Tutorial 30 Analyzing Pile Resistance For Slope Stabilization Using RSPile

Tutorial 30 Analyzing Pile Resistance for Slope
Stabilization using RSPile
Complex pile models imported from RSPile

Axial and lateral pile resistance functions
Multiple material slope with weak layer
Non-circular slip surface
Slide v.7.0 Tutorial Manual
Tutorial 30: Analyzing Pile Resistance with RSPile
Introduction
This tutorial will demonstrate how to install a pile support into Slide, define the pile model
in RSPile and compute the pile resistance functions against sliding to be used for slope
stability analysis.
The finished product of this tutorial can be found in the Tutorial 30 Analyzing Pile
Resistance using RSPile.slim data file. All tutorial files installed with Slide 7.0 can be
accessed by selecting File > Recent Folders > Tutorials Folder from the Slide main menu.
Pile Resistance for Slope Stability Analysis

For slope stability analysis using limit equilibrium methods, the soil displacement moving
along a slip surface against the pile can be used to compute the axial and lateral resistance
against sliding through the principles of superposition. An assumed soil displacement is
applied against the pile from the ground to the slip surface. The direction of the applied soil
displacement is tangent to the slip surface at the intersection of the pile. The axial and
lateral components of the applied displacement are used to compute the axial and lateral
resistances separately. The resultant pile resistance force at the slip surface intersection is
used to satisfy force equilibrium for the selected limit equilibrium method.
,
,
The pile internal axial force at the sliding depth in response to the applied axial soil
displacement is the axial resistance against sliding for that particular slip surface. Similarly,
the internal shear force at the sliding depth in response to the applied lateral soil
displacement is the lateral resistance for that particular slip surface.
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The pile resistance is dependent on the depth and angle of the slip surface since this will
affect the pile response from the applied displacement. As such, the pile resistance must be
computed at a number of points along the pile varying the depth and angle of applied
displacement at each point. Linear interpolation is used to obtain resistance values of
intermediate sliding depths. The user may specify the maximum allowable soil displacement
moving along any slip surface based on design tolerances to obtain the pile resistances.
Alternatively, an ultimate pile resistance can be obtained by increasing the assumed soil
displacement independently in the axial and lateral directions until the maximum
resistances are reached.
Sliding Depth of 10 m
The figure above illustrates a typical axial force and shear diagram along the pile depth for
an applied displacement from the ground to the sliding depth of 10 m. The axial force and
shear at a sliding depth of 10 m are the axial and lateral resistances respectively for one
tested sliding configuration.
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RSPile
To compute the pile resistances using the methodology outlined above, the support
properties for installed pile supports in Slide are defined using the dedicated pile analysis
software RSPile. The software is capable of modelling complex pile models using the load
transfer curve method or better known as the p-y method for laterally loaded piles and the
t-z method for axially loaded piles.
The soil load transfer curves capture the non-linear soil-pile behavior by relating the soil
reaction forces to the soil displacement at each depth. Various recommended load transfer
curves are available in RSPile and are presented in the RSPile theory manual. For axially
loaded piles, the load transfer curves are known as t-z curves for soil skin friction and q-z
curves for soil end bearing resistance. For laterally loaded piles, the load transfer curves are
known as p-y curves for soil lateral resistance.
Model
If you have not already done so, run the Slide Model program by double-clicking on the Slide
icon in your installation folder. Or from the Start menu, select Programs Rocscience
Slide 7.0 Slide.
If the Slide application window is not already maximized, maximize it now, so that the full
screen is available for viewing the model.
Geometry
Start the Slide Model program. Select File > Recent Folders > Tutorials Folder from the Slide
main menu, and open the Tutorial 30 Analyzing Pile Resistance using RSPile (initial).slim
file.
You should see the following model.
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Material Properties
The material properties have already been defined in the model.
Select: Properties Define Materials
The first material is a Medium Sand with the following properties:
Unit Weight = 18 kN/m3

Strength Type = Mohr-Coulomb
Cohesion = 5 kPa
Phi = 38 degrees
The second material is a Dense Sand with the following properties:

Strength Type = Mohr-Coulomb
Cohesion = 5 kPa
Phi = 43 degrees
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The third material is Soft Clay with the following properties:

Strength Type = Undrained (Phi =0)
Cohesion = 57 kPa
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Add Support
We will use the Add Support option to add piles to the slope.
Select: Support Add Support
You will see the Add Support dialog. Select OK.
As you move the mouse, you will notice a small black cross, which follows the cursor
around, and snaps to the nearest point on the nearest external boundary segment.
To define the support location, all we need to do is enter the start and end points of the
support on the external boundary. The points can be entered graphically with the mouse by
clicking the left mouse button when the black cross is at the desired location. However, we
will use the prompt line to enter the following exact points:
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Enter vertex [t=table, esc=cancel]: 65 40

Lets add a second support. The support installation prompt should still be active, so that
you can continue to enter coordinates for more supports.
Use the prompt line to enter the following exact points:
After you have entered the last coordinate and hit enter, hit the enter key again or hit the
esc key to close the support installation prompt.
Your model should appear as follows:
Support Properties
You will now define the pile support properties using the RSPile utility.
Select: Properties Define Support
The Define Support Properties dialog should appear. Change the properties to the
following.
Name = RSPile Model 1

Support Type = RSPile
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RSPile
Now you will open the RSPile utility from the Define Support Properties dialog.
Select: Run the RSPile Utiltity
Alternatively, you can run the RSPile Model program by double-clicking on the RSPile icon in
your installation folder. Or from the Start menu, select Programs Rocscience RSPile
1.0 RSPile.
If the RSPile application window is not already maximized, maximize it now, so that the full
screen is available for viewing the model.
The finished product of the RSPile model file can be found in the Tutorial 30 Analyzing Pile
Resistance using RSPile.rspile data file. All tutorial files installed with Slide 7.0 can be
accessed by selecting File > Recent Folders > Tutorials Folder from the Slide main menu.
Model
You will see the RSPile splash screen. Since you are not analyzing the axial capacity for
driven piles, you do not need to use the Driven Pile Analysis mode. We will start by defining
the properties for a laterally loaded pile.
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Select: Laterally Loaded Pile
You should see the following default laterally loaded pile model.
Soil Properties for Laterally Loaded Piles

Now lets define the material properties for a laterally loaded pile. Many of the pile model
properties can be defined on the left table view. You will begin by defining the soil material
properties located on the bottom left corner. You do not need to define the layer thickness
and soil unit weight because these values will be initialized according to the soil profile of
the installed pile support in Slide. As such, we can use one RSPile model file to define the
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soil and pile properties for multiple piles of various embedment lengths and soil layer
configurations. To verify your results later in RSPile, you will define the unit weight as the
same value in RSPile and in Slide. If you are only intending to use the RSPile file as a support
property for Slide and will not use RSPile to do a stand-alone pile analysis, it is not necessary
to set the unit weight. Change the first layer to the following properties:
Name = Medium Sand

Soil Type = Sand
Unit Weight = 18
Friction Angle = 38
Kpy = 16300
The unit weight entered in RSPile is the total unit weight whether the material is saturated
or unsaturated and is equal to the unit weight entered in Slide. If a groundwater table exists
in the model, the program will automatically calculate effective unit weight if the material is
below the groundwater table.
Change the second layer to the following properties:
Name = Dense Sand

Soil Type = User Defined
Unit Weight = 20
A user defined material allows the user to enter the p-y curve that relates soil lateral reaction
force to the soil displacement.
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Select: Enter p-y curve

The P-Y Curve dialog should appear. Enter the following values in the table.
Add a third layer using the Add Layer button in the Soil Layers List. Change the third layer to
the following properties:
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Name = Soft Clay

Soil Type = Soft Clay Soil
Unit Weight = 17
Strain Factor (E50) = 0.007
Undrained Shear Strength = 57
You model should now appear as follows.
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Soil Properties for Axially Loaded Piles

You can toggle between lateral and axial analysis modes using the toggle buttons. To
demonstrate this feature, change the analysis type to Axially Loaded Piles using the Axial
Mode button.
Select: Axial Mode
You should see the following axially loaded pile model.
Notice that some soil properties common to laterally or axially loaded piles remain the
same as you toggle between modes. These properties include layer names, thicknesses and
colours. Other properties that may be common within one base type, such as friction angle
for any sand, are not copied between modes because the material models are different and
usually contain unique property values depending on the problem.
To return to the laterally loaded pile model, select the Lateral Mode button.
Select: Lateral Mode
Alternatively, you can toggle between modes using the Project Settings dialog. Open the
Project Settings dialog from the toolbar.
Select: Project Settings General
You should see the following Project Settings dialog. If you havent done so already, change
the Analysis Type back to Axially Loaded Piles. Select OK.
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You should now see the axially loaded pile model.
On the left table view, select Medium Sand from the Soil Layers List. Change the soil
properties to the following.
Soil Type = API Sand

Unit Weight = 18
Friction Angle = 38
Coefficient of Lateral Earth Pressure = 0.8
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Bearing Capacity Factor = 35
Select Dense Sand from the Soil Layers List. Change the soil properties to the following.

Unit Weight = 20
Ultimate Unit Skin Friction = 150
Ultimate End bearing Resistance = 0
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Similarly to user defined material in laterally loaded piles, you must define the t-z curve that
relates soil skin friction to soil displacement. You do not have to define the Q-z curve for this
tutorial since it is assumed that this soil layer has no end bearing strength.
Select: Enter t-z curve
The following T-Z Curve dialog should appear.
Enter the following values into the table as shown above. This is an example of a typical
non-linear t-z curve based on empirical data. Select OK.
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Select Soft Clay from the Soil Layers List. Change the soil properties to the following.
Soil Type = API Clay

Unit Weight = 17
Undrained Shear Strength = 57
Remolded Shear Strength = 57
Pile Properties
You will now define the pile properties. Select Define Pile Properties from the top toolbar.
Select: Define Pile Properties
The Define Pile Properties dialog should appear. Change the properties as follows.
Name = Steel Pipe

Pile Type = Pipe
Pile Outside Diameter = 0.61
Pipe Wall Thickness = 0.02
Youngs Modulus = 200,000,000
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Select OK.
In the table view on the left, you can quickly change the pile configuration in the Pile
Properties section by using the drop down menu for the pile name. We do not need to
change the embedment length because it will be defined in Slide.
Before you import the RSPile model into Slide, save it as a file called Tutorial 30.rspile.
(RSPile model files have a .rspile filename extension).
Select: File Save As
Use the Save As dialog to save the file.
Importing RSPile model into Slide

Navigate back to the Slide modeler. If you have closed Slide, run the Slide Model program by
double-clicking on the Slide icon in your installation folder and opening the previously saved
Slide .slim file. Or from the Start menu, select Programs Rocscience Slide 7.0 Slide.
Now you will import the soil and pile properties specifically for the pile model. You can do
this from the Define Support Properties dialog. If it is not open, navigate back to the Define
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Support Properties dialog.

Select: Properties Define Support
In the RSPile File section, select Choose file to import the RSPile model you have just
created.
Locate the RSPile model file Tutorial 30.rspile. Select Open. The following Match Slide and
RSPile Materials dialog should appear.
Ensure that each material in Slide is matched with the same material in RSPile. Select OK.
You can always reassign the materials by selecting Match materials in the Define Support
Properties dialog.
In the Define Support Properties, you can also change which components of pile resistances
are considered in the analysis by changing the Resistance Type. Your analysis can consider
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only axial resistance, only lateral resistance or both by changing the Resistance Type to
Axial, Lateral or Axial and Lateral respectively. For this tutorial, you will consider both axial
and lateral resistance.
Note that under the Soil Displacement section we have a choice between Maximum and
Ultimate modes. The Maximum mode assumes that a maximum allowable soil displacement
of 25 mm in the direction tangent to the tested slip surface is used to compute the axial and
lateral resistance against sliding. The Ultimate mode increases the applied soil displacement
in the axial and lateral direction until a maximum resistance is reached. In Slide, a uniform
soil displacement is applied from the ground surface to each of the tested slip surface
intersections to the pile. The magnitude of the applied displacement is constant with depth.
When using RSPile for a stand-alone pile analysis, the user may define more complex soil
displacement profiles to apply to the model. However, due to the variability of slip surfaces
that could intersect a pile in Slide, more complex soil displacement profiles cannot be
defined for a Slide analysis of imported RSPile files. We will use the default Maximum Soil
Displacement settings. Select OK.
Compute
Before you analyze your model, save it as a file called Tutorial 30.slim. (Slide model files
have a .slim filename extension).
Use the Save As dialog to save the file. You are now ready to run the analysis.
Select: Analysis Compute
The Slide Compute engine will proceed in running the analysis. When completed, you are
ready to view the results in Interpret.
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Interpret
To view the results of the analysis:
Select: Analysis Interpret
This will start the Slide Interpret program. You should see the following figure.
Pile Resistance
To view the pile resistance force, select Show Slices from the Query menu.
Select: Query Show Slices
The pile resistance is indicated by the blue arrow with its origin located at the intersection
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of the pile and slip surface. Notice that the direction of pile resistance is always opposite to
the direction of sliding although it may not always be tangent to the slip surface. Each slip
surface will have a different pile resistance depending on the depth and angle of
intersection.
This part of the tutorial is now complete.
Please continue if you would like to compare the results from Slide to an analysis done
completely in RSPile.
Otherwise, you can exit either program by selecting the following.
Select: File Exit
Verifying Pile Resistance using RSPile

You can verify the pile resistance results from Slide by using the same pile length and soil
layer configuration for the RSPile model. For this tutorial, we will be verifying the pile
resistance of the downslope, shorter pile.
The finished product of the RSPile model file for verification can be found in the Tutorial 30
Analyzing Pile Resistance using RSPile (Verification).rspile data file. All tutorial files
installed with Slide 7.0 can be accessed by selecting File > Recent Folders > Tutorials Folder
from the Slide main menu.
Return to the RSPile Model program and open the Tutorial 30.rspile file if it is not already
open.
Soil Properties for Laterally Loaded Piles

Make sure you are in lateral mode to begin.
Select: Lateral Mode
In the table view, change the soil layer thicknesses to the following.
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A warning should appear notifying you that since the pile length is longer than the sum of
all soil layer thicknesses, the pile embedment length will be shortened to this value. Select
OK. The pile embedment length should be automatically changed to 13 m, the total sum of
all layer thicknesses.
You will now duplicate materials to create the fourth and fifth layer to match the soil profile
of the pile in Slide.
Add a fourth layer using the Add Layer button in the Soil Layers List. Change the fourth layer
to the following properties.
Name = Dense Sand

Thickness of layer = 2
Unit Weight = 20
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Again, enter the p-y curve that relates soil lateral reaction force to the soil displacement.
Select: Enter p-y curve
The P-Y Curve dialog should appear. Enter the following values in the table.
Add a fifth layer using the Add Layer button in the Soil Layers List. Change the fifth layer to
the following properties:
Name = Medium Sand

Soil Type = Sand
Unit Weight = 18
Friction Angle = 38
Kpy = 16300
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You can also match the colours of duplicate layers to indicate their relation to each other.
Soil Properties for Axially Loaded Piles

Change to axial mode to define the newly added layers for an axially loaded pile.
Select: Axial Mode
Change the fourth layer to the following properties.
Name = Dense Sand

Effective Unit Weight = 20
Ultimate Unit Skin Friction = 150
Ultimate End bearing Resistance = 0
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Again, you must define the t-z curve that relates soil skin friction to soil displacement.
Select: Enter t-z curve
The following T-Z Curve dialog should appear.
Enter the following values into the table as shown above. Select OK.
Change the fifth layer to the following properties.
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Name = Medium Sand

Soil Type = API Sand
Effective Unit Weight = 18
Friction Angle = 38
Coefficient of Lateral Earth Pressure = 0.8
Bearing Capacity Factor = 35
Pile Properties
On the left table view under Pile Properties, change the Pile Length to 21 m.
Pile Resistance
The maximum soil displacement entered into Slide to calculate pile resistance is 25 mm.
Since the critical slip surface intersects the pile at approximately 1.65 degrees to the
horizontal, the components of soil displacement for the axial and lateral direction are
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0.72 mm and 24.99 mm respectively.
24.99 mm 25 mm
1.65 degrees
0.72 mm
In RSPile, you must compute the axial and lateral resistances separately in each mode and
the resultant pile resistance is the force shown in Slide.
Ensure that you are still in Axial Mode.
Select: Axial Mode
In the table view under Axial Soil Loading, select Show Axial Resistance Graph and change
the Max Allowable Axial Displacement to 0.72 mm.
The Number of Intervals defines the number of sliding depths that will be tested along the
pile length. By default, the Number of Intervals is 20. Since the pile has an embedment
length of 21 m, the pile will be loaded with the Max Allowable Axial Displacement of 0.70
mm from the ground surface to each sliding depth. The tested sliding depths begin at 0 m
and increase to 21 m by an increment of 1.05 m (21 m/20 intervals = 1.05 m).
The following Axial Resistance plot should appear.
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The above plot is the axial resistance at each sliding depth along the pile. Since the slip
surface in the Slide model intersects the pile at approximately 12.42 m, you need to linearly
interpolate the resistance from the sliding depths of 11.55 m and 12.6 m. You can either
hover over these points in the plot to view the resistance values or export the data into
Excel. Allow a few seconds for the data to be fully exported to excel.
Select: Export to Excel
In the Axial Res vs. Sliding Depth tab, the resistance values corresponding to a sliding depth
of 11.55 m and 12.6 m are 363 kN and 367 kN respectively. The Interpolated axial resistance
at a sliding depth of 12.42 m is 366 kN. You now need to compute the lateral resistance to
find the resultant pile resistance. Change to Lateral Mode.
Select: Laterally Loaded Pile
In the table view under Lateral Soil Loading, select Show Lateral Resistance Graph and
change the Max Allowable Lateral Displacement to 24.99 mm.
The following Lateral Resistance plot should appear.
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Select: Export to Excel

In the Lateral Res vs Sliding Depth tab, the resistance values corresponding to a sliding
depth of 11.55 m and 12.6 m are 396 kN and 480 kN respectively. The Interpolated lateral
resistance at a sliding depth of 12.42 m is 465 kN.
The resultant pile resistance from the axial and lateral resistance of 366 kN and 465 kN is
592 kN. Slide shows a value of 591 kN as shown below.
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The discrepancies are due primarily to linear interpolation of the resistance at two
locations. In Slide, the resistance functions are constructed for the number of sliding depths
as set in RSPile and the soil displacement is varied at each sliding depth to account for the
unknown slip surface angle of intersection. First, linear interpolation must be done to
compute the resistance function for the exact component of soil displacement produced by
the slip surface based on the closest tested soil displacements. Secondly, linear
interpolation is done to compute the resistance for the exact sliding depth since the tested
sliding depths are unlikely to align exactly with the actual slip surface intersection with the
pile.
In RSPile, you have more control on the exact soil displacement and sliding depth since you
are verifying one known slip surface. However, repeating this resistance computation for
every slip surface would be rather tedious hence the necessity for an automated process in
Slide. Even with a relatively low Number of Intervals, the resultant pile resistance computed
in RSPile is within 1% of the value from Slide which is well within typically accepted
tolerances.
Before you exit RSPile, save this file as Tutorial 30 (verification).rspile.
Use the Save As dialog to save the file.
That concludes this tutorial. To exit either program:

Select: File Exit
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Tutorial 30 Analyzing Pile Resistance For Slope Stabilization Using RSPile

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Tutorial 30 Analyzing Pile Resistance for Slope

Stabilization using RSPile

Complex pile models imported from RSPile

Slide v.7.0 Tutorial Manual

Tutorial 30: Analyzing Pile Resistance with RSPile

Pile Resistance for Slope Stability Analysis

Slide v.7.0 Tutorial Manual

Tutorial 30: Analyzing Pile Resistance with RSPile

Slide v.7.0 Tutorial Manual

Tutorial 30: Analyzing Pile Resistance with RSPile

Slide v.7.0 Tutorial Manual

Tutorial 30: Analyzing Pile Resistance with RSPile

Unit Weight = 18 kN/m3

The second material is a Dense Sand with the following properties:

Unit Weight = 20 kN/m3

Slide v.7.0 Tutorial Manual

Tutorial 30: Analyzing Pile Resistance with RSPile

The third material is Soft Clay with the following properties:

Unit Weight = 17 kN/m3

Slide v.7.0 Tutorial Manual

Tutorial 30: Analyzing Pile Resistance with RSPile

Slide v.7.0 Tutorial Manual

Tutorial 30: Analyzing Pile Resistance with RSPile

Enter vertex [t=table, esc=cancel]: 65 40

Name = RSPile Model 1

Slide v.7.0 Tutorial Manual

Tutorial 30: Analyzing Pile Resistance with RSPile

Slide v.7.0 Tutorial Manual

Tutorial 30: Analyzing Pile Resistance with RSPile

Select: Laterally Loaded Pile

Soil Properties for Laterally Loaded Piles

Slide v.7.0 Tutorial Manual

Tutorial 30: Analyzing Pile Resistance with RSPile

Name = Medium Sand

Name = Dense Sand

Slide v.7.0 Tutorial Manual

Tutorial 30: Analyzing Pile Resistance with RSPile

Select: Enter p-y curve

Slide v.7.0 Tutorial Manual

Tutorial 30: Analyzing Pile Resistance with RSPile

Name = Soft Clay

You model should now appear as follows.

Slide v.7.0 Tutorial Manual

Tutorial 30: Analyzing Pile Resistance with RSPile

Soil Properties for Axially Loaded Piles

Slide v.7.0 Tutorial Manual

Tutorial 30: Analyzing Pile Resistance with RSPile

You should now see the axially loaded pile model.

Soil Type = API Sand

Slide v.7.0 Tutorial Manual

Tutorial 30: Analyzing Pile Resistance with RSPile

Bearing Capacity Factor = 35

Soil Type = User Defined

Slide v.7.0 Tutorial Manual

Tutorial 30: Analyzing Pile Resistance with RSPile

Slide v.7.0 Tutorial Manual

Tutorial 30: Analyzing Pile Resistance with RSPile

Soil Type = API Clay

Name = Steel Pipe

Slide v.7.0 Tutorial Manual

Tutorial 30: Analyzing Pile Resistance with RSPile

Importing RSPile model into Slide

Slide v.7.0 Tutorial Manual