Measures of Central Tendency can be

defined as a typical value of a set of data or

observations when they tend to cluster.
Subject
Unit
THREE MAJOR TYPES OF
s
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
Filipino
.9
TENDENCY
English
1.5
Mathemati 1.5
-Mean
cs
-Median
Science
1.8
-Mode
Social
.9
Studies
MEAN Most commonly
TLE
1.2
used measure.
MAPEH
1.2
- Sum of all n values

w = number of
measurements
Grad
e
86
85
88

EXAMPLE
Below are Shainas subjects and the
corresponding number of units and
grades she got for the previous
grading period. Compute her grade
point average.

87
86
83
87

divided by the total frequency.

- Denoted by
MEAN FOR UNGROUPED DATA
= 86.1
Shainas average grade is 86.1
where

= mean
= sum of the
measurements or values
n = number of
measurements
EXAMPLE
Sir Bansa collects the data on the ages
of Mathematics teachers in LPU, and his
study yields the following:
38
35
28
36
35
33 40
Solution:

= 35
Based on the computed mean, 35 is the
average age of Mathematics teachers in LPU.
WEIGHTED MEAN
- when values are given more importance
than others.

= mean
x = measurement or value

MEAN FOR GROUPED DATA

- Data which are arranged in a frequency
distribution
2 METHODS IN COMPUTING FOR THE
MEAN OF GROUPED DATA
1. Midpoint Method the midpoint or class
mark of each of the class intervals shall be
multiplied to their corresponding frequencies.
- Sum of the products is then divided by the
total number of frequencies.

f = frequency of each class interval

x= midpoint or class mark
n= total no. of frequencies or sample
size
EXAMPLE
Scores of 40 students in a science class
consist of 60 items and they are tabulated
below.

SOLUTION
_
X = f
xm

n
The mean performance of 40 students in
science quiz is 33.63. Those students who
got scores below 33.63 did not perform well
in the said examination while those students
who got scores above 33.63 performed well.
2. Unit Deviation Method second method
of computing the value of the mean for
grouped data.

xa
f
d
c
n

= assumed mean
= frequency of each class
= the unit deviation or internal size
= class size of the class intervals
= total frequency

EXAMPLE
Find the mean of the test results of 100
employees in Statistical Analysis using the
unit deviation method.
C.I.
15-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75-84
85-94

f
5
10
11
23
26
14
8
3
n = 100

d
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

fd
-20
-30
-22
-23
0
14
16
9
Fd=-56

= 59.50+ 10( -56/100)

= 53.90
CALCULATING THE WEIGHTED
ARITHMETIC MEAN OF GROUP DATA
- is a variation of the arithmetic mean which
assigns weight to the individual scores in a
data set.

EXAMPLE
The Carter Construction Company pays its
hourly employees P16.50, P19.00, or P25.00
per hour. There are 26 hourly employees, 14
of which are paid at the P16.50 rate, 10 at
the P19.00 rate, and 2 at the P25.00 rate.
What is the mean hourly rate paid the
26 employees?

Xm

fXm

10 14

12

60

15 19

17

34

20 24

22

66

25 29

27

135

30 34

32

64

35 39

37

333

40 44

42

252

45 49

47

141

50 - 54

52

260

n = 40

f Xm = 1
345

MEDIAN is the center most observation

that divides the data, arranged in either
ascending or descending order, into halves
MEDIAN FOR UNGROUPED DATA
For an even number of observations:

X n X n 2

xx
For an odd number of observations:

 X n 1
2

xx

EXAMPLE
The heights of four basketball players, in
inches, are:
76, 73, 80, 75
Arranging the data in ascending order gives:
73, 75, 76, 80.
Thus the median is 75.5
MEDIAN FOR GROUPED DATA
- determine the value which divides the
distribution into two equal parts.
- calculate the less than cumulative
frequency of the distribution

Xlb = lower class boundary of the median

class
c = class size or interval size
cfb= less than cumulative frequency before
the median
class
n = no. of observations or total no. of
frequencies
fm = frequency of the median class
EXAMPLE
Scores of 40 students in a science class
consist of 60 items and they are tabulated
below. The highest score is 54 and the lowest
score is 10.
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50

X
14
19
24
29
34
39
44
49
54

f
5
2
3
5
2
9 (fm)
6
3
5
n = 40

cf<
5
7
10
15
17 (cfp)
26
32
35
40

Solution:
_n_
_40_
2 = 2
= 20
The category containing
LL of the MC = 35
Lb = 34.5
cfb = 17
fm = 9
c.i = 5
_n_
xx = LB + _2
cfp_
fm
_20 17_
= 34.5 +
9
= 34.5 + 15/9
xx = 36.17

_n_
2
is 35 39.

X c.i
X 5

MODE known as average and generally

associated with nominal data.
-simplest measure of central tendency
MODE FOR UNGROUPED DATA
-it can be easily identified by inspection of an
ungrouped set of data by getting the score or
item which occurs most frequently.
UNI MODAL a set of scores or data with
only one mode.
BI MODAL 2 nodes
TRI MODAL 3 nodes
Many (2 or more) nodes
MULTI MODAL
*the mode may not even exist at all
EXAMPLE
Find the median of the following observations
4,6,8,6,7,8,8
Sol:
In the given data, the observation 8 occurs
maximum
number of times (3)
Mode(Z) = 8
MODE FOR GROUPED DATA
- the mode in a frequency distribution is the
value within the class internal having the
highest frequency

Xlb = lower class boundary of the median

class
c = class size or interval size
fm1 = difference between the frequency of
the modal class and the frequency of the
class interval preceding it
fm2 = difference between the frequency of
the modal class and the frequency of the
class interval following modal class.

2. associated with ordinal data

3. not affected by extreme values
4. is not only a function of the middle values
(even or odd) or the average of the two
middle values (when n is even) when the
data are arranged from the highest value to
the lowest value or vice versa
5. is a positional measure

EXAMPLE
Scores of 40 students in a science class
consist of 60 items and they are tabulated
below.
x

10 14

15 19

20 24

25 29

30 34

35 39

40 44

45 49

50 54

Modal Class = 35 39
LL of MC = 35
LB = 34.5
d1 = 9 2 = 7
d2
= 96=3
c.i = 5
___d1___
XX = LB +
d1 + d2
x
c.i
___7___
= 34.5 +
7+3
x
5
= 34. 5 + 35/10
XX = 38
The mode of the score distribution that
consists of 40 students
is 38, because 38 occurred several times.

GRAPHICAL RELATIONSHIP OF THE

MEAN, THE MEDIAN, AND THE MODE

n = 40

PROPERTIES OF THE MEAN, THE

MEDIAN AND THE MODE.
MEAN
1. always a unique value in any set of data
2. associated with the interval/ ratio data
3. strongly influenced by the extreme values
in a set of data
4. most reliable measure of central tendency
MEDIAN
1. also a unique value in any set of data

MODE
1. not affected by extreme values
2. may not exist
3. if it exist, may not always be unique
4. in finding the node, do not consider all the
values in distribution
5. associated with nominal data.

1. Positively Skewed Right Skew

- mode is > median, then median > mean
2. Negatively Skewed Left Skew
-Mean< median And Median< mode
3. Symmetrical Normal
-all equal
QUANTILES are extension of median
concept in that they are values which divide
a set of data into equal parts
QUARTILE divides a set of observations
into four equal parts.
EXAMPLE
The following dollar amounts were the hourly
collections from a Salvation Army kettle at a
local store one day in December: $19, $26,
$25, $37, $32, $28, $22, $23, $29, $34, $39,
and $31. Determine the first quartile and
third quartile for the amount collected.

Find the first quartile and third quartile for

the data set
{19, 26, 25, 37, 32, 28, 22, 23, 29, 34, 39,
31}.
Increasing order - 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29,
31, 32, 34, 37, 39.
From before, the median is 28.5.
The lower half is {19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28}.
The first quartile is

You are the fourth tallest person in a group of

20
80% of people are shorter than you
That means you are at the 80th percentile.
If your height is 1.85m then "1.85m" is the
80th percentile height in that group.
-In Order
The data needs to be in order!
To calculate percentiles of height the data
needs to be in height order (sorted by
height).
To calculate percentiles of age the data
needs to be in age order.
And so on.

THe upper half is {29, 31, 32, 34, 37, 39}.

DECILE when the frequency is divided into

10 equal parts, each part is called a decile

The third quartile is

EXAMPLE

A related idea is Deciles (sounds like decimal

and percentile together), which splits the
data into 10% groups:

PERCENTILES refer to those values that

divide a distribution into one hundred equal
parts
*Percentile rank n tells how much percent
of the cases got below the rank position.
*Percentile point Pn = score or value that
corresponds to the given percentile rank
- arrange first the data in increasing order or
from lowest to highest.
EXAMPLE:

The 1st decile is the 10th percentile (the

value that divides the data so that 10% is
below it)
The 2nd decile is the 20th percentile (the
value that divides the data so that 20% is
below it)
etc!
Example: (continued) based from
Percentiles Example
You are at the 8th decile (the 80th
percentile).