Contents

UNIT ONE

UNIT TWO

Mechanisms of Disease

Alterations in Body Defenses

1 Cell Structure and Function

121

Mary Pat Kunert

Edward W. Carroll

Homeostasis
122
Stress
123
Disorders of the Stress Response

Functional Components of the Cell

2
Cell Metabolism and Energy Sources
7
Cell Membrane Transport, Signal Transduction,
and Generation of Membrane Potentials
9
Body Tissues
14

2 Tissue Adaptation and Injury

128

8 The Immune Response

134

Cynthia V. Sommer

24

Cellular Adaptation
24
Cell Injury and Death
27

The Immune System

134
Developmental Aspects of the Immune System

148

9 Inflammation, Tissue Repair,

3 Genetic Control of Cell Function

36

Edward W. Carroll

Genetic Control of Cell Function

Chromosomes
41
Patterns of Inheritance
44
Gene Mapping and Technology

7 Stress and Adaptation

150

Cynthia V. Sommer, Carol M. Porth

The Inammatory Response

150
Tissue Repair and Wound Healing
157
Temperature Regulation and Fever
161

36

10 Alterations in the

46

4 Genetic and Congenital Disorders

Genetic and Chromosomal Disorders
50
Disorders Due to Environmental Inuences

50

and Replication: Neoplasia

Immune Response

168

Carol M. Porth, Kathleen Sweeney

Allergic and Hypersensitivity Disorders

168
Transplantation Immunopathology
174
Autoimmune Disorders
175
Immunodeciency Disorders
178

58

5 Alterations in Cell Growth

64

Kathryn Ann Caudell

Concepts of Cell Growth

64
Characteristics of Benign
and Malignant Neoplasms
67
Carcinogenesis and Causes of Cancer
Clinical Features
77
Childhood Cancers
81

and Fever

UNIT THREE

Alterations in the Hematologic System

11 Alterations in White Blood Cells

72

Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissue

191
Non-neoplastic Disorders of White Blood Cells
Neoplastic Disorders of Hematopoietic
and Lymphoid Origin
197

6 Alterations in Fluids, Electrolytes,

and Acid-Base Balance
Composition and Compartmental Distribution
of Body Fluids
84
Sodium and Water Balance
90
Potassium Balance
99
Calcium and Magnesium Balance
103
Acid-Base Balance
108

191

Kathryn Ann Caudell, Kathryn J. Gaspard

84

194

12 Alterations in Hemostasis
and Blood Coagulation

205

Kathryn J. Gaspard

Mechanisms of Hemostasis
205
Hypercoagulability States
209
Bleeding Disorders
210

xix

xx

Contents

13 Alterations in Red Blood Cells

216

21 Alterations in Respiratory Function:

Kathryn J. Gaspard

Disorders of Gas Exchange

The Red Blood Cell

216
Anemia
220
Polycythemia
227
Age-Related Changes in Red Blood Cells

Disorders of Lung Ination

376
Obstructive Airway Disorders
380
Interstitial Lung Diseases
390
Pulmonary Vascular Disorders
392
Respiratory Failure
395

227

376

UNIT FOUR

Alterations in the Cardiovascular System

UNIT SIX

Alterations in the Urinary System

14 Structure and Function of

the Cardiovascular System

231

Organization of the Circulatory System

232
Principles of Blood Flow
233
The Heart as a Pump
236
Blood Vessels and the Peripheral Circulation
246
Neural Control of Circulatory Function
251

Kidney Structure and Function

Tests of Renal Function
412

254
254
266

415

Congenital and Hereditary Disorders of the Kidney

Obstructive Disorders
417
Urinary Tract Infections
421
Disorders of Glomerular Function
425
Tubulointerstitial Disorders
429
Neoplasms
430

24 Renal Failure

16 Alterations in Blood Pressure

Control of Blood Pressure
Hypertension
279
Orthostatic Hypotension

401

402

23 Alterations in Renal Function

15 Alterations in Blood Flow

Disorders of the Arterial Circulation
Disorders of the Venous Circulation
Disorders of Blood Flow Caused by
Extravascular Forces
269

22 Control of Kidney Function

274

274

Acute Renal Failure

433
Chronic Renal Failure
436
Renal Failure in Children and Elderly Persons

415

433
443

287

17 Alterations in Cardiac Function

Disorders of the Pericardium
291
Coronary Heart Disease
294
Myocardial and Endocardial Disease
Valvular Heart Disease
308
Heart Disease in Infants and Children

291

25 Alterations in Urine Elimination

446

Control of Urine Elimination

446
Alterations in Bladder Function
449
Cancer of the Bladder
456

302
UNIT SEVEN

312

18 Heart Failure and Circulatory Shock

320

Alterations in the
Gastrointestinal System

Candace Hennessy, Carol M. Porth

Heart Failure
320
Circulatory Failure (Shock)
330
Heart Failure in Children and the Elderly

26 Structure and Function of

the Gastrointestinal System

336

UNIT FIVE

Alterations in the Respiratory System

19 Structure and Function of

the Respiratory System

339

Structural Organization of the Respiratory System

Exchange of Gases Between the Atmosphere
and the Lungs
344
Exchange and Transport of Gases
351
Control of Breathing
356

340

Respiratory Tract Infections

359
Cancer of the Lung
367
Respiratory Disorders in Infants and Children

369

27 Alterations in Gastrointestinal
Function
Disorders of the Esophagus
473
Disorders of the Stomach
476
Disorders of the Small and Large Intestines

20 Alterations in Respiratory Function:

Infectious Disorders and Neoplasia

459

Structure and Organization of

the Gastrointestinal Tract
460
Innervation and Motility
463
Hormonal and Secretory Function
466
Digestion and Absorption
468
Anorexia, Nausea, and Vomiting
471

359

473
480

Contents

28 Alterations in Hepatobiliary

35 Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Function

494

UNIT TEN

29 Alterations in Body Nutrition

517

Joan Pleuss

Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Metabolism

Overnutrition and Obesity
521
Undernutrition
524

517

36 Organization and Control of

the Nervous System

637

Nervous Tissue Cells

637
Nerve Cell Communication
641
Development and Organization of
the Nervous System
644
The Spinal Cord and Brain
651
The Autonomic Nervous System
660

Alterations in the Endocrine System

30 Organization and Control of

the Endocrine System

Alterations in the Nervous System

Edward W. Carroll, Robin L. Curtis

UNIT EIGHT

529

Glenn Matn, Safak Guven, Julie A. Kuenzi

37 Alterations in Brain Function

667

Diane Book

529

31 Alterations in Pituitary, Thyroid,

Parathyroid, and Adrenal Function

538

Glenn Matn, Safak Guven, Julie A. Kuenzi

General Aspects of Altered Endocrine Function

538
Pituitary and Growth Hormone Disorders
539
Thyroid Disorders
545
Parathyroid Hormone Disorders
551
Disorders of Adrenal Cortical Function
552

32 Diabetes Mellitus

Brain Injury
668
Cerebrovascular Disease
679
Infections and Neoplasms
685
Seizure Disorders
688
Dementias
691

38 Alterations in Neuromuscular
Function

696

Carol M. Porth, Robin L. Curtis

560

Safak Guven, Julie A. Kuenzi, Glenn Matn

Energy Metabolism
560
Diabetes Mellitus
565

The Organization and Control of Motor Function

696
Skeletal Muscle and Peripheral Nerve Disorders
702
Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum Disorders
709
Upper and Lower Motoneuron Disorders
713
Spinal Cord Injury
716

39 Pain

UNIT NINE

33 Alterations in the Male

Reproductive System

725

Elizabeth C. Devine

Alterations in the Male and Female

Reproductive Systems

581

Physiologic Basis of Male Reproductive Function

581
Disorders of the Penis, the Scrotum and Testes,
and the Prostate
587
Disorders in Childhood and Aging Changes
597

34 Alterations in the Female

Organization and Control of

Somatosensory Function
725
Pain
731
Alterations in Pain Sensitivity and Special Types
of Pain
739
Headache
741
Pain in Children and Older Adults
744

40 Alterations in Special Sensory

Function

747

Edward W. Carroll, Susan A. Fontana

Reproductive System

602

Patricia McCowen Mehring

Structure and Function of the Female

Reproductive System
602
Disorders of the Female Reproductive Organs
Menstrual Disorders
619
Disorders of the Breast
622

627

Patricia McCowen Mehring

Infections of the External Genitalia

627
Vaginal Infections
630
Vaginal-Urogenital-Systemic Infections
632

The Liver and Hepatobiliary System

494
Disorders of the Liver
500
Disorders of the Gallbladder and Extrahepatic
Bile Ducts
510
Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas
513

The Endocrine System

xxi

607

The Eye and Disorders of Vision

747
The Ear and Disorders of Auditory Function
The Vestibular System and Maintenance
of Equilibrium
772

763

xxii

Contents

44 Alterations in Skin Function

UNIT ELEVEN

and Integrity

Alterations in the Skeletal

and Integumentary Systems

41 Structure and Function of

the Skeletal System
Characteristics of Skeletal Tissue
Skeletal Structures
785

835

Gladys Simandl

779
779

Structure of the Skin

835
Manifestations of Skin Disorders
839
Skin Damage Caused by Ultraviolet Radiation
Primary Disorders of the Skin
842
Nevi and Skin Cancers
853
Age-Related Skin Manifestations
857

841

42 Alterations in the Skeletal System:

Glossary

Trauma, Infection, and

Developmental Disorders

789

Kathleen E. Gunta

Injury and Trauma of Musculoskeletal Structures

Bone Infections
799
Neoplasms
802
Disorders of Skeletal Growth and Development
in Children
805

789

Metabolic and Rheumatoid

Disorders

814

Debra Bancroft Rizzo, Kathleen E. Gunta

Metabolic Bone Disease

814
Rheumatic Disorders
820
Rheumatic Diseases in Children and the Elderly

APPENDIX A:

Lab Values

873

APPENDIX B:

Weblinks

875

Index

43 Alterations in the Skeletal System:

832

863

879