknowledgment
To begin with I would like to thank the institute for giving me this opportunity and boost up my creativity and also Ar Lizette to
be with me from the beginning of the project until the end. Not but not least my friends for keeping up with me in all phases of
this project.
The big thanks for the administration of Dire Dawa city for giving all necessary datas for the research and the project. Not only
giving datas but also making us motivated through the entire project time.

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Table of contents
List of figures......................................................................................................................... 6
Chapter one............................................................................................................................ 8
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 8
1.1 Introduction and background..................................................................................8
1.2 problem statement...................................................................................................8
1.3 objective................................................................................................................... 9
1.3.1 General objective....................................................................................... 9
1.3.2 Specific objective....................................................................................... 9
1.5 scope.......................................................................................................................... 9
1.7 contextual back ground of the city...........................................................................10
Chapter two................................................................................................................................11
2. Literature review......................................................................................................................11
2.1 Why is recreation and open space important? ...........................................................11
2.2 How do we define recreation and open space? .........................................................11
2.3 types of recreation and open space resources.............................................................12
2.4 guiding principles for open space and recreation.......................................................18
Chapter three.............................................................................................................................22
3. Methods, materials and techniques.........................................................................................22
3.1 data sources............................................................................................................... 22
3.2 methods......................................................................................................................22
3.2.1 Primary data source....................................................................................22
3.2.2 Secondary data sources............................................................................... 23

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Chapter four...........................................................................................................................38
4. Case studies.........................................................................................................................38
4.1 case study 01 ........................................................................................................38
4.2 case study 02 ........................................................................................................41
4.3 case study 03 ........................................................................................................43
4.4 case study 04 ........................................................................................................47
4.5 case study 05 ........................................................................................................50
Chapter five............................................................................................................................52
5. Finding translation, conclusion and recommendation........................................................52
5.1 finding translation..................................................................................................52
5.2 conclusion..............................................................................................................57
5.3 recommendations....................................................................................................58
Proposal....................................................................................................................................59

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List of figures
Chapter two
Figure 1 Types of park elements.....................................................................................................21
Chapter three
Figure 2 Existing open and recreational areas.................................................................................24
Figure 3 Existing teachers of parks and recreational areas.............................................................26
Figure 4 Palace park proposal.........................................................................................................27
Figure 5 Millennium park proposal.................................................................................................28
Figure 6 Youth center proposal.......................................................................................................29
Chapter four
Figure 7 Case 01 map......................................................................................................................40
Figure 8 Case 02 map and photo.....................................................................................................42
Figure 9 Case 03 map.......................................................................................................................45
Figure 10 Case 03 site plan..............................................................................................................46
Figure 11 Case 04 site plan..............................................................................................................49
Figure 12 Case 05 play ground........................................................................................................51

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Chapter five
Figure 13 Playground products.............................................................................................................53
Figure 14 wedding gazebo....................................................................................................................54
Proposal renderings

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Chapter one
1. Introduction and background
The dilapidated feature of the existing city center coupled with the shortage green areas in dire dawa demanded an aggressive green
area development scheme in the city. The dire dawa city administration has launched the integrated green area development project
to curb the problem. Accordingly public parks will be built in two different sites of the dire dawa city. One of these sites is located
in the city center covered with old structures while the other is found at the buffer between the airport and the city built up area.
The areas selected for the parks development are within the city green areas designated by the structure plan and local development
plans previously prepared.
The sites can be called after their location the millennium park which includes the youth center and the palace park the surrounding
of which is subject to redevelopment/ relocation. The area of the sites is about 16.6 ha and 8.5ha respectively. The millennium park
consists two sites of 9 ha and 7.6 ha that are divided by a major road passing in between. The redevelopment of parks in these two
sites is expected to significantly improve the urban quality with the provision of important land mark to the city.
1.1. Statement of the problem
As we all know dire dawa is expanding through north west side of the city, however the green and open space implimentation is
not satisfactory. Public parks and other greenarys is not visible at the current setuation. Even though there are two new proposed
parks they do not meet the prfered need of green coverage.
There are some limited private parks but compairing to the large city and the need of the people they are very low on providing the
need. Also the 3 main seasonal rivers are dividing the city in to three parts. Parks has a big role on prserving the urban ecosystem.

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1.2. Objectives of the study

1.2.1. General objective
The main objective of the study is to assess the current green and recreational datas on dire dawa and also assess the need of the
people. Also the need of green coverage for the city.

1.2.2. Specific objective

To assess the parks in the city
To assess the current socio economic status, of residents and the administration strategies.
To analyze the current intervention and provision of recreational spaces and peoples need to create enabling environment
recreational spaces.
To recommend alternative possible solution to alleviate gren coverage problem in the selected area.
1.3. the scope of the study
The study is conducted in dire dawa town, which has 9 kebeles and it will be employed through approaching parks and recreational
areas in two sub kebeles namely depo and sabian. The study is also concerned with the assessment of the two sub kebeles needs
for green coverage and preservation programe.

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1.4. Contextual back ground of the city

1.4.1. Administration
The city has two tires of government, city and kebele administration. This includes 9 kebeles of urban and 25 rural kebeles
respectively. Of which, kebele 02 and 08 are major kebele and plays a great role in social, political and economic condition of the
city.
1.4.2. Population size
The total population of kebele 02 and 08 is estimated to be 43444 of this, 21460 (49.4%) are males and the remaining 2198 (50.6
%) are females and 29638 of this, 14370 (48.5 %) are males and the 15268 (51.5%) are females respectively. (csa 2007\1999)
1.4.3. Socio economic activity
Since then, micro and small enterprise in this area partially contributed to create job opportunity poverty alleviation. Many
people in the selected area have been engaged in micro and small enterprise in order to generate income for them and their family,
according to the information obtain from ddipo (2003) report, the distribution of micro and small enterprises in this two kebeles
constitute about 2873, of this, 1490 in kebele o2 and 1383 in kebele 08.

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Chapter two
2. Literature review
2.1. Why is recreation and open space important?
Recreation and open space are critical components of any communitys quality of life; for san Franciscans they are defining
elements of the city itself. The citys open space system provides places for recreation, activity and engagement, for peace and
enjoyment, and for freedom and relief from the built world. It serves the social and environmental health of the city, providing a
sustainable environment. Among its benefits:

Open space and recreation activities improve residents physical and mental health.

Open space promotes environmental sustainability.

Open space and recreation activities can help to address environmental justice across a community.

Open space provides tangible economic benefit.

2.3. How do we define recreation and open space?

Recreation and open space are critical components of any city, and by necessity have to come in different forms and experiences.
Open space provides the breathing room in a dense urban environment and promotes opportunities to engage in outdoor
activities, access nature, enjoy scenic views, and experience our citys many ecosystems.

Recreation includes activities that happen within open space both at outdoor or indoor facilities, the key elements being that the
activity is beneficial by way of being fun, stimulating, refreshing, or relaxing in some form, either physical, mental, or the
combination of the two. Active recreation involves physical activity while passive recreation usually involves sitting or lying
down. Active recreation refers to a mix of uses in a neighborhood park that includes the following facilities types: athletic fields,
buildings or structures for recreational activities, concessions, community gardens, courses or sport courts, childrens play areas,
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dog play areas, or bike paths. A passive recreation area refers to a mix of uses in a park, undeveloped land or minimally improved
lands which can include the following: landscaped areas, natural areas, ornamental gardens, non-landscaped green spaces,
stairways, decorative fountains, picnic areas, and water bodies without recreational staffing.

There are five (5) types of recreation and open space resources.
1.

Passive oriented parks

2.

Active oriented parks

3.

Special use areas

4.

Public spaces

5.

Pathways and trails passive oriented parks

Passive oriented parks include unstructured play, relaxation, family picnics and similar activities since the intent of these types of
parks is to allow for non-structured enjoyment. These parks are often within walking or biking distance of most users. The
activities passive parks support may become a daily pastime for neighborhood children. Support facilities, such as covered picnic
or play areas, are not usually part of this subset of parks.
Active oriented parks
Active oriented parks provide playing fields and other facilities that can be used for team and individual sports and activities.
Active-oriented parks are intended to serve a large area. As a result, parks with these features will require more support facilities
such as restrooms, playgrounds, shelters and parking.
Special use areas

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Special use areas are public recreation areas occupied by a single purpose facility or contain activities that do not fall into the
other categories. Design of these facilities should be specific to the needs of that facility and intended user group. These uses are
not considered essential to the development of a basic parks inventory and should only be considered when full cost benefit
analysis and understanding of operation and maintenance costs are understood and justified. Facility space requirements are the
primary determinants of site size. Examples of special use parks are dog or skateboard parks.
Public spaces
City beautification areas are intended to provide for the aesthetic needs of the residents. Many of these spaces are five (5) acres or
less in size. Rather than place an emphasis on physical activity, these areas provide a visual experience. They can take the form of
landscaped entryways to the city, medians, or street corners. As expressed through the communitys planning vision and defined
in the 2009 ear, the public space category includes community gathering places such as plazas and squares, where the emphasis is
on outdoor gatherings such as concerts, farmers markets, street fairs, and socialization. Typical amenities include benches, tables,
gazebos or pavilions.
Pathways and trails
Pathways and trails may be incorporated into park facilities, but may also be the sole purpose of a facility. Communities provide
urban paths and trails for their recreational value. Trails and paths should be developed to provide linkages between schools, parks,
neighborhoods, and the community and should connect with regional trail systems.
Resource classification
Park classification is determined by the resources use, purpose, size, target area, demographic sand location.

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There are three (3) park classifications:

1. Neighborhood parks
2. Community parks
3. Regional parks
Neighborhood parks
The neighborhood park is a "walk to" park, generally located along local streets where pedestrians will not encounter heavy
traffic. It serves the population of a neighborhood in a radius of up to one-half mile and should be easily accessed.

Examples of this type of park include: tall wood, cements wood, hammock lakes, and westbrook parks. Since the service areas
of neighborhood parks and elementary schools often coincide, it is desirable for the neighborhood park to physically join
elementary schools when feasible. Parks and schools serve the same basic population, share compatible land uses and maintain
recreation facilities that are of mutual benefit. Recreation needs vary from one neighborhood to another and between different
segments of the population. To meet the particular needs of each neighborhood, site design should also reflect the character of the
neighborhood and incorporate compatible elements of both passive and active types of recreation. Typical facilities developed in
the neighborhood park may include playgrounds, recreation buildings, and multi-purpose sport courts, sports fields, picnic areas,
and open space. Additional facilities may be added, depending on the recreation demands of the neighborhood or community
area.

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Neighborhood parks typically serve a population in a one-half mile radius and approximately 2000 persons, but these are just
guidelines and are based on ideal circumstances, but neighborhood parks may draw from a larger area.

Although the city does not currently have any inter local agreements with schools, there are non-profit recreation leagues that
contract with the school board of Brevard County to utilize their facilities for various recreational activities.

Community parks
A community park is designed to serve the needs of multiple neighborhoods and larger sections of the city and have been
described as medium size, typically ten to 40 acres in size based on national averages. While community parks ought to be
accessible via pedestrian and bicycle pathways, community parks are also expected to meet the needs of automobile-oriented
users with parking lots and easy access to major streets or arterials.

Community parks offer a wide range of programs and facilities for all community individuals and families ranging from passive
to active uses. Just as the neighborhood park fulfills the recreation needs of the neighborhood, the community park is designed to
meet the recreational needs of the entire community.

Typical facilities at a community park include a swimming pool, ball fields, tennis courts, play areas, multi-purpose courts, picnic
areas, recreation buildings, and sports fields. Additional recreation facilities may be added to meet a particular recreation demand
for each community. If school sites are used, an important consideration is adequate parking areas.

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Regional parks
Regional parks are large, resource-based areas that serve two or more counties and are usually located within one hour's driving
distance of the residents they serve. The only regional park within the city limits is erma nixon park, which is a natural park.
Additionally, west melbourne residents can utilize the many facilities available at two nearby county owned and operated regional
parkswickham park and palm bay regional park.
Since regional parks are generally designed for resource-based activities, location is dependent upon the availability of high
quality natural resources capable of being developed and used for outdoor recreation. Typical facilities include water-based
recreation sites, camping areas, hiking, nature trails, picnic areas and other facilities not requiring extensive development. Parking
areas are necessary support facilities and should be designed to minimize adverse impacts upon the natural environment.

The county is currently constructing another regional park, located west of minton road and just north of flanagan avenue next to
interstate 95. The proposed park will be located west of the existing max k. Rodes Park, however, the new park will retain the
name max k. Rodes park. The current max k. Rodes Park will be renamed and probably be used as a special use park for
children with disabilities.

Recreation centers: The city operates 25 multi-use recreation centers, providing playground and sports opportunities, as well as
programming for youth, adults and seniors.

Playgrounds: Childrens playgrounds including play structures for toddler and older children.

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Playing fields: including baseball courts, soccer fields, basketball and tennis courts, as well as
childrens and toddlers playgrounds.

Un-programmed or unstructured open areas: grassy, landscaped, or even paved open areas
provide opportunities for unstructured time away from the dense urban environment.

Trails and natural areas: Including 1,100 acres of natural lands, protecting the plant and animal habitats of these unique
landscapes for residents and visitors to enjoy, trail systems, and other planted green areas.
Cultural arts and recreation centers: The recreation and parks department offers a variety of classes, community event spaces,
and cultural activities such as: art camps, dance and theater classes, programs on music and poetry for all ages.
Sports and athletics: The citys robust system of sports programs and facilities includes several citywide sports facilities. The
recreation and open space system also includes spaces that supplement traditional parks in the city such as:
Community gardens: Opportunities for residents to grow produce and flowers in their neighborhoods.
Living streets, and alleys, plazas or park lets: These are components of the public right-of-way that have been improved to
provide a gathering space and enhance the pedestrian experience.
Privately-owned public open spaces (popos): Spaces owned by private development that are accessible to the public. Popos
come in a variety of forms including plazas, rooftop terraces, greenhouse, and sun terraces, and include landscaping and public
seating for the enjoyment of the public usually in dense neighborhoods.
Piers and wharves: These are waterfront open spaces that provide shoreline access along the bay edge. The port provides public
access along the perimeter of many of its piers as well as on individual public piers such as pier 7 and 14 as well as others.

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2.4 guiding principles for open space and recreation

The recreation and open space element follows these guiding principles to ensure such holistic system:

Integrated & multifunctional

A major theme developed from the outreach process was the concept of making the most of what we have:
utilizing and improving the expansive recreation and open space system the city already provides. An
integrated and multi-functional open space network would respond to a variety of needs for recreation and open
space, better utilizing the existing resources. Such needs range from refreshing from daily pressures of life to
exercising and active sports, from appreciating the beauty of nature to maintaining natural habitats and wildlife,
and from enjoying play time for kids and adults to housing civic and cultural events.

Sense of place
For ecological, economic, and cultural diversity. Open spaces should aim to build on our citys intrinsic qualities, both
natural and cultural, and to reflect the values we place on cultural diversity and biodiversity. Furthermore, they should
create a network that inspires a deep connection to place.
Equity & accessibility
Open space and recreational programs should be equitably distributed. They should provide access for all residents,
workers and visitors, and work towards a democratic network that includes all neighborhoods.
Connectivity

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Network of open spaces should be wholly connected. The open space system should facilitate non-motorized
movement, link diverse neighborhoods, be easy to navigate and understand and, where feasible, enhance habitat
through connectivity.
Health & safety
Open space should increase the citys capacity to be a safe and healthy place to live. Its design should promote social
interaction, wellness, and a healthy lifestyle by providing opportunities for physical, cultural and social activities, and a
connection to nature.
Ecological function & integrity
With environmental sustainability as a driving theme, the quantity and quality of natural systems in the city should be
preserved and expanded, by promoting aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity, by designing for watershed health, and by
implementing environmental, ecological and conservation-minded strategies.

Sustaining stewardship
Community members should be actively engaged as participants in its future. Policies should work towards shared,
continued stewardship that increases the tangible link between community members and their open space network.
Partnerships between public agencies, private business, and community based non-profits, and individual members of
the community to foster pride, purpose and community should continue to be developed.

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2.5 planning framework

The objectives and policies established in the conservation and open space element provide a planning
framework which:

Identifies how to promote the development of community oriented, neighborhood based public places,
parks, and recreational facility.

Assesses how the development of community spaces support the plans other planning directives. Adopts
policies that guide the development and promote the use of public spaces.

Achieves the community planning vision established through the horizon 2030 ear and 2010
comprehensive plan.

Addresses the guiding issues and community concerns identified in the 2009 ear. Provides for local,
regional, and state planning priorities, principles, and practices.

Utilizing park and public spaces to foster and support the citys unique identity, sense of place, character,
and small hometown lifestyle.

Establishing level of service standards that address accessibility, condition, utilization,

distribution, and financial needs of the citys parks and public spaces.

Partnering with local, regional, and state organizations on the provision and maintenance of parks,
recreation, and public spaces.

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Chapter three
3. Methods, materials and techniques
3.1. Methodology
Understanding the assignment and goals intended to be achieved; and then deciding coherent approaches, developing the
methodology on how to carry out the assignments is the crucial step in the planning processes. This methodology in general
shows how to approach the lap preparation tasks practically from the very start to the making of desired and agreed outputs. It
comprises the overall details of logical procedures we followed to employ variety of methods for different components of the
study to produce the expected outputs. The study involved both qualitative and quantitative data collection, analysis and
presentations methods.

3.2. Pre-data collection tasks

Before starting data collection, map updating was a crucial task for generating socio-economic and physical data. Accordingly the
following tasks were accomplished prior to primary and secondary data collection from the project site.
3.3. Data collection methods
3.3.1. Primary data Existing parks and recreational areas: photographed, observations, interviewing
3.3.2. Secondary data Secondary data sources such as policy documents, plan documents (dire dawa idp),
regulations, proclamations and other relevant literatures on urban renewal and urban upgrading have been
reviewed and collected.
Socioeconomic data: socioeconomic data were collected by canvassing each household of the ldp site. The
questionnaires were structured in three major categories: socioeconomic information of permanently resident
households, information on renter households and information on housing. The socioeconomic data include; household

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structure (size, sex, religion, education etc.), employment, income, saving etc.., and housing conditions (age, tenure,
function, typology, physical condition, facilities etc...) And others.
Physical data collection and linking with non-spatial data:
The physical data were collected based on the existing base map of the city which gives basic information on building
footprints, road, greenery, and open space and so on. Then, based on the above preliminary information, physical
information were collected and updated to realize complete and full-fledged base map based on the procedures
mentioned below:
1.

Updating the mutation of building footprints as well as surveying and sketching of parcels.

2.

Land use identification and inventory, existing road identification and measurement,

identification of drainage infrastructure and characterization.

3.

Identification of the location and alignment of utilities such as water supply, electric line and

telephone lines.
4.

The vicinity of the project area were assessed and mapped focusing on the distribution of social

and public services for the sake of integrating the project area with the surrounding neighborhoods.

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MELES PARK (PROPOSED

MILINIUM PARK
MELES PARK (PROPOSED

SAMI RECREATIONAL

PALAS (PROPOSED)

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Recreational and open spaces on dire dawa

Unique
Fetchers
cultural
none
Plant type
Light fixture
closed
none
history

Recreational uses that account 15.4% of the total area includes the park and youth center which are found on the north and provides
different services to the public. The well-known millennium park which can be taken as a city scale green area for recreation
purpose is located on the north. Besides its recreational role as a park could be known as a land mark that identifies the project
site and its vicinity together with the municipality that is found on the opposite side of the park. It has also possibility of being
expanded to larger scale park having variety of activities to higher standard.

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Existing teachers of parks and recreational areas

SAMI RECREATIONAL

SAMI RECREATIONAL

MILLENNIUM PARK

PAPA RECREATIONAL

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I. Palace park
While reviewing the design program more or less the basic idea of the city administration which is quite pedestrian garden with
proper park elements and furniture required to similar scale. Notwithstanding the historic value of the palace.

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II. Millennium Park

While reviewing the design program more or less the consultant keep the basic idea of the city administration which is finish what is

started in first phase with new ideas aspiring the future to come and create a strong integration with the existing. But functions
like wedding hall, indoor games, and administration and marriage certificate office were additions by the client from the original
requirement during preliminary presentations.

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III. Youth center

At the inception level the scope of the youth center was not clear. The consultant simply has the idea from the terms of reference which is the
youth center facilities in its composition has to include amphitheater, swimming pool that suits the religious and cultural norms, gardens ,scenic
areas indoors and out door games children and adult amusements and shopping for artifacts parking spaces etc.

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Proposed land uses of influential kebeles

General land use

area (ha)

Percentage

Administration

7.4

3.8

Agriculture

1.2

0.6

Commerce & trade

28.3

14.6

Forest and informal green

19.4

10.0

Manufacturing & storage

8.3

4.3

Residence

51.2

26.5

Mixed

29.2

15.1

Pure

22.0

11.4

Recreation

10.5

5.4

Road

33.8

17.5

Services

20.9

10.8

Special function

2.8

1.4

Transport

9.7

5.0

total

193.5

100.0

depot- mariam

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Proposed
S/n

Major land uses

area (ha)

Percentage

Pure residence

12.67

10.37

Mixed

18.7

15.31

Service

8.84

7.24

Commerce

11.76

9.63

Administration

3.29

2.7

Manufacturing and storage

2.14

1.75

Road

25.84

21.16

Recreation (sand game and

30.4

24.89

8.49

6.95

122.13

100%

greenery)
9

Restricted flight zone

Total

Greek-gende kore land use (existing)

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Age group

Population by sex
Male

Female

Sex ratio

Total

0 -4

73

37

110

3.2

197.30

5 -9

94

72

166

4.8

130.56

10-14

83

128

211

6.1

64.84

15-19

159

209

368

10.6

76.08

20-24

216

250

466

13.5

86.40

25-29

215

235

450

13.0

91.49

30-34

151

171

322

9.3

88.30

35-39

113

137

250

7.2

82.48

40-44

93

125

218

6.3

74.40

45-49

93

108

201

5.8

86.11

50-54

70

128

198

5.7

54.69

60-64

75

52

127

3.7

144.23

65-69

36

32

68

2.0

112.50

70-74

30

44

74

2.1

68.18

80-84

11

25

36

1.0

44.00

85-89

0.2

75.00

90+

12

0.3

50.00

Total

1,593

1,867

3,460

100.00

85.32

Age structure of gende kore (04kebele)

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Age group

Male
No

Total

Female
%

No

No

Sex ratio
%

0 -4

150

5.1

72

2.1

222

3.5

209.51

5 -9

164

5.6

171

5.1

335

5.3

95.99

10-14

242

8.2

304

9.1

546

8.7

79.77

15-19

382

13.0

413

12.3

796

12.6

92.56

20-24

352

11.9

458

13.7

809

12.8

76.86

25-29

430

14.6

437

13.0

867

13.8

98.43

30-34

273

9.3

270

8.1

543

8.6

101.26

35-39

239

8.1

321

9.6

560

8.9

74.46

40-44

171

5.8

225

6.7

396

6.3

75.75

45-49

147

5.0

174

5.2

321

5.1

84.31

50-54

143

4.9

160

4.8

304

4.8

89.36

55-59

61

2.1

61

1.8

123

2.0

99.99

60-64

85

2.9

137

4.1

222

3.5

62.50

65-69

41

1.4

48

1.4

89

1.4

85.71

70-74

20

0.7

51

1.5

72

1.1

40.00

75-79

14

0.5

24

0.7

38

0.6

57.14

80-84

27

0.9

17

0.5

44

0.7

159.99

85-89

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.00

90+

0.2

0.2

14

0.2

99.99

3,350

100.0

6,300

Total

2,950

100.0

100.00

88.07

Age structure of number one (03 kebele)

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S.

Income per day

Frequency

Percent

No
1

Less than $1 per day

382

53

(< 510 etb/month)

2

$ 1 to 2 per day (511-1020 etb/month)

165

22.9

$ 3 to 4 per day

121

16.8

15

2.1

38

5.3

721

100.0

(1021 -2040 etb/month )

4

$ 4 to 5 per day (2041 2050 etb/month)

> $ 5 per day (> 2050 etb/month)

Total

Distribution of household members by level of income

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Monthly Income (ETB)

60
53 %

50
40
30

22.9 %

20

16.8 %

10
5.3 %

2.1 %

0
Less than $1 per day

$1 to2 per day

$3 to 4 per day

$4 to 5 per day

> $5 per day

Religion
Data on the religious affiliations of the residents of the project site indicate that 72.1% were reported to be the followers of
orthodox christianity. This was followed by muslims, protestant christianity and catholicsnearly sharing about 17.2%, 6.9% and
2.76% of the sites population, respectively. This finding, however, does not conform to the census results of 2007, for the entire
distribution of religious groups observed in dire dawa. According to the population and housing census of the 2007, the followers
of islam accounted for 57.44%, whereas the followers of orthodox christianity were about 37.45% (cf. Csa, 2007: 28). The
discrepancy could be attributed by differences in the spatial distribution of people with different religious groups.

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Ser

Religion

No

Population by sex

% of total

Male

Female

Total

Orthodox

1,162

1,323

2,485

72.11

Muslim

281

333

614

17.82

Catholic

43

52

95

2.76

Protestant

92

147

239

6.94

Traditional

0.06

Other

11

0.32

Total

1,581

1,865

3,446

100.00

Religious distribution of the population in the ldp site of gendde kore and greek camp

Review of policies, guidelines and regulations on parks from dire dawa administration
From the given area for park or recreational areas, 70% at minimum must be for open space or non-built up area.
All the stake holders private investors must obey the rule of 70-30 regulations.
From the designer, the designer must reflect the culture and identity of dire dawa city

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Chapter four
4. Case presentation
4.1.

Case study 01

Whitehorse council land acquisition process

Municipality: whitehorse
Location: land across municipality
While open space contributions offer the opportunity to improve or acquire new open space in a municipality, the
challenges of purchasing new open space are sometimes more difficult in established areas. Faced with high land costs, long
timeframes for land acquisition, approvals, lengthy consultation processes and financial probity obligations, many councils
choose not to pursue privately-owned land sales. Yet small parcels of land can often provide important pocket parks,
opportunities to add to existing parks and open space linkages that meet local needs.
The whitehorse open space strategy (2007) (woss) has a number of key objectives that focus on the improvement of
existing open space. One of these key objectives identifies 13 priority locations for whitehorse council to purchase land for open
space. These priority locations were selected after careful analysis of expected population growth and demand for open space in
specific locations across the municipality and the gaps in the open space network.
To put itself in a position to successfully acquire land, whitehorse council has established a new acquisition process to
facilitate the purchase of land on the private market. Buying on-market means council can achieve a competitive price for the
land without needing to pay compensation, which can be as much as an additional 30% of the purchase price if the council was to
compulsorily acquire land. Recognizing the property market usually works in a four to six week auction cycle, council has
developed a clear, robust process for moving quickly when a property in a priority area is identified for sale.

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This process triggers a system to (a) identify, (b) assess and (c) acquire land for open space.
Step 1 identify council established an internal alert system when properties in priority locations become available
through private sale or auction. Using online real estate websites, potential properties are identified and considered as they come
on to the market. This ensures that opportunities are not missed.
Step 2 assess after a property is identified, a quick assessment is completed which includes two parts the first being a
brief report to the planning and property managers and the general manager outlining the propertys suitability for open space and
alignment with the woss. Once permission is received to pursue the property, a report is prepared for council seeking approval to
purchase the property. This report is based on a standard preform and includes a detailed assessment of property characteristics,
costs, method of purchase and due diligence. The benefit of a standard preformat is that the information required and the
considerations that need to be made appear in a consistent format.
The report always recommends an upper limit towards the purchase of the site based on an in-house and independent
valuation. This is a confidential report to council.
Step 3 acquire if council agrees to purchase the property, the final part of the process is to acquire the property either
through negotiation (if it is a private sale) or through an auction process. Council can appoint an officer internally to act on its
behalf for the purchase or contract a buyers advocate.

Outcome
Whitehorse council is well placed to respond promptly and successfully within the property market to acquire land for
open space. Senior staff and councilors are familiar with the new land acquisition initiative and are committed to responding

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quickly to reports. As of 2012, two properties have been acquired through this accelerated process. Funding for the purchase of
the open space has been made through the open space reserve cash contributions that have been collected through the
subdivision process under either the subdivision act 1988 or through a schedule to
Clause 52.01.

Lessons to date
Setting up a new land acquisition process can take time but the ability to move quickly once a property is listed for private
sale/auction means council is more likely to be successful in acquiring open space on-market.

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4.2. Case study 02

Collingwood from car park to urban park
Municipality: yarra
Location: peel st, collingwood (melway 44 b6)

In the 200913 yarra council plan an ambitious goal was set to create five new parks for the municipality by 2013. Supported by
the yarra open space strategy (2006), which had identified a significant lack of open space in collingwood due to changes to local
land uses and increases in local population, council began work in 2009 to turn an existing car park into a new urban park.
Located on the corner of peel and oxford streets, the chosen site was freehold land owned by council covering an area of 1145m2.
It was used as a public car park for up to 28 vehicles, predominately servicing local traders and employees and included a small
council-owned building. Working with the community, council decided the site offered an opportunity to create a new urban park.
The starting point for exploring the type of park that could be achieved was the preparation of the concept plan in 2010.
The concept plan considered:
The site characteristics and constraints
improving pedestrian movement within and around the site
providing seating for rest and relaxation and open space for passive recreation
incorporating water sensitive urban design (wsud) treatments to capture and treat storm water runoff before it enters the
drainage system.
Lighting to improve safety and amenity without impacting on adjoining residents
Garden beds with drought-tolerant planting to add color and visual interest.

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Consultation on the new park was completed in two phases. Initial consultation took place with residents, traders and employees
around the site. Using the concept plan, council sought wide-ranging views about the potential of the new park. The second
consultation phase was focused on the detailed design of the park prior to construction. In july 2011, the new peel street park was
officially opened for residents, workers and visitors to Collingwood to enjoy. The car park was transformed into a green oasis
through an open lawn and tree planting, the creation of a rain garden to capture and treat rainwater, and the addition of pathways,
custom-designed seating and landscape features which contribute to an adaptable open space with a unique sense of place.

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4.3. Case study 03

New open space for albert park secondary

College and the community
Municipality: port phillip
Location: foote st, albert park (melway 57 d4)

In inner urban areas, the ability to deliver new open space is fraught with high land costs, fragmented land ownership and
administrative difficulties. Increasingly, councils are working with partners to achieve innovative solutions where open space is
shared between users and meets multiple needs in the community. While planning for a new secondary college in albert park to
cater for 900 students, it quickly became apparent the existing school site could not accommodate sufficient open space for the
students. With high land prices and high ambitions for the new albert park college, the department of education and early
childhood development (deecd) in partnership with the city of port philip decided to convert a local council road into new open
space to create a new shared park for the local community and students.

4.3.1. Foote street reserve

In late 2009 the deecd formally wrote to the city of port phillip requesting council close foote street, between danks street
and the north-east side of graham street including the graham street intersection, to create a new park. Deecd envisaged the area
would provide (a) a new local park with pedestrian and bike linkages between gasworks park, the new college and the foreshore
and (b) would assist in developing more positive relationships between the school and the local community through the

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establishment of shared community space. As the concept of road closures to create new local parks was supported by the city of
port phillip open space strategy, the council resolved to progress the idea.
Step 1: traffic assessment council completed a traffic assessment to understand how the existing road network was used.
The study found

the street was predominately used by residents and ranked traffic speed and use as light volume.

Step 2: statutory process council commenced the statutory process for the permanent closure of foote street in
accordance with section 207 and clause 9 of the local government act 1989. Nearly 500 letters were sent to owners/occupiers in
the local area and an advertisement was placed in the local paper to advise the community about the proposal and seek their
views. A total of 14 submissions were received, six in support, six raising some concerns and two raising issues unrelated to the
project.
Step 3: council decision in june 2010, council resolved to close foote street park between danks street and the north-east
side of graham street to vehicular traffic. Consultation played a key role in the development of the project, with council acting as
the public face of the new park by undertaking the formal consultation, attending public meetings and responding to concerns.
Deecd was responsible for the construction of the park and committed to working collaboratively with council to ensure
the new park was aligned with council policies and planning frameworks. Deecd paid for the initial construction of the park,
including landscaping, while council supplied park benches and rubbish bins. Council will be the owner of the park and is
responsible for ongoing maintenance.

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4.3.2. Outcome
Opened in january 2011, the new foote street park is an innovative example of high quality urban space that caters for a variety of
users. The site provides clear linkages to surrounding infrastructure and acts as a seamless interface between the school and the
public realm. Approximately 2080m2, it includes green space, shade, public seating, recreational facilities and designated
pedestrian and cycle routes.
Council is committed to ongoing monitoring of the traffic in and around the park to ensure measures are introduced or modified
to respond to changing traffic demands.
4.3.3. Lessons to date
Considering user desire lines such as the way in which students use and move through a space was important to the design of
the park. Landscaping and pathways were designed to take account of the way students tend to walk in groups.

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4.4. Case study 04

Creating a new regional park in melton
Municipality: melton
Location: bridge rd, melton south (melway 343 b8
In 2004, government policy set out a plan to create six new regional parks one of which was in melton. A parcel of 130 hectares
of land owned by melton council was identified as the location for the new regional park.
Situated alongside the toolern creek, the land was seen as an ideal location for a large open space asset to cater for the areas
significant urban growth. Melton council knew such a park was needed to provide a full mix of recreation, relaxation and
conservation activities, including sports grounds.
Toolern creek regional park
Located approximately 45km west of melbourne, toolern creek regional park provides habitat for marginalized native
fauna as well as a range of recreational and sporting facilities. In 2006, the state government committed $3.27 million to the
planning and establishment of visitor facilities at the park.
Melton council as the owner of the land and parks victoria as the future owner, came together early to start planning for the park.
Recognizing the high rates of population growth across the municipality, melton council was adamant the new park should
include active recreational facilities as well as passive recreational opportunities.
Traditionally, regional parks are managed primarily to protect and enhance conservation values, while providing opportunities for
passive visitor recreation. Co-locating sporting facilities at the park was not initially a priority for parks victoria, however after
detailed discussions it was agreed the park would house 18ha for active recreation, including facilities.

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A key aspect of delivering the active recreation components was to ensure the right location was selected. This involved a number
of criteria:
Geography/topography an assessment was undertaken to determine which parcels of land would be suitable for
sports fields. A key criteria was that the land was flat.
Visibility it was important the sports fields had high visibility from the main road for people who would be using the
facilities.
conservation values an assessment was undertaken to ensure that only areas with low conservation values, generally
areas that had been heavily cleared and farmed, were considered for the location of the sports grounds.
Buffer the location of the sports fields was seen as an opportunity to create a natural buffer with the adjoining
residential development and the sensitive conservation areas.
Accessibility it was important to locate the sports fields close to facilities such as community hubs and proposed new
schools.
Irrigation sports fields generally require a high level of irrigation. Therefore, the design of the new sports fields takes
into account opportunities for captured storm water or recycled water for irrigation.
Compatibility it was important that the active sporting areas be located where they wouldnt impact on the
opportunity for passive recreation.
A total of 23ha has now been identified as active open space at toolern creek Regional Park. Melton council, supported by sport
and recreation victoria, is undertaking a needs and demand analysis to determine the best mix of organized sporting facilities.
This process will include a review of the anticipated demographic profile of the community and existing participation levels. It is
envisaged the sporting fields will be completed in late 2013. Parks victoria has completed construction of some elements
identified within the toolern regional master plan. These elements include the shared path and associated social spaces/lookout
areas.
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4.4.1. Lessons
Although the whole park will be given to the state for crown land, the management and maintenance of the sporting fields
will remain the responsibility of melton council. This was a critical decision given parks victoria is not generally responsible for
managing these types of facilities. However, it was seen as important that the park in its entirety be planned and owned by the
state, to ensure a continuity of overall management. It is envisaged that the inclusion of the sporting grounds within the regional
park has the potential to attract a broader range of visitors to the park. This project also has the added benefit of maximizing
infrastructure such as parking, public toilets, play equipment and barbeques that will be for both regional park and district park
(sports ground) visitors.

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4.5. Case study 05

Improving the alfredton recreation reserve
Ballarat with the local community
Municipality: ballarat
Location: cuthberts rd, alfredton
Alfredton is a suburb west of ballarat that is in close proximity to the ballarat west growth area, an area experiencing
significant residential growth. The suburb is also home to the alfredton recreation reserve, a 12.7ha park that provides a mix of
recreational uses including football, cricket, tennis, lawn bowls and netball and provides important access to open space,
especially to adjoining schools.
Recognizing the importance of the park for current and future users, ballarat council started work on a master plan for the
park in 2007. This process focused on access to the park, water sustainability, and major issues with existing vegetation obscuring
good passive surveillance, future expansion and development opportunities, and involved working with the community on
broader planning and detailed design for the park.
Consultation on the master plan the consultation process included engagement with eight sporting/user groups, two primary
schools, a mail-out to residents and a public forum. Following consultation the master plan was adopted by council in 2008.
Council immediately embarked on an ambitious program of improvement including:
Development of a connected walking trail throughout the reserve
Installation of a sustainable water supply and irrigation system
New signage, bbq facilities and rotunda
Refurbishment of the existing netball courts
A new village green a multi-purpose playing field and associated change rooms, landscaping and car parking.

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Consultation on the detailed design even though the master plan provided guidance on the future development of the park,
detailed design was required for each precinct earmarked for improvement. The redevelopment of an existing play space in 2010
was seen as an important opportunity to engage directly with park users and to ensure the final design met the needs of local
children.
Inviting play space users to participate in the design process enabled a greater understanding of the types of facilities that
children would like to see in the space. Adjoining the park is the alfredton primary school and a large group of students were
invited to talk to council officers about the future of the play space. Children of various ages and gender were invited to
participate in the workshop. They were asked to describe how they would like to see the park develop and what play equipment
should be provided.
This direct involvement from local children has ensured the finished play space is a well-used asset by children of all ages.
It complements the surrounding play areas at the school and neighborhood parks as well as encourages greater use of alfredton
reserves other facilities.

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Chapter five
5. Finding translations, conclusion and recommendation
5.1. Lists of data gathered
Total population of the Sabian area by age category

Age

Frequency

Percentage

1-13

12548

19

14-45

52503

77

Above 45

1800

Total

66042

100

Category

And for weeding bungalow max people of 1500 people

Total population of Sabian area or targeted group

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5.2. Lists of architectural programs that the data is translated

5.2.1. Childrens playing area from(1-13)
This play ground will accommodate different playing activities which can be installed open air. Water bodies and
artificial landscape will also be incorporated.

Age for!-13
Capacity 35-50
Size: 1095x580x525cm
Use zone: 1400x880x525cm

Now we have 12548 children so we will use 30% of the total amount,
12548x30%=3764.4
3764.4x60%=2258.64 where 60% is the amount of children who play on the outdoor
So we are going to have a children play ground for 3764.4 children.
2258.64x50=45.1728 playground structure (with different typologies)
123m2x45=5565 m2 where 123m2 is 1 typology of structure
45 is the total amount of structure we need
5565m2x30 %( circulation) =1670m2
5565 m2+1670m2 = 7235m2
There for we need 7235m2 of space for playground.
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5.2.2. Wedding bungalows

These are simple shades where new couples take some time with their guests before or after their photo program. And
also for their photo program and some moments.

Based on the analysis of some weeding ceremonies, i have observe that at max
1000 peoples are gathered. There for our scope is a space for 1000 people for
one typology.
For 30 participants we have 30m2 there for, for 1000 participants?
If for 30=30
For 1000=1000m2
We need at max 3 wedding bungalows
3x1000=3000 with 30% circulation we will have 3900m2
5.2.3. Central plaza area
Pedestrian walk ways are made to be paved surfaces to create comfort for pedestrians with disabilities and aged people.
Moreover it is safe from erosion. At some areas the walkways are wide enough to allow kids practice cycling.
This area need some what a bigger space so that it allows good space for the user.
We will have here also 1m2 for 1 person
We will have a maximum of 2000 participants so we will have 2000m2 area
When we add 30% circulation we will have 2600m2

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5.2.4. Green areas with picnic sites

Most part of the park designed to be lawn green with different types of shading trees of the area as well as from other
areas those are important for hot climatic areas(means less water consumption, ever green etc.) And other plantations that
help to add color for aesthetics.
These area is the biggest of all because as it is a park the 70% of the total area must be green
On this stage we are going to use approximate number for a while until we have the other all areas on hand. Then by
adding 50% of them well have the area.
5.2.5. Indoor games
Here indoor playing areas are designed to accommodate youngsters and adults with different activities or games. Play
stations for kids and youngsters and billiards, pool, dart etc. For adults are incorporated.
Here earlier we have 40% of children data to add on indoor games and also 40% of youth age data
40% of children is 1506 and 40% of youth is 6300
Based on the standards I have observed for a person we need 2m2 of space

There for 40% of children + 40% of youth is 7806

For 7806 peoples we need 7806x2m2 =15612m2 now we add 30% of circulation which is 4683m2

So we will have a space of 15612m2 + 4683m2=20295m2

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5.2.6. Caf, conference hall and shops

Cafeteria for hot and cold drinks and snack service are included. Shops or gallery for shopping local artifacts and for the
need of accessories for children's and adults are also considered.
For the caf and shops I have analyzed some standards and some case studies of local parks of dire dawa area. For
the same amount of people we will use same amount of area.
Millennium Park uses 2100m2 for caf and shops and 2200m2 for meeting hall
So totally we have 4300m2 of space for caf, shops and meeting hall
5.2.7. Conclusion for the translation

When we are finalizing the translation we sum-up all the translated datas or spaces.

4300m2 + 20295m2 + 2600m2 = 27195m2 +30% =35353.5m2

Note!!!!- All the translated datas may change due to program modification and other changes on the design and
the data gathered.

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5.3. conclusion
We at the Trust for Public Land call for a revival of the city parks movement of the late 19th century, a visionary era that produced
great public spaces like New Yorks Central Park and San Franciscos Golden Gate Park. More than a century later, these bold
and farsighted investments continue to pay dividends that enrich our lives. This shows how parks are important for the people,
animals and all the ecosystem.

We need parks near our homes, in the cities where dire dawas peoples usualy lives out site thir homes. Where we can enjoy them
and benefit from them in our daily lives. Those of us lucky enough to live near parks, open spaces, and greenways know the joys
they bring: the calming views of trees and green lawns, the singing of birds, the fresh air, the scent of fallen pine needles.

Overwhelming evidence demonstrates the benefits of city parks. They improve our physical and psychological health, strengthen
our communities, and make our cities and neighbor-hoods more attractive places to live and work.

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5.4. Recomendations
As weetnessed personaly dire dawa kids are not living as they have to be, being outside and playing in nature is crucial for the
healthy development of children. Learning to play in nature improves hand eye co-ordination. Regular time in nature also
improves the childs ability to learn and reduces symptoms of ADHD, training the brain to focus better. Children who spend a
significant amount of time in nature also experience better emotional stability and improved mental health.Parks also provide
great opportunities for parents to bond with children, and for children to make new friends in the neighbourhood. A big park is
also a great place for a childs birthday, giving them the opportunity to run around safely and learn to appreciate nature. So the
dire dawa administration should take a step to give a solution for the children.

Aslo the youngsters are also affected by the lack of a place for leisure and sport feilds, A Place for Physical Activity, the many
problems caused by a lack of physical activity. The sedentary lifestyle many Canadians live today is directly linked to obesity,
which can cause a number of health problems including certain forms of cancer and heart disease.Parks make a neighbourhood
more enjoyable to walk through and provide space for popular sports, encouraging physical activities. They provide hiking trails
and other amenities designed to get people active. Considering how few Canadians get enough exercise, this is incredibly
important, especially for low income families and others who cant afford a gym membership or classes.

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PROPOSAL

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Reference
The Trust for Public Land and Land Trust Alliance. LandVote 2002. Boston, January 2003.
http://www.lta.org/publicpolicy/landvote2002.pdf.
The Trust for Public Land. Land for Great River Resource Center Acquired by New Park District. Press release,
March 28, 2002.
http://www.stlouis2004.org/html/newsreleases/archives/2002/3-28-02Land Acquired for Resource Center.htm
San Francisco General Plan, Recreation & open space, April 2014
City of West Melbourne Volume II: Data and Analysis, Page 11 Horizon 2030, October 2010
Washington State Association of Counties. The site provides support and information to county
http://www.wacounties.org
Creating livable open space, Department of Transport, Planning and Local Infrastructure, July 2013
Open Space: Definitions, Case Studies, Standards and Minimum Requirements, Ada County Development Services,
April 2006
The Trust for Public Land and Land Trust Alliance. LandVote 2002. Boston, January 2003.
http://www.lta.org/publicpolicy/landvote2002.pdf
The Trust for Public Land. Land for Great River Resource Center Acquired by New Park District. Press release,
March 28, 2002. http://www.stlouis2004.org/html/newsreleases/archives/2002/3-28-02Land Acquired for Resource
Center.htm
San Francisco General Plan, Recreation & open space, April 2014
City of West Melbourne Volume II: Data and Analysis, Page 11 Horizon 2030, October 2010
Wasington State Association of Counties. The site provides support and information to county http://www.wacounties.org

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