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Abstract-
K. Bala Nikilesh
P. Nageswara Rao
Fossil fuels are our main source of energy and they are
depleting. Fossil fuels are non renewable and environmentally
damaging. Due to increasing air pollution, global warming
concerns, diminishing fossil fuels and their increasing cost
have made it necessary to look towards renewable sources as a
future energy solution [1]. There are many Renewable Energy
Sources (RES) such as wind, solar, tidal power, biomass etc.
Solar energy has great potential to supply energy with
minimum impact on the environment, since it is clean and
pollution free. In finding solutions to overcome a global
energy crisis, the Photo Voltaic (PV) system has attracted
significant attention in recent years. The government is
providing incentives for further increasing the use of grid
connected PV systems. Conventionally, grid connected Photo
Voltaic energy conversion systems are composed of an
inverter. Renewable energy sources (RES) integrated at
distribution system is known as distributed generation (DG).
After generation, we need to integrate it with already existing
power system by using power electronic devices. Generally,
current controlled voltage source inverters are used to
interface the intermittent RES in the distributed system. A few
control strategies for grid connected inverters incorporating
PQ solution have been proposed. The inverter acts as an active
S t of
3-phase
and
l-ph>lsc
load"
Renewable Sources
L.n
(1m) with three unit sine vectors (Ua, Uh and Uc) which are in
phase with the three source voltages will generate the
reference current (la *, Ih * and Ie *). The reference grid neutral
current (In *) is set to zero being the instantaneous sum of
balanced grid currents. The synchronizing angle (9) obtained
from phase locked loop (PLL) [I] is used to generate unity
vector template as
Ua= sinCe)
Uh= sinCe
Ue= sinCe +
231C)
(1)
(2)
(3)
231C)
PLL
PI
Unit
Vector
Template
Po
P;
p.
P,
P,
Pi
(4)
Ib *= 1m
'
I e = 1m
* Ub
* Ue
(5)
(6)
'
Iberr = lb - Ib
Icerr =
D. Hysteresis
'
Ie - Ie
(8)
(9)
(10)
Inn: (.;I.,.:)
Current Control
(a)
20 ,-----,-----,
In
10
-
lJJ..I'f.J:
.. ..
.. ... .
. ,..,.wW"!.N.J.,J,..""
...
. MJ
. .W
. ......
..""
." ""
."w.
..-'..LJ
...w.
" .M
..""'
..M
.. .MW..
.. ""
,""",
"'
,
...W,
. ..J..
...,. .LJ
0
:- :----...,0'-:-., 1 -----,1 :------:0-'=2
0 '="=
, ----...,0-',,
05
0-,-,5
, :! 5:----:-'= 0.3------0.
-2 -0'--------:
:-' 35
Tire (sec)
(b)
emu
II
I
I
. I
enlin
I
I
I
2VI/el_
_:
I
I
1_-
(c)
-2Vdc
Fig.3. Wavefonn of Hysteresis Current Control
FigA. Simulation results of Non-linear Load (a) Source Current (b) Load
Current (c) Inverter Current
It can be observed from Fig.4. (a) that from 0 to 0.1 sec the
waveform of source current is non-sinusoidal due to non
linear load. When the inverter is turned ON at 0.1 sec it will
starts compensating the non-sinusoidal current into sinusoidal.
The FFT analysis of the Non-linear load for before and after
compensation can be shown in Fig.5. and Fig.6.
- FFT 8n8I y:o=;i:=;------rund.an"entaJ (001 Ix) = ).G2'J
:>0
'-'
<>
;:Y-""'-J
1b
10
10n
OO
OO
400
OO
Fp..;4UIIr...;y (HL)
700
oo
FF r
:;;n iillySl!lii
FuncJamental (OH z)
- -- . ---4 844
2 0.-__ ----__------__
__-----
--
FFT
analysis
2O r---..----------
--
_,
----------------------
10
...
__
'Tl-tD- 3 20%
0 L-0
10
0
200
"
30
O
L4O0
50
0"
m
OB
OO
60o
F,-eqUE!!ncy (HZ)
FFT
anal ysi s
Fundamental
20
-..
15
10
!!'..
100
200
300
400
500
F,.aQuency (Hz)
600
700
800
(a)
"u ,----,--,---,,--,
compensation is 3.77%.
"r' {1t.i I
' !' i ' !
"
';;' r .." ;
:
20
- [
.Jv
0 [5
0.1
0.15
-ime
(,ee)
0.2
0::5
iN
:..:
,J..;
0.::
0.35
(b)
"
.... ....
. . . :
: . . ... . . :
. .......
.. . . .. . .. . "\. " .....
005
'
.
... . .. :
0.'1
'
'
...
. . :. . ..
O. IS
0.2
Tirrll:: (I:l":)
(a)
.'
C..25
"
'
"
.
. . .. :. . . . . .
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
0.3
'
0.:::5
'
20 ,-----,----,--,
-JU LO
(c)
Fig.7. Simulation results of Balanced Non-linear Load
(a) Source current (b) Load current (c) Inverter current
----Oc-'-, .O"'
E
---,Oc'-.
----O-O.-,,1 O5 -
----O0'-o- .2
Iline 1.::':'(.)
---,Jc-'.2"' 5
---,o-'
O.3O--
O.36
(b)
6,-----.------,-,--.-,,-, --,,-,--,-,,-, --,,-,-,,-,
4
It can be observed from Fig.7. (a) That from 0 to 0.1 sec the
waveform of source current is non-sinusoidal due to balanced
non-linear load. When the inverter is turned ON at 0.1 sec it
will starts compensating the non-sinusoidal current into
sinusoidal. The FFT analysis of the Balanced Non-linear load
before and after compensation can be shown in Fig.8.and
Fig.9. These figures show that there is a reduction in the
harmonic content, when the system is connected with APF.
'1;
-4
L LLL
L L
L
G L
-------- ,0.3_5
- O
Tilne (sec)
(c)
Fig.! O. Simulation results of unbalanced Non-linear Load
(a) Source current (b) Load current (c) Inverter current
It can be observed from Fig.10. (a) That from 0 to 0.1 sec the
waveform of source current is non-sinusoidal due to
unbalanced non-linear load. When the inverter is turned ON at
0.1 sec it will starts compensating the non-sinusoidal current
into sinusoidal. The FFT analysis of the unbalanced Non
linear load before and after compensation can be shown in
Fig.II. and Fig.12.
FFT :an8Iysis =----15
100
200
)00
1400
Frequency
/jOO
(Hz)
II
GOO
700
000
that the active power filter is the best solution to mitigate the
current harmonics due to unbalanced and Non-linear loads.
IV. CONCLUSION
The performance of a shunt active filter is studied by using
multi-function grid interfacing inverter under various load
conditions. The power quality problems like current
harmonics, current unbalance due to unbalanced and non
linear load connected to the PCC is compensated effectively
by using shunt active power filter (APF). The hysteresis
current controller is used to generate the switching pulses for
the gate drives of grid interfacing inverter. The THD of the
source current after compensation is 3.20%, 3.77%, 2.93% for
the proposed loads which is less than 5%, the harmonic limit
imposed by the IEEE-519 & IEC-6000-3 standard.
References
..,
o
04
0.3
;o.. 0"
g
:=;; 0 '1
0
I_I
200
100
.I . J.I.
)00
400
Frf1IIp.nr.y
'JOO
(H7)
GOO
700
.1
000
Without
APF
With
APF
Non-linear
29.81
3.20
Balanced
Non-linear
16.69
3.77
Unbalanced
Non-linear
21.08
2.93
Loads