NAME : SHARANYA A/P BHASKAR (A153973)

SUBJECT : PATHOLGY

LECTURER : Dr. SRI PAWITA ALBAKRI BINTI AMIR HAMZAH

TITLE : VISIT TO HOSPITAL UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

Diagnostics Lab PPUKM

In the laboratories of JPMD the implement of Westgard Sigma Verification of
Performance program. This is a programme to highlight laboratories that are doing the right
thing: they have the right methods, they have the right staff and training, they have the right QC
implementation, and they have the right test results. Post analytical and analytical processes were
explained to us. The instrument they dealing for human immunology department is Accelerator
a3600 which produces average around 200 tests per hour. The entire process is automatically done
by machines where one sample can run into various tests given the amount of sample. From
barcode identifications, decapping to storage retrievals. Toxicology department where drugs are
being analysed and these systems run under 24 hours system where the sampes that arrives in one
day , must be processed and analysed on that day itself. Delaying will cause the accumulation of
sample for the next day.

The second visit was to Haemotology Department where blood matrix will be processed and
diagnosed . Haemotology department is divided into two parts where one part blood tests runs 24
hours, as a routine and the other department where it works on day. Blood of patients are tested
here in order to detect any abnormalities that could causes diseases such as sickle-cell anaemia,
thalassemia, leukemia ,haemophilia and even dengue and so on. The blood test that runs in
haemotology department Full Blood Count (FBC), Ful Blood Picture (FBP) and coagulation test.
There is also G6PD Blood Test and Enzyme level lab where the cord blood of newly born child to
test on G6PD deficiency based on bone marrow cross-section and flow of cytometry (centrifudge
machine, measure of cells based on fluorescence and measure of centrifudge through prognosis).
The third one was to the Histopathology department where samples of tissues of organs sent
here to be processed and analysed upon for further studies of abnormalities in any tissue cells
through two distinguished methods manual and grading. All types of tissues are sent here daily
from patients, taken at either surgical operations or at post-mortem examination. Diseases such as
inflammatory diseases, benign abnormal growth, infections and cancer are diagnosed by this
method. Once received, the specimens are processed into paraffin wax blocks and thin slices or
sections are cut and stained for microscopical examination to determine the underlying disease
process. Further staining techniques may be required to identify a specific tissue component not
readily seen in the first stained section sent to the staining lab via a compound microscope.

Then moving to the Cytopathology department, more to fluid at cellular and morphology level.
After extraction, the samples go through an automated stainer in which stains the nuclease using
hematoxylene. Cytopathologic tests are sometimes called smear tests because the samples may be
smeared across a glass microscope slide for subsequent staining and microscopic examination.
However, cytology samples may be prepared in other ways, including cytocentrifugation.Lastly,
the samples sent to the interpretors that evaluate through compound microscope.

Lastly, our visit was to the Cytogenetics department where analysis done on genetic materials
such as the chromosomes. The first step is culture the karyotype for one day to get the metaphase
concentration by applying the spectrum imaging by capturing metaphase. The analysis of
chromosomes in human development and disease is accomplished through classical cytogenetic
procedures (such as G-banding) combined with advanced molecular techniques such as FISH and
genomic microarray analysis. Four criterias aspects that is important while arranging and analyzing
the chromosomes based on the size of the chromosomes, secondly type of chromosomes and
banding pattern of chromosomes. The second process is incubation for a period of 27 hours and
lastly harvesting which takes around just for the bone marrows 21 days.