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Distillation
It is a separation technique in which mass transfer and heat transfer both phenomena take place
simultaneously which result into the separation of components present in the mixture.
The components which are separated through this technique, they must have difference in their
boiling points.
There are two main types of distillation
Conventional Distillation
Non-conventional distillation
(Distillation: Final Report by the ABCM/BCPMA Distillatio Panel Incorporating the Proc.
of the Symp. Held London)
Conventional distillation
Conventional distillation is further divided in following types
1 Differential Distillation
2 Continuous Distillations
a- Flash Distillation
b- Fractionation Distillation
Differential Distillation
In this type of distillation, whole mixture is
heated so that the component having low boiling
point goes into the vapors where these vapors
enters into the condenser where they are
liquefied.
Continuous distillation
This type of distillation is countercurrent
operation. It is basically a multistage operation.
The equipments of this type of distillation are
given below in figure
(Chemical Engineering by Coulson and
Richardson Vol 2)
Flash distillation
Non-conventional distillation
1. Azeotropic distillation
2. Steam distillation
Azeotropic distillation
If a mixture has two components which have close boiling points than normal or conventional
distillation is not possible for their separation.
For such cases a solvent is added in this mixture which has different solubility for these components.
When solvent dissolve one of the components from this mixture than distillation is done.
Steam Distillation
The process of steam distillation is used when material has high boiling points and decomposition
may take place. Steam is passed through the liquid
(Chemical Engineering by Coulson and Richardson Vol 2)
A top operating line and bottom operating line is drawn on the graph paper.
Where these lines intersect each other that is feed point.
Now draw a horizontal line from product point to equilibrium curve and move
vertically downward. Draw such line up to the bottoms product concentration.
This number of steps will be the number of trays of distillation column.
References