Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Mechanics of
Elastic Structures with
Inclined Members
Analysis of Vibration, Buckling
and Bending of X-Braced Frames
and Conical Shells
Chin Hao Chang
ABC
SPIN: 10985625
89/TechBooks
543210
Preface
Mechanics of vibration, buckling and bending of elastic structures with inclined members such as x-braced high rise frames and conical shells is studied
in this monograph.
There are two basic methods to analyze elastic continuum mechanics of
structures: One is based on Newtons law of motion (or equilibrium); the other
is the energy method which is by applying variation to Hamiltons principle
and Lagranges equation to obtain the governing equations. Two examples
are given, one each for the two approaches, in Chap. 1 as a review. They also
serve as basic models for the limited cases of vibrations of inclined members
studied in Chap. 2.
There are not many analytic complete solutions of conical shells available
in the literature, especially about the stability of conical shells. The buckling
loads of conical shells obtained from analytic approximate methods have been
much higher than those obtained by the available experiments.
For the buckling of conical shells, there are two unique technical aspects
having not been adequately addressed in the literature. One is the upper end
condition; the other is the eect of angle change before buckling taking place.
Consider a truncated cone with both ends having rigid bulkheads subjected
to a compressive single force acting along the centric line of the cone. This
results in the axisymmetric deformation of the cone.
Let the bottom of the cone be xed in space, the upper end can only
be deformed in the vertical direction due to symmetry. This restriction is a
constraint in addition to the other geometric and natural boundary conditions
to be satised by the cone. This constraint is brought into the system by
the Lagranges multiplier as demonstrated by a one-dimensional model of
vibrations of inclined bars in Chap. 2.
This model is applied to study the vibrations of frames with inclined members in Chap. 3, to the vibrations of a portal frame with an x-brace in Chap. 4,
and to multi-story x-braced building frames in Chap. 5. The results indicate
that for high-rise buildings, the top oor will have the most destruction from
earthquake due to horizontal ground vibrations.
VI
Preface
Preface
VII
is solved by the boundary-layer technique. The two parts are coupled by the
lateral displacements.
In the study of conical shell buckling, both the end constraint and the angle
change eects are taken into consideration. A satisfactory agreement between
the present analytic results and the available experiments in the literature is
presented.
Conical shells with linearly varying thickness subjected to normal loads are
investigated in Chap. 12. Asymptotic solutions in closed forms are obtained.
Asymptotic solutions for conical shells of constant thickness are also presented
in Chap. 13. Numerical examples are given in both chapters.
Chapter 14 covers the membrane vibrations of conical shells in both meridional and circumferential directions. In both cases, frequency equations for
cones with various boundary conditions are presented.
This monograph is oriented for problem solving. No detailed derivations
of basic equations are given for some topics like plates and shells. The monograph may be used as text book for one semester of special study of structural
mechanics for graduate students who have at least one year graduate study
in mechanics. It may also be used as reference book for engineers and researchers in the elds of engineering mechanics, civil engineering, mechanical
engineering and aerospace engineering.
Each chapter of this monograph, except Chap. 1, represents one or two
previously published papers in technical journals by the author or with his
former graduate students. Most papers were published in the United States
of America, where the English system is still allowed. Therefore, the English
system was used in a few papers.
These researches were supported by National Science Foundation, NASA
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and the Faculty Fellowships of the
Graduate School at the University of Alabama.
Acknowledgements are due to the following former graduate students for
their assistance in the programming of the numerical computations involved:
H. Y. Chu, P. D. Schmitz, P. Y. Wang, Y. C. Juan, L. Katz, M. D. Cherng
and G. S Chang. Acknowledgements are also due to my son, Yu Yang, for
helping me to set up the computer system and assisting me in the techniques
required to convert the papers to the present book, and nally to my wife,
Kathy, for reading over the manuscript.
June 2005
Contents
1
1
1
2
3
3
4
5
5
7
9
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10
12
12
15
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17
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21
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Contents
3.2.2 Frames with Two Ends Fixed and Central Joint Hinged
3.2.3 Frames with All Joints Rigidly Connected . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.4 Frames with Two Ends Hinged
and Central Joint Rigidly Connected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Vibrations of Three-Bar Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 Orthogonality of the Normal Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Contents
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Contents