EARTHQUAKE

FAULTS

FAULTS

An area of stress in the earth where broken rocks slide past each other
causing a crack in the earths surface.

A thin zone of crushed rock separating blocks of the earths crust.

Major Tectonic Plates

FAULT CLASSIFICATIONS

ACTIVE FAULTS are structure along which we expect displacement to

occur.

INACTIVE FAULTS-are structures that we can identify ,but which do no

have earthquakes.

REACTIVE FAULTS- forms when movement along formerly inactive

faults can help to alleviate strain within the crust or upper mantle.

FAULTING GEOMETRY

Dip
-the angle that describes the steepness of the fault surface.
-angle that the fault surface makes with a horizontal plane

Strike
-an angle used to specify the orientation of fault and measured clockwise
from north.
-is the direction of the fault line exposed or projected at
the ground surface relative to the north.

Slip
-describes the direction and motion across the fault.

Earthquake Fault Types

Strike-Slip or Transform Fault

-involves displacements of rock laterally, parallel to the strike.

-Ex. 1857 and 1906 San Andreas fault, California, earthquakes

Dip-Slip Fault

-fault is one in which the motion is largely parallel to the dip of

the fault and thus has vertical components of displacement.

TYPES

OF DIP SLIP FAULT

*Dip-Slip Normal- A normal fault is one of dip-slip type in which the rock
above the inclined fault surface moves downward relative to the underlying
crust.
-Faults with almost vertical slip are also

included in this category.

-Ex. Borah Peak (Mw = 7.3) earthquake in Idaho in 1983

*Dip-Slip Reverse
-In a reverse fault, the crust above the inclined fault surface moves
upward relative to the block below the fault. Thrust faults belong to this
category but are generally restricted to cases when the dip angle is small.
-ex. 1994 Northridge earthquake (Mw =6.7)

Oblique Fault

-a mixture of strike-slip and dip-slip fault.

-ex. 1989 Loma Prieta (Mw = 6.9) earthquake in central California

11 Biggest Fault lines in the World

1.Sunda Megathrust

2.Cenral African Shear Zone

3.Alaska-Aleutian Megathrust

4.Peru-Chile Trench

5.Main Uralian Fault

6.Kunlun Fault

7.Alpine Fault

8.Great Lakes Tectonic Zone

9.Gulf of California Rift Zone

10.San Andreas Fault System

11.Altyn Tagh Fault

List of Major Active Faults in the Philippines

Marikina Valley Fault
-Montalban
-San Mateo

-Tagaytay
-Oriental Mindoro
Western Philippine Fault

-Marikina

-Luzon Sea

-Pasig

-Mindoro Strait

-Taguig

-Panay Gulf

-Muntinlupa

-Sulu Sea

-San Pedro
-Binan
-Carmona

Eastern Philippine Fault

-Philippine Sea
Southern Mindanao Fault

-Santa Rosa

-Moro Gulf

-Calamba

-Celebes Sea

Central Philippine Fault

-Eastern Masbate

-Entire Ilocos Norte

-Southern Leyte

-Aurora

-Agusan Del Norte

-Quezon

-Agusan Del Sur

-Masbate

-Davao Del Norte

MINDANAO FAULT MAP

How do we know fault exist?

Past fault movement has brought together rocks that used to be

further apart.

Earthquake recorded by seismograph networks are mapped and

indicate the location of the fault

Earthquake on the fault have left surface evidence , such as surface

ruptures or fault scarps(cliff made by earthquake)

*Some faults have not shown these signs and we will not know they are
there until they produce large earthquakes.