PATHOLOGY PAST QUESTIONS

(CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES)
1. Fat embolism is associated with
a. pulmonary oedema
b. petechial haemorrhages in the white matter
c. fat globules in the glomeruli
d. bone marrow fragments in circulation
e. fracture of femur
2. The following usually occur as a consequence of lower extremity
thrombophlebitis
a. cerebral infarction
b. pulmonary infarction
c. myocardial infarction
d. hepatic infarction
e. intestinal infarction
3. In cardiogenic shock:
a.cardiac filling pressures are raised
b. pulse is rapid and weak
c. pallor and sweating are absent
d. most cases benefit fromrapid liberal fluid administration
e. commonest cause is myocardial infarction
4. The following are prominent complications of irreversible shock:
a pulmonary oedema
b. liver failure
c. ischaemic brain damage
d. sickle cell syndrome
e. acute renal failure
5. The following are due to oedema due to right ventricular failure:
a. due to increased capillary hydrostatic
b. appears first around ankles
c. ascites usually occurs
d. protein content is usually in excess of 3mg/dl
e. the fluid is isotonic
6. Ischaemic necrosis may complicate fractures of the following bones:
a. talus
b. scaphoid
c. pisiform
d. calcaneum
e. head of femur

7. The following result in haemorrhagic infarction:

a. mesenteric vein thrombosis
b. torsion of the testis
c. cerebral embolism
d.pulmonary embolism
e. hepatic vein thrombosis
8. Bland emboli result in:
a. infarction
b. haemorrhage
c. thrombosis of embolised artery
d. mycotic aneurysm
e. pyaemic abscess
9.The following are associated with thrombosis
a. activation of coagulation system
b. endothelial cell damage
c. formation of leucocyte aggregates
d. thrombocytopaenia
e. vascular stasis
10. Increased incidence of thrombosis occurs in:
a. myocardial infarction
b. severe trauma
c. nephrotic syndrome
d. Systemic Lupus Erythematosis
e. late pregnancy
11. Hypovolemic shock may result from:
a. burns
b. myocardial infarction
c. anaesthesia
d. pulmonary embolism
e. diarrhoea
12. Occurence of thrombosis in the following is due to hypercoagulability of
blood:
a. protein C deficiency
b. sickle cell anaemia
c. pregnancy
d. severe burns
e. severe vomiting
13. The following are placed in the right chronological order
a. mid-shaft fracture of right femur is first
b. deep venous thrombosis is third

c. embolization is fourth
d. pulmonary infarction is second
e. stasis in calf veins is fifth
14. Alterations in normal blood flow:
a. bring platelets into contact with endothelium
b. allow activated clotting factors to build up
c. increase inflow of clotting factor inhibitors
d. promotes endothelial cell activation
e. cause hypercoagulability of blood
15. Consequences of septic emboli include:
a. infarction
b. haemorrhage
c. oedema
d. mycotic aneurysm
e. cerebral abscess
16. The following are consequences of D.I.C
a. widespread fibrin deposition
b. generalised oedema
c. haemolytic anaemia
d. bleeding diathesis
e. multiple foci of infarction
17. Hypovolemic shock may result in:
a. burns
b. myocardial infarction
c. anaesthesia
d. pulmonary infarction
e. diarrhoea
18. Pulmonary embolism is common in:
a. hypovolemic shock
c. hepatic failure
b. pregnancy
d. oral contraceptive use
e. patients with malignant neoplasms
19. Following occlusive thrombosis of an end artery:
a. acute inflammation is incited by necrotic tissue
b. in the brain liquefaction of tissue occurs
c. there is rapid degradation by phagocytes
d. in most cases regeneration reconstitutes tissue
e. reparative process begins from the centre

20. The following are true of septic shock

a. occurs only in gram negative infections
b. is associated with macrophage,TNF and IL-1
c. secondary effectors include nitric oxide
d. it is caused by superantigens
e. low doses of LPS causes endothelial damage
21. Congestion:
a. is an active process
b. results from venous obstruction
c. gives a bright red colour
d. results in tissue hypoxia
e. when chronic causes atrophy
22. The following are true of amniotic fluid embolism
a. results from tear in placental membranes
b. pulmonary oedema occurs in late stages
c. fibrin thrombi are seen in systemic arterioles
d. lipids are seen in pulmonary microvasculature
e. there is hypotensive shock
23. The following occur in coronary artery thrombosis:
a. failure of oxidative phosphorylation
b.depletion of cellular ATP
c. inhibition of glycogenolysis
d. increase in intracellular K+
e. decrease in cellular pH
24.The following are seen in the left ventricular myocytes in systemic
hypertension
a. increase in size
b. increase in DNA
c. more membranes
d. low aerobic respiration
e. increase in number
25. In renal artery stenosis the following occurs in the kidney
a. reduction in cell size
b. increased mitochondrial acthvity
c. reduction in cell numbers
d. increased autophagic vacuoles
e. increased amino acid intake
26. The following occur after cerebral thromboembolism
a. digestion of tissue
b. fibrin deposition

c. infiltration by macrophages
d. liquefaction of tissue
e. denaturation of proteins
27. Pulmonary oedema occurs in
a. shock
b. renal failure
c. left ventricular failure
d. right ventricular failure
e. cirrhosis of the liver
28. Oedema occurs in
a. Cushing's syndrome
b. primary hyperaldosteronism
c. Klinefelter"s syndrome
d. pregnancy
e. congestive cardiac failure
29. The following cause venous occlusion
a. thrombosis
b. spasm
c. atherosclerosis
d. volvolus
e. torsion
30. The following characterize shock:
a. low blood pressure
b. low pulse rate
c. moist cool skin
d. dry warm skin
e. rapid shallow breath
31. The following cause generalised oedema
a. myxoedema
b. primary hyperaldosteronism
c. respiratory failure
d. cardiac failure
e. nephrotic syndrome
32. The following changes occur in Starling's forcesduring acute inflammation
a. increased hydrostatic pressure of blood
b. increased hydrostatic pressure of tissue
c. increased plasma oncotic pressure
d. reduced tissue oncotic pressure
e. increased tissue oncotic pressure

33. Platelet activation include:

a. attachment to endothelial cell surface
b. change in shape
c. secretion of thromboxane
d. secretion of ATP
e. secretion of prostaglandins
34. Septic emboli may result in:
a. infarction
b. haemorrhage
c. thrombosis
d. mycotic aneurysm
e. pyaemic abcess
35.Oedema in cirrhosis of the liver is due to:
a. low hepatic synthesis of albumin
b. increased sodium retention by kidney
c. increased sodium absorption by intestines
d. increased steroid catabolism in liver
e. increased water retention
36.The following are features of thromboembolism:
a. Trousseu's sign
b. Homan's sign
c. Virchow's triad
d. Troisier's sign
e. Virchow's node
37. The following may result from embolism
a. blindness
b. ulceration
c. Zahn infarcts
d. pulmonary haemorrhage
e. aortic aneurysm
38. The following cause endothelial damage
a. fatty change
a. smoking
c. radiation
d.hypercholestrolaemia
e. oral contraceptives
39. The following are seen in fat embolism:
a. coma
b. fever
c. cyanosis

d. petechial haemorrhage in skin

e. dypsnoea
40. The following may be associated with gaseous embolism:
a. blood transfusion
b. Caisson's disease
c. fracture neck of femur
d. salicylate poisoning
e. haemodialysis for renal failure
41. The following differentiate a thrombus from a post mortem clot:
a. friability
b. gelatinous
c. tightly inserted into the vessel
d. chicken fat appearance
e. shiny surface
42. The following changes occur in septic shock
a. arteriolar vasodilatation
b. arteriolar vasoconstriction
c. increased cardiac output
d. increased vascular permeability
e. damage to cell membranes
43. The liver in chronic venous congestion:
a. shows centrilobular atrophy
b. shows compression of the sinusoids
c. is decreased in size and weight
d. is sclerotic
e. is associated with fatty change
44. Disecting aortic aneurysms:
a. have increased incidence in subjects with Marfan's syndrome
b. have a peak incidence in the third decade of life
c. usually arise from intimal tears around atheromatous plaques
d. have an untreated mortality of about 90%
e.may lead to a "double-barred aorta
45. Vascular changes in hypertension include:
a. arteriosclerosis in arteries less than 1mm diameter
b. development of 'berry aneurysms
c. hyaline thickening of arterioles
d. severe artheroma
e. elongated and tortous medium sized arteries

OF ALL THE WARS I HAVE WAGED,

MY GREATEST VICTORY WAS AGAINST MYSELF
........ubiquitous