VERBS

Ch. 1

What is a verb?

What is a verb?

A verb is a word describing a motion,

activity, or state of being.

What is a verb?

A verb is a word describing a motion,

activity, or state of being.
Some examples of English verbs:
Go!
I am here.
You sing well.
They danced all night.
She will read that book.
Yall were talking.
The dog had swum across the lake.
It is functioning.

5 Characteristics of Verbs
1. PERSON who performs the ac8on from
the speakers point of view

5 Characteristics of Verbs
1. PERSON who performs the ac8on from
the speakers point of view
1st person: I, we
2nd person: you, you (pl.) [yall]
3rd person: he/she/it, they

5 Characteris8cs of Verbs
2. NUMBER how many subjects

5 Characteris8cs of Verbs
2. NUMBER how many subjects
Singular = 1
Plural = more than 1

5 Characteris8cs of Verbs
3. TENSE when the ac8on happens

5 Characteris8cs of Verbs
3. TENSE when the ac8on happens
Present (I walk, I do walk, I am walking)
Future (I will walk)
Imperfect (I walked, I was walking)
Perfect (I have walked)
Future Perfect (I will have walked)
Pluperfect (I had walked)

5 Characteris8cs of Verbs
4. MOOD abstract concept

5 Characteris8cs of Verbs
4. MOOD abstract concept
Indica8ve (declara8ve statements)
Impera8ve (commands)
Subjunc8ve (hypothe8cals) = not important this
semester

5 Characteris8cs of Verbs
5. VOICE performing the verb, or being
performed upon?
Ac8ve (performing) = I punched
Passive (being performed upon) = I am punched

For right now we only care about:

Ac8ve VOICE
Indica8ve MOOD
Present TENSE


(NUMBER)

(P
E
R
S
O
N)

SINGULAR

PLURAL

1st person

We

2nd person

You (s.)

You (pl.)

3rd person

He/she/it

They

LATIN VERB PERSONAL ENDINGS

(NUMBER)

(P
E
R
S
O
N)

SINGULAR

PLURAL

1st person

- (or m)
I

-mus
We

2nd person

-s
You (s.)

-*s
You (pl.)

3rd person

-t
He/she/it

-nt
They

LATIN VERB PERSONAL ENDINGS

- (or m)

-mus

-s

-8s

-t

-nt

What VERB entries look like in the

La8n dic8onary

The so-called 4 Principal Parts

laud, laudre, laudv, laudtum
^
(this is the one that magers right now)

Verb Conjuga8ons
There are 5 verb conjuga8ons (groups of verbs
with related forms). Today we only care about
FIRST CONJUGATION and SECOND
CONJUGATION.
1st conjuga8on:
laud, laudre, laudv, laudtum
2nd conjuga8on:
mone, monre, monu, monitum

nd
The 2 Principal Part

Present Ac8ve INFINITIVE (no Person, no Number)

laudre
to praise
monre
to warn
(present: to praise not to have praised)
(ac8ve: to warn not to be warned)

laudre
monre
Present Ac8ve
Inni8ve

laud-
mon-
Present
Stem

Build-a-verb
STEM
+
ENDING
=
VERB

laud-
+
-s
=
lauds
You (s.) praise
You (s.) do praise
You (s.) are praising

Build-a-verb

WE PRAISE

Build-a-verb
STEM
+
ENDING
=
VERB

mon-
+
-s
=
mons
You (s.) warn
You (s.) do warn
You (s.) are warning

Build-a-verb
STEM
+
ENDING
=
VERB

laud-
+
-mus
=
laudmus
We praise (simple)
We do praise (empha8c)
We are praising (progressive)

!!!EXCEPTION!!!
STEM
+
ENDING
=
VERB

laud-
+
- (1st person singular)
=
laud (NOT lauda)
[1st Conjuga8on ONLY]

1st Person Singular Present Ac8ve Indica8ve = 1st PRINCIPAL PART

laud, laudre, laudv, laudtum


^

LATIN VERB PERSONAL ENDINGS

- (or m) -mus
-s

-8s

-t

-nt

1st CONJUGATION
STEM


laud-

2nd CONJUGATION

STEM

mon-

Present Ac8ve Indica8ve Verbs

laud
lauds
laudat


mone
mons
monet

I praise

you (s.) praise
he/she/it praises

laudmus
laud*s
laudant

we praise
you (pl.) praise
they praise

I warn

you (s.) warn
he/she/it warns

monmus
we warn
mon*s
you (pl.) warn
monent
they warn

(they do warn)

(they are warning)

Principal Parts
laud, laudre, laudv, laudtum

^

Present Ac8ve Inni8ve
^
1st Person Singular Present Ac8ve Indica8ve

IMPERATIVE MOOD
Weve been talking about the Indica8ve MOOD.
Indica8ve = declara8ve statements (e.g., I am
praising.)
Impera8ve = commands (e.g., Stand up and
praise me.)

Present Ac8ve Impera8ve Verbs

(NUMBER)

(P
E
R
S
O
N)

SINGULAR

PLURAL

1st person

2nd person

[stem]
Implied
You (s.)

-te
Implied
You (pl.)

3rd person

Present Ac8ve Impera8ve Verbs

laud


mon

Praise!
(s.)

laudte

Praise!
(pl.)

Warn!
(s.)

monte

Warn!
(pl.)

ADVERBS
Adverb: a word that modies a verb (He runs
quickly), an adjec8ve (He is moderately
handsome), or another adverb (He runs
moderately quickly)
Laud.

I am praising.
Nn laud.
I am not praising.
Saepe laud. I am ooen praising.

WEIRD VOCAB
amb t = please
Usually at the end of a sentence, set o by
commas

WEIRD VOCAB
-
-
-
-

salv, salvte (pl.) = Hello!

Literally a command: Be well!
val, valte (pl.) = Goodbye!
Literally a command: Be strong!

PRACTICE
Remember:
STEM + ENDING (person, number) = VERB

This is true for both the Indica8ve MOOD and
the Impera8ve MOOD.