27/Nov/2013

Introduction to Bit Selection, BHA selection

and Drilling Technology

November 26, 2013

Introduction to Bit selection

BHA type and its application
Advanced Drilling Technology

Wong Kum Seng SEA Technical Manager, Drilling & Evaluation

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INFORMATION INCLUDED THEREIN IS THE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PROPERTY OF BAKER HUGHES INCORPORATE D AND INCLUDES VALUABLE TRADE SECRETS AND/OR PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF
BAKER HUGHES (COLLECTIVELY "INFORMATION"). BAKER HUGHES RETAINS ALL RIGHTS UNDER COPYRIGHT LAWS AND TRADE SECRET LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. THE
RECIPIENT FURTHER AGREES THAT THE DOCUMENT MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTE D, TRANSMITTE D, COPIED OR REPRODUCED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHERWISE,
WITHOUT THE EXPRESS PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF BAKER HUGHES, AND MAY NOT BE USED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY IN ANY WAY DETRIMENTAL TO BAKER HUGHES' INTEREST.

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Which Bit Would You Choose?

What are the Objectives?

ROP
Run length
Formation
Tool package
Steerability
Lost circulation
Dull condition

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Environment Equipment

Environment Equipment

Environment equipment is anything that the can be changed to affect drilling:

Factors affecting drill bit mechanics:

Rig components
Drilling personnel
BHA and drill string
Steering tools

Conditions
Rock hardness
Rock abrasivity
Pore pressure

Mud
Fluid properties and parameters
Bits

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Equipment
Bit types
Mud and fluid properties

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27/Nov/2013

Rock Types

Compressive Rock Strength: UCS

Igneous Rocks - Formed through the cooling and solidification of lava

Granite
Basalt

The Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of a rock is the pressure

or force (F), applied over an area (A), required to shear the rock at
atmospheric pressure

Sedimentary Rocks - Formed by the deposition of material

Sandstone
Limestone
Shale
Conglomerate

FFFUCS
2

UCS = FUCS/A

A
Metamorphic Rocks - Transformation of a rock due to temperature

and pressure
Clay turns into Slate
Sandstone turns into Quartzite
Limestone turns into Marble

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Bit Application - 1980s

Bit Application - Looking Forward

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Roller Cone Bits

Average rock strength greater

than 5,000 psi
Moderate to high abrasivity

TCI Cutting Structures

Steel Tooth

Soft

Medium

Hard

Average rock strength up to

10,000 psi
Non-abrasive to low abrasive
Commonly in surface holes

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UCS is the minimum

possible rock strength
value

P = Patmospheric

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Tungsten Carbide Insert (TCI)

UCS is the fundamental

strength of the rock

Longer tooth
projection
Fewer compacts
Aggressive sliding
action

Medium projection
Additional compacts
needed
Combination of
aggressive sliding
and crushing action

Short projection
High compact
counts
Maximum crushing
action
Minimum sliding
action

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27/Nov/2013

International Association of Drilling Contractors

(IADC)

PDC Cutting Structures

Soft

Fewer blades
Larger junk slot
area for better
cleaning at higher
ROP
Better opportunity
for nozzle
placement for better
cleaning

Medium

Medium blade count

Good balance
between cleaning
area and diamond
coverage
Good blade contact
area with the wall

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Hard

Maximum blade
count
More diamond
coverage
Less area to cut per
diamond
More stable due to
large amount of wall
contact
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Impregnated Cutting Structures

Bit Application Method

Best suited for hard and abrasive formations

Application method is how the bit is applied

Drilling parameters
WOB
RPM
Flow Rate
Tagging bottom
Drilling off weight before connections

Works where formations are too hard and

abrasive for PDCs to drill

Replace multiple rollercone bits where short

tricone life is no longer economical

Must be used with high rotary speed for best

results

Evaluate

Drilling Optimization is a process!

Communicate
Recommend

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Deflection Tools and Technique

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Downhole motor and bent sub

Positive displacement Motor with Bent Sub

Jetting
Whipstock
Positive Displacement Motor with AKO

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27/Nov/2013

Whipstock Systems Available from BHI

Jetting BHA

WindowMasterTM G2 Whipstock

The formations must be soft enough to

be eroded by the mud exiting
the large nozzle.

2nd generation WM with Full Gage mill BHA

Available both Mechanical & Hydraulic

PathMaster Whipstock

Adequate rig hydraulic horsepower

must be available.

Short radius (3 deg) system

Available both Mechanical & Hydraulic

Thru-Tubing Restricted Bore Whipstock

Designed to pass through a completion and set in a larger
liner below

CT Mechanical Set Monobore Whipstock

Similar to the TTRW but simpler in design for monobore
applications

Open Hole Whipstocks Systems

BigFOOT Hydrualic OH Anchor
PIPWhip Anchor
Cemented Anchor
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WindowMaster G2 Whipstock System

Positive Displacement Motors

Top Stabilizer

Based on the industrys most successful one trip whipstock

system (WindowMasterTM - Over 6000 successful
applications)
G2 WindowMasterTM is Field proven
Over 2000 successful applications completed to date
90% One Trip success rate
Full Gauge Milling BHA consisting of 2 Watermelon Mills,
Window Mill and Flex Joint
Low DLS allows access for large drilling and completion
assemblies
May be set Hydraulically or Mechanically
Available in 4-1/2 to 20 Casing
Utilizes METAL MUNCHER AMT cutting technology
Fully retrievable for ML applications

Top Sub
Power Section

Complete in-house
capability
(from design to
application)

Stator
Rotor
Adjustable Kick Off
(AKO)
Deflection Device

Bearing
Assembly
Bearing
Housing Stabilizer
(Integral or Screw-on)

Benefits:
High reliability and
durability for longer
runs
High performance
for lower cost/ft
Wide hole-size
range
Multiple applications

Drive Sub
with Bit
Box

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Steerable Motor - Recap

Directional Drilling

Oriented / Sliding Mode

Rotary Mode

Conventional BHA
Vertical drilling
Directional Control

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The Drill String and BHA

BHA Basics

The Drill String is defined as all items used in rotary drilling that are
below the saver sub on the kelly or top drive
The main functions of the drill string are:
1. Place weight on the bit so that it can penetrate formations
effectively
2. Transmit a rotating action and torque to the string / bit (a
downhole motor / turbine may also provide this for the bit )
3. Conduct drilling fluid under pressure for the surface to the bit
The drill string can be divided into two broad components:
Drill Pipe (usually makes up the majority of the drill string)
BHA (comprises Heavy Weight Drill Pipe, Drill Collars,
Stabilisers, MWD / LWD tools, Motors, other specialised subs
and tools)
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The placement of BHA components is based on:

The directional objectives of the hole section to be drilled
The fixed down hole environment expected (lithologies, down hole
pressures etc.)
The expected hazards and risks (including hole problems) to be overcome
drilling the section
The design of the BHA will
Maintain required weight to the bit, while keeping the drill pipe in tension
(an exception to this is in horizontal drilling)
Provide support and rigidity to stabilise the bit and maintain hole alignment
Provide directional control through fulcrum and pendulum effects

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BHA Components
Standard BHA components are:
Heavy-weight drill pipe (HWDP)
Drill Collars (DC)
Stabilizer
Roller Reamer
Cross-over (X/over) or bit sub
Shock Subs
Float & Circulating Sub
Drilling Jars
MWD / LWD Tools

Directional Control
Mud Motors
Turbines
Non-Rotary Rib Steer Systems
Rotary Steerable Systems
Hole Openers
Accelerators

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Directional Control Methods

Rotary Assemblies

Hold BHAs
Packed assembly with 10 ft DC

The Stabilization Principle

is used to hold (maintain)
angle and direction

Good directional control - performance can be modified by changing

the gauge of the first string stabiliser
Should be used in 12 1/4" or larger hole
10 ft

Packed assembly with 20 ft DC

The performance of a packed assembly can be fine tuned by changing

the length between the near bit stabiliser and the first string stabiliser
This is particularly true at higher angle and bit weights.
20 ft

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Fulcrum Principle

Build BHAs

The Fulcrum Principle

is used to build angle (i.e. increase borehole inclination)

90ft Build
2.5 to 3/30 m
little directional control - should be used only in special circumstances.
No control over build rate other than drilling parameters

Build rate will be increased by the following:

Weight

An increase in the distance from the NB stabilizer

to the first ST stabilizer
Increase in hole inclination
Reduction of drill collar diameter
Increase in WOB

60ft Build
1.5 to 2.5/30 m
fair directional control - can be used in 8 1/2" or larger hole.
Build rate varies depending on the gauge of the first string stabiliser

Reduction in rotary speed

Reduction in flow rate (in soft formations)
Component of
Force
On High Side

Full Gauge
Near-bit
Stabilizer

Force

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Directional Control Methods

Rotary Assemblies

Drop BHAs

The Pendulum Principle

is used to drop (reduce) angle
high rpm
low WOB

90 ft pendulum assembly

No directional control - should only be used in 17 1/2" or larger hole in

soft formation

10 ft pendulum assembly

Slight directional control - used for a more gradual drop rate from high
angle
Drop rate will decrease and may stall at lower angles

WOB
Force
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Non Magnetic Spacing

Standard Drilling Engineering Models

Torque & drag models
String loading
Buckling point prediction

Hydraulics
ECD Prediction
System pressures
Hole Cleaning
Calculated Loads along String vs. Measured Depth
Case - ExMobil Nevis LP5 8_5 ATK
Drilling

Slack-Off

Pick-Up

Rotation-Off-Bottom

Sinus Buckling

Helical Buckling

Measured Depth (m)

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000
-100
-75
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
100
125
Load (kdaN)
Min. Yield Saf. Fact.: 2.63 (P)
Min. Fatigue Saf. Fact.: 2.08 (D)
Drilling HKLD: 77.1 kdaN
Slack-Off HKLD: 59.3 kdaN
Pick-Up HKLD: 116.8 kdaN Sin. Buckling WOB: 12.2 kdaN
ROB HKLD: 86.9 kdaN

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27/Nov/2013

BHA Analysis Model

BHA Categories

Proprietary software BHASys Pro

More complex steerable drilling systems / BHAs for INTEQ

Static analysis in 3D curved wellbores

Contact points and forces
Bending moment distribution
Critical frequencies (rotary speeds) and mode
shapes
Frequency response

Original BHA

Standard application in BHA design

phase
Minimize bending moments throughout BHA
Avoid critical rotary speeds in planned RPM

range

Same Bending Load Color Scale

Improved BHA

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Max

Bent motor BHAs

Slide drilling steerable BHAs
Rotary Steerable BHAs

Specialised BHAs
These are not covered in details, examples are:
Hole Opener / Reamer BHAs
Casing Drilling BHAs
Coiled tubing BHAs
Milling BHAs
Coring BHAs
Fishing BHAs
Pipe conveyed logging BHAs

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VertiTrak Service Vertical Applications

Advanced Drilling Technology

Non Rotating Steerable system

TruTrak tool without MWD

Rotary steerable system

Automated vertical drilling service

Coil Tubing Drilling

Steerable Drilling Liner

Two way communication (up- & downlink)

Hole Opening on Demand

Inclination and rib pressures

Downhole temperature
Manual downlinking

TruTrak Tool

Vibration measurements

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Why (automated) Non Rotating Steerable Systems?

TruTrak Service --- Directional Applications

Option 1: TruTrak tool with base MWD
(Adapter sub - NaviTrak)

Option 2: TruTrak tool with advanced

MWD & LWD (OnTrak - BCPM)
Advanced MWD service
Standard LWD service (gamma,
resistivity, pressure)
Optional advanced LWD services
Automated downlinking (BPA)

TruTrak Tool

Standard MWD service (Inclination,

Azimuth)
Optional Gamma service
Manual downlinking

Conventional Motor:
tendency to follow formation dip
difficult TFO at low inclinations
Rotary Steerable Systems:
expensive to run and maintain

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AutoTrak Rotary Steerable System

Rib Steering Directional Control

AutoTrak X-treme Integrated Motor Power

Integrates hard-wired, even wall thickness mud motor
High total rotary speed and torque at bit
Lower surface rotation rate
Short BHA below motor

Non-rotating sleeve
Steering ribs hydraulically
independent of drilling mud

Full Communication

Superior hole and log quality

Precise steering
Maximized ROP
Reduced NPT

Integrated MWD / LWD

Steering
Unit

X-treme Modular Motor

AutoTrak V
AutoTrak Curve
AutoTrak eXpress
AutoTrak G3
AutoTrak X-treme

Low RPM

High RPM

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SureTrak BHA Steerable Drilling Liner

CoPilot Realtime Optimization Solution

Proactively manage drilling for optimal

10

Bit

Allow tool functioning while flow off

BCPM (Bi communication

and Power Module)

Powers BHA
Transmits real data information to surface

X-Treme Motor with

landing Sub (MMTR)

Reamer Drive Sub (RDS)

Rotates Pilot BHA and reamer Bit

Decouples liner string from drilling dynamics

No drilling loads on liner string, only friction

Reamer Bit

Decoupling of liner string from drilling dynamics

No drilling loads on liner string, only friction

OnTrak

Directional, Resistivity and

Gamma

10

Modular
Stabilizer

BHA stabilization

AutoTrak

Rotary Steerable System

10

Tool sizes:
4 , 6 , 8 , 9

Diagnostics

Axial

DH Weight on Bit
Axial Acceleration g_RMS*

Axial Acceleration Severity

Bit Bounce

Lateral

Bending Moment
Lateral Acceleration g_RMS*

Whirl Diagnostic
Lateral Acceleration Severity

Torsional

Torque
Minimum/Average/Maximum* downhole RPM
Motor RPM (if applicable)
Tangential Acceleration g_RMS*

Stick/Slip Severity
Tangential Acceleration Severity

Other

Bending Orientation
Annulus Pressure ( ECD)
Bore pressure
Differential Pressure
Annulus Temperature
High Speed Data Capture*
Continuous Inclination
Downhole MSE & HF force

DPS tool sizes:

2 3/8, 3 1/8

*Memory Data Analysis

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Hole Enlargement Products - Overview

Baker Hughes Product Offering

Ream While Drilling (RWD)

Eccentric/Concentric fixed blade hole enlargement tool
RWD2ST

Bi-Center

GaugePro Expandable Reamer & Stabilizer (XPR & XPS)

Concentric expandable hole enlargement/stabilization tool

Matrix

Fixed Blade Eccentric

Expandable Concentric

Matrix

Steel

Steel

Steel

Motor Steerable

GaugePro XPR

Transmit weight to Reamer Shoe

Smart Battery

Drilling Dynamic Module

RWD2C

Thruster

Copilot

RWD2

RWD2S

Connects inner string and liner top end

Hydraulic release via drop ball
Alternate release by left hand thread

Drop Ball

GaugePro IUR

RWD2X

HRDE Setting tool

GaugePro XPR-D

DP

Static Measurements
1

GaugePro XPS

efficiency and extended runs

Reduce drilling risks
Enhance ROP
Minimize drillstring wear
Improve hole quality

Downlink

Rotary or Rotary Steerable Applications

47
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27/Nov/2013

Coil Tubing Tower Rig Setup

Coil Tubing Drilling with Resistivity Service

FE & Geo-Steering Service
Ultra Slim Multi Propagation Resistivity

Gooseneck with Injector

Unique in 2.3/8 toolsize

Upper Quick
Connect

Tower and
Tubing

Lower Quick
Connect

Power & Communication Sub

BOP stack
Electrical Disconnect & Circulation Sub

Drilling Performance Sub

Directional Gamma Sub

Control Cabin
Ultra Slim Resistivity Sub

Flapper
Valve Sub

Hydraulic Orienter Tool

2.7/8 X-treme

Copyright Baker Hughes

Inc. 2009

Rib Steered Motor (RSM)

High Doglegs in North Sea Example

Benefits

Optimized wellbore placements by automated and adjustable

steering response including geo-steering capability

Increased production by extended section length achieved by

smooth wellpath with reduced tortuosity and friction

Improved ROP and enhanced drilling performance due to

optimized and adjusted motor power section

Near bit Inclination

and Bit rpm sensor
Integrated Motor
Power section

Technical Features

Plan view of CTD well

Automated steering control

On command changeable steering parameters

Integrated near-bit inclination and bit rpm sensor

Fully integrates with standard CoilTrak CTD system

Available in two tool sizes: 3 and 2.3/8 with different power sections

Steering Head

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Advanced Well Design

Troll Field (Norway, North Sea)

1990s

2000s

3000 BOPD
1 KM

10,000 BOPD
13 KM

Source JPT Dec 2003 SPE 81487

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Questions?

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