Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Atmaram Kayastha1, Young-Ho LEE2a, Hari Prasad Neopane3 and Bhola Thapa4
1, 3 & 4
Keywords: sediment erosion, hydraulic turbines, hydrocyclone separator, critical particle size
1. Introduction:
1.1 Sediment
Sediments are small organic and mineral particles in
water, in the form of clay, silt, sand and gravels [1]
made of fragmentation of rock due to chemical and
mechanical weathering. The topsoil on earth
comprises of more than 80% silt which large rivers,
originating from Himalayas, carry to the seas each
year that account to billions of tons. The factors
responsible for such extensive soil erosion in the
Himalayas are tropical climate, young geology,
glacial sediment unleashed from melting glaciers and
degradation of catchment area [2].
The sediment induced wear in hydraulic turbine is a
function of many parameters which include sediment
particle properties, water flow and turbine properties.
The sediment properties like size, shape, friability,
concentration, impact energy, mineral type and
hardness are jointly responsible for the intensity and
HPP
Panauti
Sunkoshi
Jhimrukh
Arunkhola
Sundarijal
Bhotekoshi
1 mm
0.40
0.19
0.00
0.06
3.85
0.27
0.6 mm
2.05
0.29
0.00
0.11
15.27
2.84
0.065 mm
4.42
1.37
6.14
1.18
0.58
0.16
HPP
Panauti
Sunkoshi
Jhimrukh
Arunkhola
Sundarijal
Bhotekoshi
Physical
Properties
Mohs
Hardness
Structure
Crystal
Structure
Quartz
Feldspar
Muscovite
Biotite
6-6.5
2.5-3
2.5-3
Crystalline,
Sharp and
absence of
cleavage
Hexa-gonal
Cleavage
of 2 to 3
Perfect
Cleavage
Basal,
Perfect
Cleavage
P
C
Triclinic
or Monoclinic
2.5 - 2.7
Monoclinic
Monoclinic
Specific
2.65
2.8 - 3
2.76 - 3.3
Gravity
1.3 Hydro Cyclone Separator
The separation of solid and liquid phases is usually
the most common phase separation requirement in
industrial application and the common methods to do
are depicted in figure 1. The selection of proper
device for separation purpose also depends on the
required output product like particle free liquid,
concentrated solid or degree of dryness of solid.
D3c
d 50=4.5
L1.2 ( s L )
Where,
(2.1)
Dc
is the
DI =
Dc
7
(2.2)
D u=
Dc
10
(2.3)
Dv=
Dc
3
(2.4)
l=
Dc
3
(2.5)
l 1=
Dc
7
(2.6)
Cone angle,
=912 deg
Total length of separator,
Lc
Lc
35
5
11.67 3.5
11.67 17.5
12
74.1
50
(2.7)
Where,
Inlet Pipe
3. Numerical Analysis
3.1 Mesh Generation
Separator
Sedimentation
Tank
Body
The
Overflow
outlet wall
Inflation
Layer
Avg.
Static
Pressur
e Outlet
Mass
Flow
Inlet wall
Inflation
Layer
} =p+ {2} over {3} { {U} rsub {k}} over { {x} rsub {
( uiu j )
is made
( uiu j )
. The differential
uiu j
u
k
+
U k u iu j )
kl + C s u kui
(
t
xk
xk
((
Where
Pij
Pij, b
and
ij
Pij = uiuk
U k
Ui
u juk
xk
xk
(3.4)
The
to {i}
buoyancy
is {j}} right ) + {S} rsub {{M
}} over { {x} rsub {i}} - {} over { {x} rsub {j}} left
( production
acute {{u}due
rsub
{u} rsub
1
Pij, b=Bij C buo B ij B kk ij
U i
U i U j 3
+
U i U j )
+
=
(
t
xj
xj
x j xi
[(
is a modified pressure,
SM
is the
B ij is given by
B ij =g i b j + g j b i
)]
(3.5)
Where, the second term represents the buoyancy
contribution from the pressure-strain term, and
(3.1)
Where
contribution
is
( uiu j )
Unlike
eddy
(3.6)
Buoyancy turbulence terms
Pij, b
k and k model.
ij . It acts
ij =ij, 1+ij , 2
ij, 1
Where,
ij, 2
is called the
rapid term.
There are three varieties of the standard Reynolds
stress models based on the -equation available.
These are known as LRR-IP, LRR-QI and SSG. The
LRR-IP and LRR-QI models were developed by
Launder, Reece and Rodi. In both models, the
pressure-strain correlation is linear.
IP stands for Isotropization of Production and is the
simplest of the 3 models. The two terms are given by:
2
u iu j ij k
k
3
2
ij, 2=C2 Pij P ij
3
S ij
and
1
ij, 1= C s 1 aij + C s 2 aik a kj amn amn ij
3
)]
(3.12)
(3.13)
Where,
(3.8)
aij =
uiu j 2
ij
k
3
(3.14)
(3.9)
The values of the two coefficients are
and
aij
(3.7)
ij, 1=C1
C1
S ij =
= 1.8
1 Ui U j
+
2 x j xi
(3.15)
ij =
1 U i U j
2 x j xi
(3.16)
C 2+ 8
30 C 28
U i UThis
8general
C 2 form can
2
2 be used to model linear and
j
ij, 2=
Pij P ij
k
+
2
Dij ij P
11
3
55
x j xquadratic
11correlations
3 by appropriate values for the
i
(3.10)
Where
D ij is given by:
D ij = u iuk
(3.11)
U k
Uk
u juk
xj
xi
Cs1
1.8
1.8
1.7
Cs2
0.0
0.0
-1.05
Cr 1
0.0
0.0
0.9
Cr 2
0.8
0.8
0.8
Cr 3
0.0
0.0
0.65
Cr 4
0.6
0.873
0.625
120
100
80
60
Q0.8
40
Q0.9
Q1.0
20
Q1.1
Q1.2
0
10
100
1000
120
100
80
60
Q0.8
40
Q0.9
Q1.0
20
Q1.1
Q1.2
0
10
100
1000
100
80
60
40
Q0.8
Q0.9
Q1.0
20
Q1.1
Q1.2
0
10
100
1000
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
SSG RSM
LLR RSM
QI RSM
2.0
1.5
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
16
14
12
10
SSG Overflow
SSG Underflow
LRR-IP Overflow
LRR-IP Underflow
LRR-IQ Overflow
LRR-IQ Underflow
8
6
4
2
0
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
5. Conclusion
The mineral and PSD analysis of the sediment
samples collected from different rivers of Nepal
helped to identify the mineral composition
(Quartz, Feldspar) and critical particle (125
micron) of the sediment responsible for
maximum erosion. The literature review
revealed the possibility of hydro cyclone to be
used a method to eradicate the erosion problem
5. References
[1] Thapa, B., Hermod, B., Effect of sand particle
size and surface curvature in erosion of hydraulic