Cavity Resonators

Microwave Engineering
EE 172
Dr. Ray Kwok

Reference: Feynman, Lectures on Physics, Vol 2

Cavity Resonators - Dr. Ray Kwok

LC Resonator (Lenzs Law)

Cavity Resonators - Dr. Ray Kwok

Helical Resonator
L

1
o =
LC
Higher frequency smaller L or C

smaller C smaller area

Just the coil itself resonate

(Helical Resonator)
Internal capacitance between turns
Cant use coil in very high frequency

L
C
R

real coil equivalent

Cavity Resonators - Dr. Ray Kwok

Cavity Resonator
L

1
o =
LC

smaller L less turns

even higher f parallel L

both E & B resonate inside?

Cavity Resonators - Dr. Ray Kwok

High frequency capacitor

B
E

dc no B
ac E & B coexist

cavity except tangential E = 0 on the walls,

more field strength at center .etc

Cavity Resonators - Dr. Ray Kwok

Coupling in and out of cavity

Wire / connector
Couple E-field
Capacitive coupling
Line up with concentrated E-field to induced V

Wire / loop
Couple H-field
Inductive coupling
Loop thru H-field to induced current

Cavity Resonators - Dr. Ray Kwok

Resonate Frequencies
output

Q f / fo

Quality Factor

fo

f
many resonants

Cavity Resonators - Dr. Ray Kwok

Different modes

some require different coupling mechanisms

Cavity Resonators - Dr. Ray Kwok

Rectangular Cavity Resonators

2

m n
k 2 2 k c2 =
+
a

a
d

2
k 2 = = k c2 + 2

p g
d=
2
2 p
=
=
d
g
2

m n p
k 2mnp =
+ +
a

b d
2f mnp= ck mnp
2

For TEmnp and TMmnp modes

c m n p
f mnp=

+ +
2 a b d

air

Cavity Resonators - Dr. Ray Kwok

TEmnp modes
Ez = 0
b
a
d

From
n p
E x ~ sin y sin z
boundary conditions
b d
m p
E y ~ sin
x sin z
a

d
m & n cannot be both 0
m, n = 0,1,2....
as in the waveguide,
p = 1,2,3...
p cannot be 0 !!

First cavity mode is TE101

But a, b, d are interchangeable !!!!
So be careful when labeling the modes!!

Cavity Resonators - Dr. Ray Kwok

TMmnp modes
b
a
d

m n
E z ~ sin
x sin y
a b From
n p boundary conditions
E x ~ sin y sin z
b d
m p
E y ~ sin
x sin z
a d
m, n = 1,2,3....
p = 0,1,2,3...

p can be 0.

First cavity TM mode is TM110

Again a, b, d are interchangeable !!!!

Cavity Resonators - Dr. Ray Kwok

Example
a

6.75

inches

inches

5.6

inches

6.75

inches

inches

5.6

inches

f (GHz)

mode

f (GHz)

mode

1.093611

TE101

1.093611

TM110

1.24203

TE011

1.24203

TE101

1.370224

TM110

1.370224

TE011

1.519233

TE/TM111

1.519233

TE/TM111

1.577228

TE102

1.577228

TM210

1.683539

TE012

1.683539

TE201

1.868763

TE201

1.868763

TM120

1.897296

TE/TM112

2.042989

TE021

2.042989

TM210

2.20882

TE102

2.20882

TE021

2.283367

TE012

2.283367

TM120

2.375777

TE/TM112

Same cavity, same set of resonant frequencies. Just different notation.

Not all modes can be excited.
The probe connection dictates which orientation is correct !!

Cavity Resonators - Dr. Ray Kwok

Cylindrical Cavity Resonators

2

2
k 2 = = k c2 + 2

2 p
=
=
d
g

a
d

2
nmp

p
= k +
d

2
c

c
p
f nmp=
k c2 +
2
d
e.g. Coke can, a ~ 1.25, d ~ 5
TE111: kc = 1.8412 / 1.25 = 1.473
2

11.811
1
f 111=
(1.473) 2 + = 3.01GHz
2
5

air

Cavity Resonators - Dr. Ray Kwok

TEnmp modes
Ez = 0
p
E ~ (A cos n B sin n)J n (k c) sin z
d
p
E ~ (A cos n + B sin n)J 'n (k c) sin z
d

a
d

J 'n (k nm a ) = 0
p = 1,2,3...

From boundary conditions.

p starts from 1

First TE cavity mode is TE111.

Cavity Resonators - Dr. Ray Kwok

TMnmp modes
p
E z ~ (A cos n + B sin n)J 'n (k c) cos z
d
p
E ~ (A cos n + B sin n)J 'n (k c) sin z
d

a
d

p
E ~ (A cos n B sin n)J n (k c) sin z
d
J n (k nma ) = 0
From boundary conditions.
p = 0,1,2,3...

p begins at 0.

p = 0 means Er and E = 0 !!!

And cannot be excited with connector on the sides!

First TM cavity mode usually is TM011.

Cavity Resonators - Dr. Ray Kwok

Example
a = 1.9
d = 6.82
TM

TE
n

f (GHz)

f (GHz)

2.016756

2.379399

2.513305

2.532062

3.14312

2.942912

3.172648

3.522744

3.482614

3.888838

Again, not all modes can be excited.

Cavity Resonators - Dr. Ray Kwok

Resonant

e.g. Coke can, a ~ 1.25, d ~ 5

TE111: kc = 1.8412 / 1.25 = 1.473
2

11.811
1
f 111=
(1.473) 2 + = 3.01GHz
2
5

Cavity Resonators - Dr. Ray Kwok

Dual Mode Cavity

e.g. TE10
square waveguide

orthogonal

Cavity Resonators - Dr. Ray Kwok

Perturbation
e.g. TE10

coupled modes
Use for:
Circular polarization
Dual cavity
Cross-coupled

Cavity Resonators - Dr. Ray Kwok

Dual Mode

TE111 mode

Up to 5-modes cavity
has been demonstrated
in a spherical cavity.