THEORY OF BIOGENESIS

Biogenesis is the production of new living organisms or organelles. The law of biogenesis, attributed to Louis Pasteur, is
the conclusion that complex living things come only from other living things, by reproduction (e.g. a spider lays eggs,
which develop into spiders). That is, modern life does not arise from non-living material, which was the position held by
spontaneous generation. This is summarized in the phrase Omne vivum ex vivo, Latin for "all life [is] from life." A related
statement is Omnis cellula e cellula, "all cells [are] from cells;" this conclusion is one of the central statements of cell
theory.
MORPHOLOGY
Morphology is a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific
structural features.
This includes aspects of the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern, size), i.e. external morphology (or
eidonomy), as well as the form and structure of the internal parts like bones and organs, i.e. internal morphology (or
anatomy). This is in contrast to physiology, which deals primarily with function. Morphology is a branch of life science
dealing with the study of gross structure of an organism or taxon and its component parts.
PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology (from Ancient Greek (physis), meaning "nature, origin", and (-logia), meaning "study of") is the scientific study
of the normal function in living systems. A sub-discipline of biology, its focus is in how organisms, organ systems, organs,
cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system. Given the size of the field,
it is divided into, among others, animal physiology (including that of humans), plant physiology, cellular physiology,
microbial physiology (microbial metabolism), bacterial physiology, and viral physiology. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine is awarded to those who make significant achievements in this discipline by the Royal Swedish Academy of
Sciences. In medicine, a physiologic state is one occurring from normal body function, rather than pathologically, which is
centered on the abnormalities that occur in animal diseases, including humans.
ABIOTIC SUBSTANCES
In biology and ecology, abiotic components or abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical parts of the
environment that affect living organisms and the functioning of ecosystems. Abiotic factors and phenomena associated
with them underpin all biology.
Abiotic components include physical conditions and non-living resources that affect living organisms in terms of growth,
maintenance, and reproduction. Resources are distinguished as substances or objects in the environment required by one
organism and consumed or otherwise made unavailable for use by other organisms.
Component degradation of a substance by chemical or physical processes, e.g. hydrolysis. All non-living components of
an ecosystem is called abiotic components to make it more easy you could just say that abiotic is non-living factors such
as the atmosphere or water is a non-living substance.
BIOTIC SUBSTANCES
Biotic material or biological derived material is any material that originates from living organisms. Most such materials
contain carbon and are capable of decay.
The earliest life on Earth arose at least 3.5 billion years ago. Earlier physical evidences of life include graphite, a biogenic
substance, in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in southwestern Greenland, as well as, "remains of
biotic life" found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. Earth's biodiversity has expanded continually except
when interrupted by mass extinctions. Although scholars estimate that over 99 percent of all species of life (over five
billion) that ever lived on Earth are extinct, there are still an estimated 1014 million extant species, of which about 1.2
million have been documented and over 86% have not yet been described.
Examples of biotic materials are wood, linoleum, straw, humus, manure, bark, crude oil, cotton, spider silk, chitin, fibrin,
and bone.
The use of biotic materials, and processed biotic materials (bio-based material) as alternative natural materials, over
synthetics is popular with those who are environmentally conscious because such materials are usually biodegradable,
renewable, and the processing is commonly understood and has minimal environmental impact. However, not all biotic
materials are used in an environmentally friendly way, such as those that require high levels of processing, are harvested
unsustainably, or are used to produce carbon emissions.
When the source of the recently living material has little importance to the product produced, such as in the production of
biofuels, biotic material is simply called biomass. Many fuel sources may have biological sources, and may be divided
roughly into fossil fuels, and biofuel.
In soil science, biotic material is often referred to as organic matter. Biotic materials in soil include glomalin, Dopplerite
and humic acid. Some biotic material may not be considered to be organic matter if it is low in organic compounds, such
as a clam's shell, which is an essential component of the living organism, but contains little organic carbon.

CELL THEORY
In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory which describes the properties of cells. These cells are the basic unit of
structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction. With continual improvements made to microscopes over
time, magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century. This discovery is largely attributed
to Robert Hooke, and began the scientific study of cells, also known as cell biology. Over a century later, many debates
about cells began amongst scientists. Most of these debates involved the nature of cellular regeneration, and the idea of
cells as a fundamental unit of life. Cell theory was eventually formulated in 1838. This is usually credited to Matthias
Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. However, many other scientists like Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory. Cell
theory has become the foundation of biology and is the most widely accepted explanation of the function of cells.
The three tenets to the cell theory are as described below:
- All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. (However, this is controversial because non-cellular life
such as viruses are disputed as a life form.[1] See Non-cellular life.)
- The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.
- Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Levels of Organization
In unicellular (single-celled) organisms, the single cell performs all life functions. It
functions independently. However, multicellular (many celled) organisms have various levels
of organization within them. Individual cells may perform specific functions and also work
together for the good of the entire organism. The cells become dependent on one another.
Multicellular organisms have the following 5 levels of organization ranging from simplest to
most complex:

LEVEL 1 - Cells

Are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.

May serve a specific function within the organism

Examples- blood cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc.

LEVEL 2 - Tissues

Made up of cells that are similar in structure and function and which
work together to perform a specific activity

Examples - blood, nervous, bone, etc. Humans have 4 basic tissues: connective,
epithelial, muscle, and nerve.

LEVEL 3 - Organs

Made up of tissues that work together to perform a specific activity

Examples - heart, brain, skin, etc.

LEVEL4 - Organ Systems

Groups of two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function
for the organism.

Examples - circulatory system, nervous system, skeletal system, etc.

The Human body has 11 organ systems - circulatory, digestive, endocrine, excretory
(urinary), immune(lymphatic), integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive,
respiratory, and skeletal.

LEVEL 5 - Organisms

Entire living things that can carry out all basic life processes. Meaning
they can take in materials, release energy from food, release wastes,
grow, respond to the environment, and reproduce.

Usually made up of organ systems, but an organism may be made up of only one
cell such as bacteria or protist.

Examples - bacteria, amoeba, mushroom, sunflower, human

Cell membrane - forms the outer covering of the cell, and is semi-permeable.
Cytoplasm - is a gel-like matrix where all the other cell organelles are suspended inside the cell.
Nucleus - contains the hereditary material DNA and directs the activities of the cell.
Centrioles - organize the microtubules assembly during cell division.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - are a network of membranes composed of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Golgi complex - is responsible for storing, packaging of cellular products.
Lysosomes - are enzyme sacs, that digest cellular wastes.
Microtubules - are hollow rods, function primarily as support and shape to the cell.
Mitochondria - is the site for cellular respiration and producers of energy.
Ribosomes - are made of RNA and proteins, and are sites for protein synthesis.
Nucleolus - is the structure within the nucleus and helps in synthesis of ribosomes.
Nucleopore - is the tiny hole in the nuclear membrane, allows the movement of nucleic acids and proteins in/out of the
cell.

Cell wall is the outermost rigid covering of the plant cell. It is a salient feature of plant cell.
Cell membrane or the plasma membrane is the outer lining of the cell inside the cell wall.
Cytosol or cytoplasm is the gel-like matrix inside the cell membrane which constitutes all other cell organelles.
Nucleus is the control center of the cell. It is a membrane bound structure which contains the hereditary material of the
cell - the DNA
Chloroplast is a plastid with green pigment chlorophyll. It traps light energy and converts it to chemical energy by the
process of photosynthesis.
Mitochondria carries out cellular respiration and provides energy to the cells.
Vacuoles are the temporary storage center of the cell.
Golgi body is the unit where proteins are sorted and packed.
Ribosomes are structures that assemble proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum are membrane covered organelles that transport materials.