Beirut Arab University

Department of Mechanical Engineering

MCHE-204 Foundation of Mechanical Engineering
Spring 2015-2016

Chapter (4)

1ST Law of Thermodynamics

(Open system)

Recall
"Closed System"

constant (fixed amount) mass

No mass crosses its boundary

Energy (heat and work) cross the boundary

Example

Qin
Mass = constant

Remarks:

Qin

volume , leads to output work

Beirut Arab University

Department of Mechanical Engineering
MCHE-204 Foundation of Mechanical Engineering
Spring 2015-2016

Now

Open system, or a control volume (C.V):

a properly selected region in space. It usually encloses a device that involves
mass flow such as a compressor, turbine, or nozzle.
Mass can cross boundary
Energy can cross boundary
Mass does not have to be fixed

Example
hot water
water
heater
cold water

Qin

In this example: Volume = constant, Qin , min, mout

Applications of Open System

A water heater

A car radiator

Turbines and compressors

involve mass flow

Beirut Arab University

Department of Mechanical Engineering
MCHE-204 Foundation of Mechanical Engineering
Spring 2015-2016

Boundary of an open system

The boundaries of a control volume are called a control surface, and they can be
real or imaginary. In the case of a nozzle, the inner surface of the nozzle forms
the real part of the boundary, and the entrance and exit areas form the imaginary
part, since there are no physical surfaces there:
real
imaginary
nozzle
nozzle

A control volume can be fixed in size and shape, as in the case of a nozzle, or it
may involve a moving boundary:

Most control volumes, however, have fixed boundaries and thus do not
involve any moving boundaries. A control volume can also involve heat and
work interactions just as a closed system, in addition to mass interaction.

Beirut Arab University

Department of Mechanical Engineering
MCHE-204 Foundation of Mechanical Engineering
Spring 2015-2016

Important terms
Steady: no change with time.
The opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient.

Under steady-state conditions, the mass and energy contents of a control volume
remain constant.

Uniform: no change with location over a specified region.

Conservation of mass principle

Mass is a conserved property that we cannot create or destroy (like energy),

Beirut Arab University

Department of Mechanical Engineering
MCHE-204 Foundation of Mechanical Engineering
Spring 2015-2016

For an open system (control volume)

Conservation of mass principle for a control volume:

The net mass transfer to or from a control volume during a time

interval t is equal to the net change (increase or decrease) in the
total mass within the control volume during t.

mi me mCV

(kg )

me
mcv

Where

mi

mCV m final minitial

In the rate form:

m i m e

dmCV
dt

(kg/s)

dmCV
is the time rate of change of mass within the C.V. boundaries
dt

Mass and Volume Flow Rates

)
mass flowing per unit time ( m

Mass flow rate

mass density x volume

m ( ) ( dxA )
A
dm
dx

A
dt
dt

also

dx

VA
m

(1)

Mass flow rate in kg/s

V VA

(2)

Volumetric flow rate in m3/s

From equations (1) & (2),

V
m V
v

Beirut Arab University

Department of Mechanical Engineering
MCHE-204 Foundation of Mechanical Engineering
Spring 2015-2016

Conservation of Energy Principle

For a closed system
W

Q-W = E
Closed
system

Q
For open system
Mass leaving and mass entering contribute to the energy change

Total Energy of an Open System

Recall that the total energy of a closed system (non-flowing fluid) is given by:
e u ke pe

For a flowing fluid (for open systems):

Work Flow (Wflow): It is the work required to push the mass into or out of the
control volume.
The work flow per unit mass is given by:

w Pv [kJ/kg]

The total energy of a flowing fluid (for an open system) on a unit-mass basis
becomes:

e Pv uPv
ke pe
h

h ke pe

(kJ/kg)

where h = specific enthalpy = u + pv

Beirut Arab University

Department of Mechanical Engineering
MCHE-204 Foundation of Mechanical Engineering
Spring 2015-2016

Energy Transport by Mass

Amount of energy transport:
The total energy of a flowing fluid of mass m is simply m

V2
Emass m m h
gz

(kJ)

Rate of energy transport:

When a fluid stream with uniform properties is flowing at a mass flow rate of m ,
the rate of energy flow with that stream is m

V2

Emass m m h
gz

(kJ/s or kW)

Conservation of Mass Principle for an Open System

During a steady flow process

Recall that we have previously shown that:

mi me mc

But for steady flow process, no intensive or extensive properties within the
control volume change with time. Thus, the volume V, the mass m, and the total
energy content E of the control volume remain constant. As a result,
the total mass entering the control volume should be equal to the total mass
leaving it (since mCV = constant)
mcv 0.0

V1A1/v1

m i m e For one inlet & one outlet

iVi Ai eVe Ae

mcv=const
V2A2/v2

Beirut Arab University

Department of Mechanical Engineering
MCHE-204 Foundation of Mechanical Engineering
Spring 2015-2016

Conservation of Energy Principle for an Open System

During a steady flow process
_
Qin Qout Win Wout Ein Eout ECV
Q W Ein Eout ECV ,

kJ

In the rate form:

dE
Q W E in E out CV ,
dt

kW

But for steady flow process, the total mass or energy entering the control
volume should be equal to the total mass or energy leaving it (since mCV =
constant and ECV = constant). The amount of energy entering a control volume
in all forms (by heat, work, and mass) should be equal to the amount of energy
leaving it.
dmCV
0
dt

mCV 0 min mout ;

ECV 0 ;

dECV
0
dt

| and it can easily be shown that

Q W m( h

In the rate form:

out

V2
V2
gz ) m(h
gz ),
2
2
in
2

V
V
Q W m (h
gz ) m (h
gz ),
2
2
out
in

In the case of 1 inlet and 1 outlet:

kJ

in m
out m

V 2 Vi2
Q W m ho hi o
g zo zi
2

kW

kW

Beirut Arab University

Department of Mechanical Engineering
MCHE-204 Foundation of Mechanical Engineering
Spring 2015-2016

Example
In rural areas, water is often extracted from underground by pumps. Consider an
underground water source whose free surface is 20 m below ground level. Water
is to be raised 30 m above the ground by a pump at a rate of 1.5 m3 /min. If the
diameter of the pipe is 15 cm, determine
a) the pumping speed
b) the power input to the pump required for a steady flow of water.
The local atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa and ambient temperature is 25C.
(2)

Given:
z2 z1 50m
V 1.5m3 / min (1.5 / 60)m3 / s 0.025 m3 / s

d 0.15m

Assumptions
No heat transfer
No change in pressure and temperature
between (1) and (2)
The pipe diameter is constant
Solution:

a) The water is in the subcooled phase.

= 0.001003 m3/kg (Table A-4)
A

d 2 0.152 0.0177 m2
4
4

V
0.025
V AV V
1.412m / s
A 0.0177

(1)

Beirut Arab University

Department of Mechanical Engineering
MCHE-204 Foundation of Mechanical Engineering
Spring 2015-2016

b) Energy balance for the CV:

V 2 V12
Q W m h2 h1 2
g ( z 2 z1 )
2

No heat transfer is involved, Q 0

h1 h2 (same pressure and temperature)
V1 V2 (constant pipe area and constant density)
0 W m 0 0 g ( z 2 z1 )
50

W 259.81
) 12.26kW
1000

W 12.26 kW

The pump requires a power input of 12.26 kW in order to raise the water to 30
m above the ground.

Beirut Arab University

Department of Mechanical Engineering
MCHE-204 Foundation of Mechanical Engineering
Spring 2015-2016

Problems set # 4
(1)

A tank of water of density 1000 kg/m 3 sits on the roof of a building 85 m high. A
50 cm diameter pipe connects this tank to another tank situated on the ground
floor. The lower tank is used for watering the lawns and is normally filled by
rain-water. Where there is excessive rainfall, it is necessary to pump the water
from the ground floor tank into the roof tank, and a pump is placed in the
pipeline to do this. If the water is pumped up at a velocity of 0.6 m/s, what is the
power input required at the pump if it has an energy transfer efficiency of 70%.
Neglect the pipe frictional losses.

Beirut Arab University

Department of Mechanical Engineering
MCHE-204 Foundation of Mechanical Engineering
Spring 2015-2016

(2)

In rural areas, water is often

extracted from underground by
pumps.

Consider

underground

water

an
source

whose free surface is 60 m

below ground level. The water
is to be raised 5m above the
ground

by

pump.

The

diameter of the pipe is 10 cm at

the inlet and 15 cm at the exit.
Neglecting any heat interaction
with

the

frictional

surroundings
heating

and

effects,

determine the power input to the

pump required for a steady flow
of water at a rate of 15 L/s
(0.015 m3/s).

(3)

Water is to be pumped from a well to the

top of a 200-m-tall building. There is a 15kW pump available in the basement, and
the water surface level in the well is 40 m
below ground level. Neglecting any heat
transfer and frictional effects, determine
the maximum flow rate of water that can
be maintained by this pump.

Beirut Arab University

Department of Mechanical Engineering
MCHE-204 Foundation of Mechanical Engineering
Spring 2015-2016

(4)

What is the maximum possible power output of the water turbine shown in the
figure ?

(5) Steam expands in a turbine as shown below. Determine the power output and the
turbine inlet diameter.