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[]

X
5

X X

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X

X
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X X X
X X X X
6

3

38a
hodeanexetastosbiosoubitos
anthrpiTheunexaminedlifeisnotworthlivingforahumanbeing
4
Descartes(1996p1)It is now some years since I detected how many were the false beliefs that I had
from my earliest youth admitted as true, and how doubtful was everything I had since constructed on this basis;
and from that time I was convinced that I must once for all seriously undertake to rid myself of all the opinions
which I had formerly accepted, and commence to build anew from the foundation, if I wanted to establish any firm
and permanent structure in the sciences.
Animadverti jam ante aliquot annos qum multa, ineunte
aetate, falsa pro veris admiserim, & qum dubia sint quaecunque istis postea superextruxi, ac proinde funditus
omnia semel in vit esse evertenda, atque a primis fundamentis denuo inchoandum, si quid aliquando firmum &
mansurum cupiam in scientiis stabilire; sed ingens opus esse videbatur, eamque aetatem expectabam, quae foret
tam matura, ut capessendis disciplinis aptior nulla sequeretur.Il y a dj quelque temps que je me suis
aperu que, ds mes premires annes, j'avais reu quantit de fausses opinions pour vritables, et que ce que j'ai
depuis fond sur des principes si mal assurs, ne pouvait tre que fort douteux et incertain; de faon qu'il me fallait
entreprendre srieusement une fois en ma vie de me dfaire de toutes les opinions que j'avais reues jusques alors
en ma crance, et commencer tout de nouveau ds les fondements, si je voulais tablir quelque chose de ferme et
de constant dans les sciences.
5
1.1
6
1

X
X X
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X X
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X X
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7
8

1.7
1.8


[]
9

10

1.1
11
X

1.2

Plato()
philosophybeginsinwonder

J I

11

10

12

13

1.3

TCR14
01 X X

1 X X

2 X

02 P P

P
2

//

12

1
1

13

14

(correctright)(real)(true)

1.4

01 P P
P

02 X Y
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X
X Y

03 P

P
04 15
[]
1
2

[]

3 1

1 16

15

Damer(2009p172014 p31-32)
Dretske(1970,p1021) Goldman(1976)
16
Solomon(2006 p441)

2 17

1.5

19

18

//

17

Schick & Vaughn(2014p79-812013 p82-84)


4
19
XX X X

18

--


///

///

///


1
2

3
4

87

3
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2
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(2011p86183) Schick &


Vaughn(20142013 7 )


///

x x
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4 20

--

4 21

20

principleofcharity Seay & Nuccetelli(2013


pp59-62) Schick & Vaughn(2013p31)

21
Solomon(2006 pp444-5)Seay & Nuccetelli(2013 pp184-6) Schick & Vaughn(2014p53
2013 p55)

1.6

1.5
--

5 2

--

1.7

--

22

6 3
01

02

03

1.8

x x x x x x
23

I 24

7 4
1
2

X X
X X
2

X
AX
A
Y B

22

23

24
Copi & Cohen(2006 p392-394)

1.9

1
A
X X

2 A
B

X
Y

01 P
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9
01

02

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X
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25

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01 XX

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2
3
4

5
6
7

9
10
11
12

26

27

(1) P
1

228
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(T),(T)
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P
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x
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88

26

Frege(1918)A thought belongs neither to my inner world as an idea, nor yet to the external world, the
world of things perceptible by the senses.thought(proposition)
27
(2000p1121p113p143145)(T)
(F)
(?)
T F U

28
sentencetokensentencetype
statement
propositionbelieftheoryutteranceassertion

2008
88
Haack2003p50

(T)

89

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(F)
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P
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PQ

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91
1
P

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(F)

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(T)
(T)

(T)

(7) P Q P Q P
QQ PQif and only if PQiff P
PQ
P Q

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(F)

89

(2000p1219)
p q
B XX B
A XA X

p q
Priest(1995)
91
(2000p170)
92
(2004)
90

(8) xx
xx
xx (T) xx (T)
xx x (F) xx x
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iffP
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229

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P
3
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a
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4

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29

(2004)3

2
30

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1
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xx
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x
x
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30

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31

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II 32
I
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01 P

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32

Copi & Cohen2006 p392-394

4 33

2.1

1.5

2.2
-
Sider2008)34

P1a F
P2a F

P3a F
P4a b F

33

Wasserman2009
This [particular-property] pattern
is quite general.It appears that every fact about the world boils down to particulars having properties.Sider
2008

34

a Fa b F
ab
2.3

35
1

()

()
3

35

Schick & Vaughn(2013p5-6)

2.4
9 10

1
P P

2
X X

2.5 a

m1m

m2

m2 m
m1 m2
1

2 1 m1 m2 1
m1 m

01
02
03
04 m1m
0102
05 m2m
0103
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0405
07 m1 m2 1 06
08 m1 m2 2

a b
a b
ab
ab 1
ab
c a b
a c b
c
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12
m1m2

09 0708 12

2.6

2.7

93

Copi & Cohen2006p8

93


P1
P2P3P

P1
P2
P

5 36

2.8

1.9

37

1[(pq)p]q

deduction
1
valid

2
sound

36
37

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Copi & Cohen2006p417-418

2(pq)(q)(p)
3
(pq)(qr)(pr)
4
(pq)(p)q
5(pq)(qp)
6
[p(q)][(pq)]
X A XAX(A)
X P XAXA
7(p[x(x)])(p)

6 38
[(pq)q]p(p
q)(p)(q)(pq)(p)q
(pq)(
p)(q)
(pq)(qp)(pq)(q)

[]
[][]Manley,2009
[]
[]

insight

38

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/

induction

(abduction)

Sider,2009

10

10

2.9

2.10

2.11
a F
amm1m2

identity
individuality

-thisness, haecceitas
)39
object
term
termunit
individualentity
termterm

term
thingentity
beingitem
item
material bodies
thingsLowe

III 40
1PP
2 P P P PP
41

x
x x x

()

Frege
1
2

94

thing

object

individual
entity
unit

item
being

39

noentitywithoutidentityQuine
Copi & Cohen2006 p392-3941994p486

41

94

2011
40

particulars

universals

42

2.12
1

II

I
II
III

2.13
1 abc a ba c
b c
ab 1 ac 1 bc 1

2 a b a b ab
ab 1
3 11212

x
x

x y
x y
1
x y
F
x F y
F

m1 m
m2 mm1
m2

95

42
95

van Inwagen(1990) Wasserman(2009)


2.14
m1m2

m1 m2
m1 m2
m1 m2
[][]
m2 m1
[]
[]

[][]

[][]

[]

[]

xy x
y x y
[]

[]
xy
x y
x y
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x x
F P

F x
P x

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m
mm2

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[]
[]

[]

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43
[]

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[]

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]m2

43


01 x(Pxx)[]
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03 xy[x=yz(PzxPzy)][]
04 xyz(PzxPzy)
05 Pxx Pyy0104
06 PxxPxy PyxPyy04
07 Pxy Pyx0506
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09 xy[z(PzxPzy)x=y]0408
10 xy[x=yz(PzxPzy)]0309

[]
x y
x y
[]
x y
[]

xy[x=yz(PzxPzy)]
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mereology

[]

[]
x y
x y
[]
x y


m m1
m m1
m
m m1

[]
[]

7 44

8 45

2.16

9 46

[]

m m2
[]
m2 m1

44

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Wasserman2009The anthropic objection
46
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/
45

[]
[]

m m2 []
47

[]

m m1
[]
m1 m2

m m1 []

48

2.17

47

Sider(2005)
time-indexed property2008p264

48

1[]
[][]
[]

[][]

2 vs. vs.[]

49

the bundle theory


bundles or clusters

the substratum theory


substratum

an Aristotelian substance theory

substance

3 vs.
[]

+1
50
+1
2.18

10

49
50

Loux(2008)p84-5
Manley(2009)

A
B


5 51

2.19
[]
[]

52

2.20
1
x y
x y

___

A ___
___
A A

51

Schick & Vaughn(2013p82)


Olson(2003)

52


2.21
53

1x y
x y x y x y x y
x y
2x y x y
3I
x y
x y
4II
x y
x y
5
2.22
54

12

3
4

55
1
2
3

53

Schick & Vaughn(2013)2008p270-4


Schick & Vaughn(2013 p257)
55
Schick & Vaughn(2013,p4454)
54

2.23

01
02

03
0102
04
0102
05
0304
06 1 05
07 2
08 0607

2.24

2.25

2.26

2 1

2.27

1 1
1 11
12
1

x y
x y []
perdurantism
endurantism

56

(endurantism)
(perdurantism)

56

Conee & Sider(2005)2008

57

2.28

58

p279
57
Wasserman2009
58
nonbranching theory

2x y

Schick & Vaughn(2013p293)

10

2.29
tokentype
5 6

59

2.30

H
AH
H
AH
AH H

59

property
quality
characteristic
attribute
feature

01
02

03
0102
04
02

2.31

Form

60

[]
[]

61

[][]

60
61

MacLeod & Rubenstein2005[] Plato


Husserl(CM, 34)

62

2.32

2.33

63

2.34 1
ab Uab U
a Ua U
2.2 P1P4

62

MacLeod & Rubenstein2005


MacLeod & Rubenstein2005Conee(2005)2008p304

63

P1
P2
P3
P4

P1-1
P2-1
P3-1 x x x
P4-1
64

65

2
P5T

P5 P5-1
P5-1F

2.35 2

66

67
2

68

96

IQ P
97
1 PQ
2PQ
3PQ
4
P Q

IIQ P
5PQ

Q
98

F 1
x|x

2
x|x

3
x|x F

69

64

MacLeod & Rubenstein2005


2008p298 p307
66
Loux(2008 p70)2008p306)
67
MacLeod & Rubenstein2005
68
Loux(2008 p74-)2008p307-
69
Bruce2005p65Conee(2005)MacLeod & Rubenstein2005Conceptualism
96
2008p1744
65

2.36

1
[]

2
[]

3[
]

2.37

10

97
98

2008p303-4 24
2008p352

2.38 3
trope

Trope Nominalism
a b

70

P1-2[]
P2-2[]
P3-2
P4-2x y

P5-2

[]
[]

x y
71

2.39

vs

vs

vs

70
71

2008p314-5
MacLeod & Rubenstein20052008p313-Trope Nominalism

72

a bundle of universals

a bundle of tropes73

11 beg the question

beg the
question

2.40 10

2.41

2.42

72
73

2008p318
MacLeod & Rubenstein2005

vs
5
6
7
8
9
10
11beg the question
III

74

Hirsch 2002: 6775


[]deflationary
intuitions-
[]

trivialtruisms
a conceptual frameworkManley2009

99

74

HumeXIIpart3When we run over libraries, persuaded of these principles, what havoc must
we make? If we take in our hand any volume; of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance; let us ask, Does it
contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number? No. Does it contain any experimental reasoning
concerning matter of fact and existence? No. Commit it then to the flames: For it can contain nothing but sophistry
and illusion.
75
Manley(2009)
99

a F

___

___
____
___

76

77

76

___
_________

77

___

9 78

1+1=2

1+1 2
79

3+2 5
1+1=2

80

81

78

80
___

81
(2008)

79

10 82
1

01

02

03

04

11

83

12 -

84

82

1A
B

B A
2A
A

84

83

1-

2-

3-

4-

5-

6-

13 -

1
85

01

02

03

04

14

85

1-01
1-02

15

01

02

03

04

01
86
02
03

04 04

16

17

86


10
2.4

9 10


1 2.3
2.4

[]
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