Small Cell Deploy He T Nets CW S

RANPLAN Wireless Network Design Ltd.
, UK
Web: www.ranplan.co.uk
Based on a presentation at
Small Cell World Summit, London, 26-28 June 2012
1. Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets)
2. The Challenges of Small Cell Deployment

3. Ranplan-SmallCell Solution
4. Conclusions
2 | Small Cell Deployment in HetNets | June 2012
Ranplan 2012
The future Radio Access Network (RAN) will be

heterogeneous in terms of Radio Access
Technologies (RATs), access node types, long or
short range, and so on.
Multiple RATs from Multi-Vendors
Heterogeneous Access Nodes: Macrocells and various
small cells
Ranplan 2012
Small cell deployment will play the key role in meeting

the demand of 1000x capacity increase, along with
spectrum expansion, spectral efficiency enhancement,
and Wi-Fi off-loading
Ultra dense small cell deployment faces many
challenges:
Interference control and management
Indoor-outdoor small/macro cell coordination
Multi-RATs cooperation
Backhaul
The answer to these challenges is Ranplan-SmallCell

Solution
Ranplan 2012
Ranplan-SmallCell Solution is comprised of the

following three parts. It is a one-stop shop for
small cell deployment.
3.1 World leading small cell deployment tools
Best-in-class small cell operating environment modelling tool iBuildNet

Radio propagation/channel modelling tool - RRPS
Small cell optimisation tools ICO, IFO, ITO, IMO,
3.2 3G/4G/Wi-Fi small cell/HetNet deployment and

optimisation consulting services
3.3 World class research on 4G/5G small cell/HetNet
Ranplan 2012
3.1 World leading small cell deployment tools
3.1.1 iBuildNet
3.1.2 RRPS (Raplan Radio Propagation Simulator)
3.1.3 Small cell optimisation tools
3.1.1 iBuildNet - The best-in-class small cell

operating environment modelling tool
Key features
Efficient 3D building modelling from typical offices to
complex structures such as stadiums, airports and stations
Auto-recognition algorithms significantly reduce the efforts
needed to reconstruct 3D building models from CAD files
Built-in comprehensive material RF property database
Can model an area of 25 km2 for typical dense small
cell/HetNet deployment
Seamless indoor-outdoor modelling
Building Outlook
3D Floor Plan
Auto-recognition of floor plans in

the CAD files (dxf and dwg formats)
and converts them into a virtual
building
Ability to add walls, doors, windows,

floors, ceilings, columns and others
Ability to assign specific material

types to each wall, door, window,
floor, ceiling, and column
3D Virtual Building Modeling
Ranplan 2012
Outdoor and Indoor Coverage

Outdoor distributed antenna system on the ground
Directional antennas on rooftop to cover high floors
Directional Antenna
on the rooftop
Distributed
Antennas
Ranplan 2012
Stadium
Train station
Stadium
Train station platform

Ranplan 2012
3.1.2 RRPS (Ranplan Radio Propagation Simulator)

for Small cell radio propagation/channel modelling
Key features
Fast and accurate, accuracy has been verified by numerous
measurement campaigns
Works from 20MHz to 65GHz
Works in indoor, outdoor, indoor to outdoor and outdoor to
indoor scenarios
Supports all multi-path parameters specified in 3GPP TR25.996
for MIMO simulations
Fully integrated with an FDTD engine for detailed radio
propagation modelling
Run on PCs or distributed/parallel computing environments
RRPS is based on 3D Ray Tracing/Launching
Ranplan 2012
Ranplan 2012
Ranplan 2012
Ranplan 2012
Match all structural materials

Cross-floor signal prediction
Calibration with measurement data
Best Signal Level map of floor plan
Multi-floor Best Signal Level map
Ranplan 2012
Macrocell only (one macrocell on top of a high rising building in the middle) is not
good enough (red: received signal level, >-60 dBm; dark blue: received signal
level <-110 dBm)
Ranplan 2012
1.
2.
Generate multi-path parameters for a chosen path between the

centre locations of receiver antenna array and receiver array by
RRPS.
Apply a phase model to obtain the phase for each antenna
element from the centre location.
Cluster n
Subpath m
BS array
N
BS
n ,m ,AoD
n ,m ,AoA
MS
n ,m , AoA
n ,AoA
n, AoD
MS
n ,m , AoD
MS array
MS array broadside
BS
BS array broadside
MS direction
of travel
The above figure is from 3GPP TR25.996

Ranplan 2012
3.
Combine the multi-path parameters and phase of each

element to obtain the final MIMO channel coefficient
matrix.
GBS n,m, AoD exp jkds sin n ,m, AoD n,m
M
P
hu , s ,n (t ) n SF GMS n,m, AoA exp jkdu sin n ,m, AoA
M m1
exp jk v cos
From 3GPP TR25.996.

n , m , AoA v t
Ranplan 2012
3.1.3 iBuildNet Small Cell Optimisation &

Simulation Tools
Key features
Automate and optimise the locations, channels, antenna types
and network topology of small cells
Predict the network coverage and capacity before network
installation
Optimise existing network to reduce interference, to increase
capacity and to reduce outage
Save system integrators up to 80% network design time and 30%
integration cost
Save operators 20-30% CAPEX and OPEX
iBuildNet Optimisation Tools automate and optimise

small cell/HetNet deployment (coverage, capacity,
interference, network topology, )
Intelligent Cell Optimisation (ICO)
Intelligent Frequency Optimisation (IFO)
Intelligent Topology Optimisation (ITO)
Intelligent Measurement-based Optimisation (IMO)
Ranplan Wireless Network Simulator (WNS)
Ranplan 2012
Where small cells should be located?
ICO is used to automatically plan and optimise small cell

and heterogeneous networks, e.g.,
the optimal number & location
antenna type
transmit power
tilt and azimuth
Can be used to plan a new or optimise an existing

network.
Ranplan 2012
Which frequencies should be used by each cell?
IFO can be used to automatically choose the optimal (or

near-optimal) frequency assignment
The optimisation can be based on

Real measurement of received signal power or
Signal prediction by Ranplans radio propagation tool
or
A combination of both.
Ranplan 2012
How to connect small cells to Points of Presence (PoPs),

e.g., a macrocell?
Can be used together with ICO to consider backhaul cost at the
cell location selection stage.
How to connect antennas to the signal source in a DAS?

ITO automatically selects the most suited network elements and
optimal routes
Ranplan 2012
IMO is used to optimise a RAN (Radio Access Network)

using measurement data.
IMO can import measurement data from third party
measurement tools
IMO can also support automatic real-time measurement
data collection from a live network and record collection
positions, e.g., in an indoor WiFi network.
Ranplan 2012
How a network performs under realistic assumptions of

UE capabilities, traffic distribution, and mobility models?
Multi-RATs supported, e.g., UMTS/HSPA/LTE/WiFi.
Static Monte Carlo and semi-dynamic system level
simulation
Detailed terminal/user modelling
Powerful traffic modelling for even and uneven traffic
distribution
Efficient parallel simulation engine
System performance statistics at both the cell and user
level
Ranplan 2012
iBuildNet Optimisation
Tools Applications
Before optimisation
Before
After
Before
After
Ranplan 2012
Comparison of SINR before and after interference control

Interference
control
SINR in dB
Ranplan 2012
F1
All use
F1
F6
F6
F11
SINR before and after

antenna direction
optimisation
SINR before and

after frequency
optimisation
F1
F1
F6
F6
F6
F11
F11
Ranplan 2012
Scenario 1: 3-floor Office Building

Indoor scenario with dense Femtocell
deployment
Optimise the number of HeNBs and their
location and Tx power
Make changes on building structure
Scenario 2: UK residential area
Outdoor + indoor
Pico cell for outdoor coverage
Dense femtocells for indoor coverage
An Office Building
HeNB Tx power and antenna orientation optimisation to minimize interference

from indoor to outdoor
UK Residential area
Ranplan 2012
Parameter
Cell Layout
Area
Assumptions
Scenario 1: 18 cells;
Scenario 2: 1 Pico and 6/8 Femtocells
Scenario 1: 25200m2 with 3 floors;
Path loss model
Scenario 2: 19716m2 with 2 floors

RRPS (Ranplan Radiowave Propagation Simulator)
Shadowing
Lognormal shadowing with 3 dB standard deviation
Bandwidth
1.4MHz
# of sub-bands
BS Power
BS antenna gain
UE antenna gain
UE noise figure
Downlink scheduler
UE number
Scheduling granularity
User traffic model
6
Scenario 1: 23dBm;
Scenario 2: 20dBm for Pico, 23dBm/10dBm for Femto
5 dB
0 dB
5 dB
Round Robin
10 UEs per cell
Physical Resource Block(PRB)
Full Buffer
Ranplan 2012
3-floors are simulated in ZhongRun

Office Building
6 Femtocells are deployed on each
floor
Cross-floor signal predictions are
calculated
Achieved full coverage on each floor
Floor plan with dense Femtocell deployment
Best Signal Level map
Floor 1
Floor 2
Floor 3
Ranplan 2012
SINR in dB
SINR distribution map for floor 1, 2, and 3

Indoor environment is more complex, and
encounter more reflection, transmission,
and shadowing fading;
Due to the transmission loss of wall, the
signals between two Femtocells can be well
isolated, so the interference can be reduced.
30
40
y coordinate in m
35
60
25
20
20
15
0
10
-20
5
0
-40
-5
-60
-10
-80
-60
-40
SINR in dB
-20
0
20
x coordinate in m
40
60
Floor 1
SINR in dB
35
80
35
60
30
40
60
30
25
20
15
25
10
5
-20
20
y coordinate in m
y coordinate in m
40
20
20
15
0
10
5
-20
0
-40
-5
-60
-10
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
x coordinate in m
40
60
80
0
-40
-5
-60
-10
-80
Floor 3
Ranplan 2012
-60
-40
-20
0
20
x coordinate in m
40
60
80
Floor 2
Throughput in bps/Hz
User Throughput map for floor 1, 2, and 3

Data distribution map
In enclosed rooms, the spectral efficiency

can be up to 2.8bps/Hz due to the wall
isolation from neighbouring Femtocells
But in many areas, only much lower spectral
efficiency can be achieved, e.g., less than
0.5bps/Hz
60
2
40
1.5
y coordinate in m
20
1
-20
0.5
-40
0
-60
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
x coordinate in m
40
60
80
Floor 1
60
60
40
40
20
1
-20
0.5
-40
0
-60
1.5
y coordinate in m
y coordinate in m
1.5
20
-20
0.5
-40
0
-60
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
x coordinate in m
40
60
80
-80
Floor 3
Ranplan 2012
-60
-40
-20
0
20
x coordinate in m
40
60
80
Floor 2
Cumulative distribution function of the user SINR
Full coverage for floor 1, 2 and 3
Strong cross-floor interference from

both Floor 1 and Floor 3 to Floor 2
resulted in low SINR and lower
average spectral efficiency (or
throughput)
0.9
0.8
0.7
cdf = P(SINR <= x)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
About 25% performance degradation
0.2
0.1
0
-10
Average throughput
(bps/Hz/user)
Floor 1
Floor 1
Floor 2
Floor 3
-5
10
15
20
25
30
SINR in dB
Cumulative distribution function of the user data rate
35
40
1
0.9
0.8
0.9721
Floor 2
Floor 3
0.7451
0.7805
cdf = P(Rate <= x)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Floor 1
Floor 2
Floor 3
0.1
0
Ranplan 2012
0.5
1.5
Data rate (bps/Hz)
2.5
Multiple optimization methods can be

used to improve the performance of
indoor cells
Adjust locations of HeNBs
Optimize the location
Optimize the Tx power of some HeNBs to

reduce interference
Remove an HeNB
Add walls for better interference isolation

Optimize Tx power
Remove a unnecessary deployed HeNBs
The performance improvement is up to

39% by multiple optimization methods
Add two wooden walls

1
0.9
Average throughput
(bps/Hz/user)
0.9721
Remove HeNB
1.1192
Optimize Tx Power
1.1373
Location adjustment
1.0818
Addition of walls
1.3570
cdf = P(SINR <= x)
Baseline
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Floor 1, baseline
Floor 1, reduce No. of Femto
Floor 1, power optimization
Floor 1, adjust location of Femto
Floor 1, adjust structure
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-10
Ranplan 2012
-5
10
15
SINR in dB
20
25
30
35
40
Throughput comparison for floor 1

based on the optimization
By optimization of femto number and
Tx power, the interference can be
greatly reduced
60
2
40
1.5
y coordinate in m
20
1
-20
0.5
-40
0
-60
Tx power optimization on Floor 1
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
x coordinate in m
40
60
80
Baseline on Floor 1
60
2
60
2
40
40
1.5
-20
0.5
-40
y coordinate in m
y coordinate in m
1.5
20
20
1
-20
0.5
-40
0
0
-60
-60
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
x coordinate in m
40
60
80
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
x coordinate in m
40
60
80
Remove an HeNB on Floor 1

Ranplan 2012
By adjusting the location of femtocell,

interference can be reduced, and
better coverage can be achieved.
By adding walls, higher throughputs
can be achieved. Hence, the
integration of small cells and their
operating environments is important.
We started a 2.2 million project in
Jan 2012. Adjust HeNB location on Floor 1
60
2
40
1.5
y coordinate in m
20
1
-20
0.5
-40
0
-60
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
x coordinate in m
40
60
80
Baseline on Floor 1
60
2
60
2
40
1.5
20
1.5
20
1
-20
y coordinate in m
y coordinate in m
40
-20
0.5
0.5
-40
0
-40
0
-60
-60
-80
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
x coordinate in m
40
60
80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
x coordinate in m
40
60
80
Add two wood walls on Floor 1

Ranplan 2012
Cell layout
Pico cell (on the lamppost) + dense Femto cell deployment
Pico cell for outdoor coverage

Femtocell for indoor coverage
Different building materials
The houses on top-left are made from concrete walls, and the houses on bottomleft are made from wooden walls
Concrete wall
Wood wall
Outdoor pico cell
Indoor Femtocell
Ranplan 2012
Building Structure
Pico cell can only cover the outdoor

area, not indoors
The indoor users near the pico
eNodeB can be served
Other indoor users cannot be served
by pico-cells
Femto CELLS ARE REQUIRED!
Better
Best Signal level
signal quality
than above
houses
User Throughput Map

100
80
20
100
60
80
1.5
40
15
60
40
20
1
0
-20
0.5
-40
y coordinate in m
y coordinate in m
SINR in dB
SINR Map
10
20
5
0
-20
-40
-60
-60
-80
-5
-80
-100
-100
-200
-100
0
100
x coordinate in m
200
-10
-200
Ranplan 2012
-100
0
100
x coordinate in m
200
Femtocells are deployed to serve

indoor users with high quality in
the far-way houses
But without careful deployment or
SON, strong interference from
femtocells are leaked to the
outside
User Throughput Map
Best Signal level after installing femtocells
Strong interference
SINR Map
SINR in dB
100
80
80
60
15
60
1.5
20
Lower User data rate

on the road
-20
-40
0.5
-60
40
y coordinate in m
40
y coordinate in m
20
100
2
10
20
0
-20
Lower SINR on the

road
-40
-60
-80
-100
-5
-80
-100
-10
-200
-100
0
100
x coordinate in m
200
-200
-100
Ranplan 2012
0
100
x coordinate in m
200
Femtocell optimization
Best Signal level after optimizing femtocells
2 more Femtocells installed

Reduce femtocell Tx power
20dBm -> 10dBm in the above houses
with concrete wall
No more interference on
the road
20dBm -> 5dBm in the below houses with

wood wall due to low transmission loss
Adjust the antenna orientations and keep
the strong signal inside
User Throughput Map
SINR Map
SINR in dB
20
100
100
80
80
60
y coordinate in m
20
1
-40
No more throughput
penalty
0.5
40
y coordinate in m
1.5
40
-20
15
60
10
20
5
0
-20
Higher SINR
0
-40
-60
-60
0
-80
-5
-80
-100
-100
-10
-200
-100
0
100
x coordinate in m
200
-200
Ranplan 2012
-100
0
100
x coordinate in m
200

1
0.9
0.8
cdf = P(SINR <= x)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
Pico Only
Pico+ Not-Optimized Femto
Pico + Optimized Femto
0.2
0.1
0
-10
10
20
SINR in dB
30
Ranplan 2012
40
50
Cumulative distribution function of the user data rate

1
Pico Only
Pico + Not-Optimized Femto
0.9
0.8
cdf = P(Rate <= x)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.5
1.5
Data rate (bps/Hz)
2.5
Average User
Throughput(bps/Hz)
User Per
cell
Number of
cells
Total
Throughput(bps/Hz)
Pico Only
2.40
14.4
Pico + Not-optimized Femto
1.38
49.68
1.73
83.04
Ranplan 2012
Big throughput
Improvement
For more information on how ICO, IFO, ITO, IMO and

Ranplan WNS work and their performance, please
contact info@ranplan.co.uk to arrange a demo or to
access other technical reports.
Ranplan 2012
Ranplan provides consulting and network optimisation

services that address problems of 3G/4G/WiFi small
cell/HetNet deployment, such as:
Plan new and optimise existing small cell/WiFi networks for office
buildings, campuses, stadiums, stations and airports
Analyse interference between indoor and outdoor networks
Diagnose handover problems between indoor and outdoor
networks
Predict the performance of 3G/4G small cell and WiFi networks
before they are deployed
Ranplan 2012
Ranplan and its academic partners carry out world class

research that addresses many aspects of small cell
deployment challenges, e.g. :
Radio propagation/channel models and measurements for HetNet

MIMO, massive MIMO, FD-MIMO for HetNet
Interference modelling, analysis, mitigation and coordination
Radio resource management
Mobility management
SON for small cell & HetNet
Cooperative communications for small cell & HetNet
Device to device communications in HetNets
Small cell backhaul network planning and optimisation
Ranplan and its academic partners have published

some of the most widely cited books and papers on
small cell/HetNet, for more information, visit
http://www.ranplan.co.uk/technologies/technicaldocumentation
Ranplan 2012
Small cell deployment will play the key role in meeting the demand
of 1000x capacity increase
Ultra dense small cell deployment faces many challenges such as
interference control, indoor-outdoor small/macro cell coordination
and backhaul
iBuildNet has superior 3D building modelling capability for
complex structures and joint indoor-outdoor small cell deployment
scenarios
iBuildNet comes with a comprehensive material property
database
RRPS provides fast and accurate signal prediction in indoor,
outdoor, indoor-to-outdoor, and outdoor-to-indoor scenarios, wellsuited for small cells and HetNets
RRPS supports MIMO
Ranplan 2012
iBuildNet small cell optimisation tools such as ICO, IFO, ITO and
IMO automate and optimise 3G/4G/WiFi small cell/HetNet
deployment and save system integrators up to 80% network design
time and operators 20-30% CAPEX and OPEX
Ranplan has a dedicated team to provide expert advices on
3G/4G/WiFi small cell/HetNet planning and optimisation
Ranplan carries out world class research in small cell/HetNet
Comprised of the world leading small cell deployment tools (e.g.,
iBuildNet and RRPS) , expert consulting services and world class
research on small cell/HetNet, Ranplan-SmallCell Solution is
your one-stop shop for 3G/4G/WiFi small cell and HetNet
deployment.
Ranplan 2012
Thank you!
RANPLAN Wireless Network Design Ltd.
United Kingdom
Web: www.ranplan.co.uk
Email: info@ranplan.co.uk
Ranplan-SmallCell Solution Your one

stop shop for small cell deployment!

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RANPLAN Wireless Network Design Ltd.

1. Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets)

2. The Challenges of Small Cell Deployment

2 | Small Cell Deployment in HetNets | June 2012

The future Radio Access Network (RAN) will be

3 | Small Cell Deployment in HetNets | June 2012

Small cell deployment will play the key role in meeting

The answer to these challenges is Ranplan-SmallCell

4 | Small Cell Deployment in HetNets | June 2012

Ranplan-SmallCell Solution is comprised of the

Best-in-class small cell operating environment modelling tool iBuildNet

3.2 3G/4G/Wi-Fi small cell/HetNet deployment and

3.1 World leading small cell deployment tools

3.1.1 iBuildNet - The best-in-class small cell

Auto-recognition of floor plans in

Ability to add walls, doors, windows,

Ability to assign specific material

3D Virtual Building Modeling

8 | Small Cell Deployment in HetNets | June 2012

Outdoor and Indoor Coverage

9 | Small Cell Deployment in HetNets | June 2012

Train station platform

3.1.2 RRPS (Ranplan Radio Propagation Simulator)

RRPS is based on 3D Ray Tracing/Launching

12 | Small Cell Deployment in HetNets | June 2012

13 | Small Cell Deployment in HetNets | June 2012

14 | Small Cell Deployment in HetNets | June 2012

15 | Small Cell Deployment in HetNets | June 2012

Match all structural materials

Best Signal Level map of floor plan

Multi-floor Best Signal Level map

16 | Small Cell Deployment in HetNets | June 2012

17 | Small Cell Deployment in HetNets | June 2012

Generate multi-path parameters for a chosen path between the

The above figure is from 3GPP TR25.996

Combine the multi-path parameters and phase of each

GBS n,m, AoD exp jkds sin n ,m, AoD n,m

hu , s ,n (t ) n SF GMS n,m, AoA exp jkdu sin n ,m, AoA

From 3GPP TR25.996.

19 | Small Cell Deployment in HetNets | June 2012

3.1.3 iBuildNet Small Cell Optimisation &

iBuildNet Optimisation Tools automate and optimise

Ranplan Wireless Network Simulator (WNS)

21 | Small Cell Deployment in HetNets | June 2012

Where small cells should be located?

ICO is used to automatically plan and optimise small cell

Can be used to plan a new or optimise an existing

22 | Small Cell Deployment in HetNets | June 2012

Which frequencies should be used by each cell?

IFO can be used to automatically choose the optimal (or

The optimisation can be based on

23 | Small Cell Deployment in HetNets | June 2012

How to connect small cells to Points of Presence (PoPs),

How to connect antennas to the signal source in a DAS?

24 | Small Cell Deployment in HetNets | June 2012

IMO is used to optimise a RAN (Radio Access Network)

25 | Small Cell Deployment in HetNets | June 2012

How a network performs under realistic assumptions of

26 | Small Cell Deployment in HetNets | June 2012

28 | Small Cell Deployment in HetNets | June 2012

Comparison of SINR before and after interference control

SINR before and after

SINR before and