Bus Admittance Matrix

Impedance diagram

Admittance diagram

Bus Admittance Matrix

Applying KCL to nodes 1 through 4:
I 1 y10V1 y12 (V1 V2 ) y13 (V1 V3 )
I 2 y20V2 y12 (V2 V1 ) y23 (V2 V3 )
0 y23 (V3 V2 ) y13 (V3 V1 ) y 34 (V3 V4 )
0 y 34 (V4 V3 )

The node equation reduces to

I 1 Y11V1 Y12V2 Y13V3 Y14V4
I 2 Y21V1 Y22V2 Y23V3 Y24V4
I 3 Y31V1 Y32V2 Y33V3 Y34V4
I 4 Y41V1 Y42V2 Y43V3 Y44V4

where
Y11
Y22
Y33
Y44

y10 y12 y13

y20 y12 y23
y13 y23 y 34
y 34

Y12
Y13
Y23
Y34

Y21 y12
Y31 y13
Y32 y23
Y43 y 34

Admittance diagram

Y14 Y41 0
Y24 Y42 0

Bus Admittance Matrix

The node-voltage equation in matrix form for an n bus system
I Y
V
Y

Y
1
11
12
1
i
1
N

1
I Y
V
Y

Y
2
21
22
2
i
2
N

2

I Y

i i 1 Yi 2 Yii YiN Vi

I Y
V
Y

Y
N N 1
N2
Ni
NN N
or
Ibus Ybus Vbus

I
V
Y

is the vector of injected bus currents (external current sources).

is the vector of bus voltages measured from the reference node (node voltages).
is called the bus admittance matrix.
n

self-admittance or driving point admittance, Yii yij

j 0
j i

mutual admittance or transfer admittance, Yij Yji yij

Bus Admittance Matrix

Ybus

j 8.50

j 2.50

j 5.00

j 2.50
j 5.00
0
j 8.75
j 5.00
0
j 5.00 j 22.50
j 12.50
0
j 12.50 j 12.50

Admittance diagram

Power Flow Equations

Consider a typical bus of a network.
I i yi 0Vi yi 1 (Vi V1 ) yi 2 (Vi V2 ) yiN (Vi VN )
(yi 0 yi 1 yi 2 yiN )Vi yi 1V1 yi 2V2 yiNVN
Yi 1V1 Yi 2V2 YiiVi YiNVN
N

Ii

I i YijVj
j 1

The complex power at bus i

Pi jQi Vi I i Vi

Y V
j 1

ij

Pi jQi YijVV
ij j i
i j
j 1

Power-flow equations:
N

Pi YijVV
cos ij j i
i j
j 1
N

Qi YijVV
sin ij j i
i j
j 1

Pi jQi
Vi

The Power-Flow Problem

= Net scheduled power being injected into the network at bus

Mismatch:

Pi Pi,sch Pi,calc Pgi Pdi Pi,calc

Qi Qi ,sch Qi,calc Qgi Qdi Qi,calc

Power-balance equations: Pi Pi ,sch 0

Qi Qi ,sch 0
Power-flow equations:
N

Pi YijVV
cos ij j i
i j
j 1
N

Qi YijVV
sin ij j i
i j
j 1

The power-flow problem is to solve power-flow

equations for values of the unknown voltages
which cause power balance equation to be
satisfied.
If either , or , is not specified, the
corresponding power-flow equation does not
have to be satisfied.

The Power-Flow Problem

Four potentially unknown quantities associated with each bus are:
real power
reactive power
voltage angle
voltage magnitude
At most, there are two equations available for each node
The number of unknown quantities has to be reduced to agree with the number of
available equations.
Three types of buses are identified in the network.
1. Load (or P-Q) buses
2. Voltage-controlled (or P-V or generator) buses
3. Slack (or swing) bus
At each bus, two of the quantities are specified and the remaining two are calculated.

The Power-Flow Problem

1. Load (or P-Q) buses
Both
and
are zero.

and
are known.

=
and ,
=
are known.
,
Power balance equations for and are available.

and
are to be determined.
2. Voltage-controlled (or P-V or generator) buses
Voltage magnitude is kept constant.
The megawatt generation can be controlled by adjusting prime mover
and voltage magnitude can be controlled by adjusting generator
excitation. Therefore,
and
can be specified.
With
known, ,
=

is known.
Power balance equation for is the available equation.

is to be determined.

can be calculated after power-flow problem is solved.

The Power-Flow Problem

3. Slack (or swing) bus
Bus 1 is designated as the slack bus
Voltage angle of the slack bus serves as reference, = 0.
Mismatches are not defined, so
is specified
No requirement to include power-balance equations for the slack bus in
power-flow problem.
Why

and

are not scheduled at the slack bus:

N

P
i 1

gi

i 1

Total generation

Pdi
PL

i 1

Real power loss

Total load

is the total
loss of the network, which is initially unknown and it is not possible
to pre-specify all the quantities in the summations.
In the formulation of the power-flow problem we choose one bus, the slack bus, at
which
is not pre-specified.
After the power-flow problem has been solved, the difference (slack) between the total
specified P going into the system at all the other buses and the total output P plus
losses are assigned to the slack bus. Therefore, a generator bus must be selected as the
slack bus

The Power-Flow Problem

The unspecified bus-voltage magnitudes and angles in the input data are called state
variables or dependent variables.
The power flow problem is to determine values for all state variables by solving an
equal number of power-flow equations.

Bus type

No. of buses

Quantities
specified

No. of available
equations

Slack: i = 1
Voltage controlled ( =
2, ,
+ 1)
Load ( =

+ 2, ,

Totals

No. of ,
state variables
0

,
)

,
2

The functions and are nonlinear functions of the state variables and
. Hence,
power-flow calculations usually employ iterative techniques such as the Gauss-Seidel
and Newton-Raphson procedures.

The Gauss-Seidel Method

Pi jQi

Power flow equation:

Vi

1
Vi
Yii

YijVj
j 1

P jQ

N
i
i
YijVj

j 1
Vi

j i

Correction equation:
Vi(k )

Yii

P (k ) jQ (k )

i 1
N
i
(k )
(k 1)
i

Yi 1V1 YijVj YijVj

(k 1)

j 2
j i 1
Vi
( )

( )

If bus i is a load bus with and

specified, then
= ,
and
=
the corrected voltage

i 1
N
1 Pi,sch jQi,sch
(k )
(k )
(k 1)

Vi
Yi 1V1 YijVj YijVj
(k 1)

Yii Vi
j 2
j i 1

and

As corrected voltage is found at each bus, it is used to calculate the corrected voltage at
the next bus.

The Gauss-Seidel Method

Correction equation: Vi

(k )

Yii

P (k ) jQ (k )

i 1
N

i
(
k
)
(
k

1)
i

Yi 1V1 YijVj YijVj

(k 1)

j 2
j i 1
Vi

If bus i is a voltage controlled bus with

and
specified, then
( )
since is not specified, we have to first compute a value for
.

( )

. But

Power flow equation: Pi jQi Vi I i Vi YijVj Qi Im Vi YijVj

j 1

j 1

( )

is evaluated for the best previous voltage values at the buses, and this value is
( )
substituted in correction equation to find a new value of
.
N

i 1

(
k

1)

(
k
)
(
k

1)

Y V Y V

Q Im Vi
ij
j
ij
j
j 1

P jQ (k )

i 1
N

1 i,sch
i
(k )
(k 1)

Y
V

Y
V

Y
V

i1 1
ij j
ij j
(k 1)
Yii Vi

j 2
j i 1
(k )
i

Vi(k )

( )

Since

is specified,

( )
,

( )

The Newton-Raphson Power Flow Solution

N

Pi YijVV
cos ij j i
i j

Power flow equation :

j 1
N

Qi YijVV
sin ij j i
i j
j 1

Postpone consideration of voltage-controlled buses and regard all buses (except slack
bus) as load buses.
Each bus except slack bus has two state variables

and

to be calculated.

Pi Pi,sch Pi,calc
Qi Qi,sch Qi ,calc

Pi

Pi
2

Pi
3

Pi
3

Pi

V2

Pi

V3

Pi

V4

V2
V3
V4
Qi
Qi
Qi
Qi
Qi
Qi
Qi
2
3
4
V2
V3
V4
2
3
3
V2
V3
V4

The Newton-Raphson Power Flow Solution

P

P
2
2
2
2

V
4
2
2
4

11
12
P

2
2

P4
P4
P4
P4

P
2
4
V2
V4 4
4

Q
V

2
2
2
2
2
2

4
2
4
2

J21

J22

Corrections Mismatches

4
4
4
4

2
4
V2
V4

Jacobian

The Newton-Raphson Power Flow Solution

Estimate values

( )

( )

and

for the state variables.

Use the estimates to calculate:

( )
,

and

( )
,

from power flow equations

( )

( )

mismatches
and
from mismatch equations and
the partial derivative elements of the jacobian J
Solve for the initial corrections

( )

and

( )

Add the solved corrections to the initial estimates to obtain

( )
( )
( )
=
+
( )
( )
=
+ ( )
Use the new values

( )

and

( )

as starting values for iteration 2 and continue.

In more general terms, the update formulas for the state variables are
(
)
( )
( )
=
+
(
)
( )
=
+ ( )
Repeat the process until

and

s are less than a chosen precision index

> 0.

The Newton-Raphson Power Flow Solution

Voltage-controlled buses:
If bus 4 of the 4-bus system is voltage-controlled, then
has a specified constant
value and the correction
must be zero. The sixth column of the jacobian is always
multiplied by zero, and so may be removed.
Furthermore, since
is not specified, the mismatch
must omit the row corresponding to
(sixth row).

cannot be defined. So we

In general, if there are Ng voltage-controlled buses besides the slack bus, a row and
column is omitted from the jacobian for each bus, which then has (2N Ng2) rows and
(2N Ng2) columns.