Results and Calculations

2
Q Cd B 2g H 2
3

Cd

3Q
2B 2g H 3 2

Flow over a rectangular notch

Tabulate volumes, times and heads.

Time
(sec)

Q
(m3/s)

H3/2
(m3/2)

log H

log Q

Cd

139.67

7.16 x10-5

0.002

-1.854

-4.145

0.488

0.0350

5.00
x10-2

25.31

0.000395
1

0.007

-1.456

-3.403

0.681

0.0500

5.00
x10-2

15.06

6.64 x10-4

0.011

-1.301

-3.178

0.670

0.0590

5.00
x10-2

11.68

8.56 x10-4

0.014

-1.229

-3.067

0.674

0.0700

5.00
x10-2

8.89

1.12 x10-3

0.019

-1.155

-2.949

0.686

Average
:

0.640

H
(m)

Volume
(m3)
5.00x102

30

81

0.0140

Table 1

By formula:
Example one of calculation from above results:
As we know that Breath notch, B=30mm=0.03

When H=0.07m

Cd

3Q

3x(1.12x10 -3 )

2B 2g H 3 2

2x0.03x 2x9.81x(0.07) 1.5

=

By graph:

Plot the following graphs from the data:

Q against H3/2
log Q against log H

=0.686

Cd against H

Exp 3A Graph 1: Q vs H 3/2

f(x) = 0x - 0

Graph 1: Q vs H3/2

Graph 2: log Q vs log H

Exp 3A Graph 3 : Cd vs H

Graph 3: Cd vs H
Analysis from graph:

Graph 1( Q against H3/2)

Cd

3Q
2B 2g H

3
32

2B 2g

Q
H3 2

=
kx

so

Q
H3 2

3
2B 2g

11.2881 constant v alue

where k=

and

Q
slope of graph 3.1.1
H3 2

=0.0619

C d k x slope 11.2881 x 0.0619 0.699

Graph 2 (log Q against log H)

3

2
Q Cd B 2g H 2
3

When put all term in the log scale,

log Q log C d

2
2
3
B 2g H 3 2 logC d B 2 g log H
3
3
2

And plot it into log scale graph(log Q vs log H)

y = mx+c
Where y= log Q
m=3/2
logC d

And

c=

2
B 2g
3

Graph 3
Log Q=1.711log H -0.954

2
B 2 g 0.954
3
2

C d antilog - 0.954 / (0.03 2 9.81 1.255

3

c logC d

% error of experimental formula to theoretical formula=

1.5 1.711
1.5

x100% 14.067%

Results and Calculations

Flow over a V- notch

Q Cd
2 g tan H 2
15
2
5

Cd

15Q

8 2g tan H 5 2
2

Tabulate volumes, times and heads.

H
(m)

Volume
(m3)

Time
(sec)

Q
(m3/s)

0.020
0

5.00 x10-

119.8
8

8.34 x10-

0.024
0

5.00 x10-

1.64 x10-

0.032
0

5.00 x10-

2.81 x10-

0.035
0

5.00 x10-

4.07 x10-

0.036
0

5.00 x10-

4.28 x10-

61.12
35.64
24.54
23.39

Q2/5

H5/2

log H

log Q

Cd

0.02
3

5.657 x10-

-1.699
x10

-4.079

0.62
4

0.03
1

8.923 x10-

-3.786

0.77
6

0.03
8

1.832 x10-

-3.552

0.64
8

0.04
4

2.292 x10-

-3.390

0.75
3

0.04
5

2.459 x10-

-3.369

0.73
6

Average
:

0.70
7

Table 2

By formula:
Example one of calculation from above results:
As we know that Breath notch, B=30mm=0.03
and

When H=0.036m

90

-1.620
x10
-1.495
x10
-1.456
x10
-1.444
x10

15Q
Cd

8 2g tan H 5 2
2

15 x (4.28x10 -4 )
90
2.5
8 x 2 9.81 tan
(0.036)
2

=0.736

By graph:

Plot the following graphs from the data:

Q against H5/2
log Q against log H
Cd against H

Graph 4: Q vs H5/2

f(x) = 1.76x - 0

Graph 4: Q against H5/2

Graph 5 : Q2/5 vs H
f(x) = 1.29x - 0

Graph 5: Q2/5 against H

Graph 6: log Q against log H

Analysis from graph:

Graph 4 : ( Q against H5/2)

Cd

15Q

8 2g tan H 5 2
2

kx

So

8 2g tan
=

Q
H5 2

Q
H5 2

15
Where k=

And

15

8 2g tan
2

15
90
8 2 9.81 tan
2

Q
slope of graph 3.2.1
H5 2

=1.764

0.4233 constant v alue

C d k x slope 0.4233 x 1.764 0.7467

Graph 5 : ( Q2/5 against H)

Q Cd

2 g tan H 2
15
2

Q2 5

Cd
2g tan
15
2

2
5

xH

y mxc
when c 0

m y x ; y Q 5 2 ; x H and m C d
2g tan
15
2

2
5

Where m=slope of the graph 3.2.2=1.29

Cd

1.29 5 2 x15
0.7395
90
8 2 9.81 tan
2

Graph 6 : (log Q against log H)

Q Cd
2 g tan H 2
15
2
5

When put all term in the log scale,

5

log Q log C d

8
5

2 g tan H 2 log C d
2 g tan log H
15
2
15
2 2

And plot it into log scale graph(log Q vs log H)

Y = mx+c
Where y = log Q

m=5/2

And

c=

log C d
2 g tan
15
2

From graph 6,
Log Q=2.652log H +0.456

c log C d
2 g tan 0.456
15
2

90
8
C d antilog 0.456 /
2 9.81 tan 1.2096
2
15

2.5 2.652
% error of experimental formula to theoretical formula=

2.5

x100% 6.08%

Conclusion
The smooth flow to and over the weir is essential to the determination of accurate rates off low since
the distribution of velocities on the approach flow has a definite influence on the discharge over the
weir. As the flow rate increases, the discharge coefficient becomes more accurate to the theoretical
value. When the flow rate is to low it clings to the notch and flows down it. This changes the
coefficient of discharge because now the water is not only being affected by gravity it is having to
resist viscosity and the friction of the surface of the notch. The limitations of the theory is it has to be

level so the only force on the water is gravity, there has to be a constant flow, and constant pressure.
The theory behind this experiment makes an assumption that there is a minimum height of water
above the notch and any heights below this start to deviate from theory at an increasing rate. The
relationship between the head of the weir and the discharge of the water over the weir is directly
proportional. The lower flow rates produce lower heights above the notch creating larger changes
from the theoretical equations