CBR- Crude Birth Rate

the number of lives births per 1,000 people in the total population a
year
CDR Crude Death Rate
- the number of deaths per 1,000 people in the total population a
year
Natural Increase
- the difference between birth and death rates
- Total population change includes net migration
Life Expectancy
- the average number of years a person can be expected to
live.
IMR Infant mortality rate
Total number of deaths of children < 1 year old
Total number of live births in the same year
CMR Child mortality rate
Total number of deaths of children < 5 year old
Total number of children < 5 year old
UNDER 5!
TFR Total fertility rate

- The average number of births per woman in her lifetime

OR the average number of children that would be born to a woman over
her life time if:
- All women lived to the end of her childbearing years & bore children
according to a given fertility rate at each age.
-

A rate of 2 children per woman is considered the replacement rate

for a population, resulting in relative stability in terms of total
numbers.

Rates above 2 children = populations growing in size and whose

median age is declining. Higher rates may also indicate difficulties
for families such as to feed and educate their children and women
to enter labour force.

Rates below 2 children = populations decreasing in size and

growing older. Global fertility rates are in general decline and trend
is most pronounced in industrialized countries, esp. Western Europe
where population are projected to decline in 50 years.

Contraception high in developed countries, very low in Africa

Birth rates are high in Africa, lowest in European countries

Why are Birth Rates high?

Parents want children because

for labor

to look after them in old age

to continue family name

to add status in the community (can be for men and women)

replace children who have died

o

with an IMR of 100 per 1000, a woman has to have 10

children to be 95% certain that a male heir will survive to
adulthood

Religious beliefs encourage large families (Catholics, Jews,

Muslims, Hindus)

Children are net contributors to family income

Why are Death Rates High?

Disease: infectious (influenzia and malaria) and parasitic

Lack of food -poor nutrition

Lack of clean water

Poor hygiene and sanitation

Overcrowded living conditions - more contagious disease

transmission (Ex: Diarrhoea and vomiting)

Larger percentage of the population is elderly

Low level of access to medical services (preventative and/or

curative)

Poverty

Death Rates Why do they rates decline?

Rising standards of living

o

Improved medical care and public health interventions

vaccinations, mosquito abatement, etc.

Preventative and curative health care

Improved water supply and sanitation

Reliable and affordable food supply

Improved knowledge of good hygiene

Lower population densities

Crude Birth Rate very generalized measure of mortality, heavily influenced by the
age structure of population.
IMR/CMR and Life Expectancy : more accurate measures of mortality.

Causes of Mortality
-

Very greatly depending on the level of development of the country

IMR/CMR and life expectancy are more accurate measures of mortality.